scholarly journals Comparison of R&D Expenditures in Selected Countries

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 107-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlena Piekut
Keyword(s):  
European Countries ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Business Enterprise ◽  
Patent Activity ◽  
Catching Up ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Dynamic Growth ◽  
Patent Applications ◽  
Eastern European Countries

This paper analyzes the level of innovation expenditures and R&D fund sources in selected countries of the world in the period of 2000 – 2010. The issues presented indicate significant differences between the discussed countries with respect to the factors analyzed. The European countries at the top were apparently Finland, Denmark and Sweden. High R&D expenditures, with a significant share in business enterprise sector, and a large number of patent applications reflected on the strong economic growth in these countries. The level of R&D investments in these countries was sometimes greater than in the USA or Japan. Dynamic growth in both R&D and patent activity has also been observed in South Korea. Special attention has been paid in this paper to the new European Union members – Central Eastern European Countries. Among this group of countries Slovenia definitely had the highest position, where R&D expenditures were the largest and the structure of R&D funds by source reflected a businessdominance type. Estonia, Czech Republic and Hungary were the countries ‘catching up’ – where growth in R&D expenditures has been observed as well as better dynamics of growth and higher patent activity. Romania, Bulgaria, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia and Latvia had relatively disadvantageous situations in respect of R&D development and the innovative activity of business enterprises.

scholarly journals Privatization processes in banking: Motives and models

2006 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zivota Ristic
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Final Part ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Foreign Investors ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Bank Privatization ◽  
Eastern European Countries

The paper consists of three methodologically and causally connected thematic parts: the first part deals with crucial motives and models of the privatization processes in the USA and EU with a particular analytical focus on the Herfindahl-Hirschman doctrine of the collective domination index, as well as on the essence of merger-acquisition and take-over models. The second thematic part of the paper, as a logical continuation of the first one represents a brief comparative analysis of the motives and models implemented in bank privatization in the south-eastern European countries with particular focus on identifying interests of foreign investors, an optimal volume and price of the investment, and assessment of finalized privatizations in those countries. The final part of the paper theoretically and practically stems from the first and the second part, in that way making an interdependent and a compatible thematic whole with them, presents qualitative and quantitative aspects of analyzing finalized privatization and/or sale-purchase of Serbian banks with particular focus on IPO and IPOPLUS as the prevailing models of future sale-purchase in privatizing Serbian banks.

scholarly journals Moderate Innovator Trap—Does the Convergence of Innovation Performance Occur in the World Economy?

Economies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Michał Kowalski ◽  
Jakub Rybacki
Keyword(s):  
World Economy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Initial Position ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Panel Regression ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
The World ◽  
Scientific Potential ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
Relative Gains

Based on β and σ convergence analysis, we find a high persistence of innovation gaps for international innovation indices reported by the European Commission. Our research confirms the diverging scientific potential across the analyzed economies. Estimation provides evidence of convergence in the case of R&D expenses and the relative position on the global technological frontier. We propose a simple fixed effect panel regression measuring relative innovativeness potential. Our model suggests that current ranking leaders, i.e., Nordic countries (Sweden, Denmark, and Finland) and Germany, are likely to further outpace the United States. Central and Eastern European countries are achieving the greatest relative gains but are unlikely to exceed 70% of US potential. Peripheral European countries, South Africa, Turkey, and Russia are projected to further lose their innovativeness position despite their weaker initial position.

scholarly journals Policy of multiculturalism: Protection or control of ethnic identities?

2007 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-195
Author(s):  
Goran Basic
Keyword(s):  
European Countries ◽  
Ethnic Identities ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Liberal State ◽  
The Public ◽  
Multicultural Policy ◽  
The World ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
Multicultural Policies ◽  
Different Parts

Policies of multiculturalism are not an inheritance of modern and liberal state, although it is often concluded in the public. Historical empires states of ?old? democracy, colonial and immigrant societies, as well as eastern European countries after the experiment with communism confronted with a problem of ?control? of multiculturalism. Models of the multicultural policy are numerous and dependable on political, social and cultural circumstances in different parts of the world, and often culturally similar states develop different multicultural policies. Historical and contemporary experiences related to the multicultural policies are discussed in the paper and the last part deals conditions in which contemporary Serbia responds on requirements and challenges of its own multiculturalism.

scholarly journals Educational systems of Eastern European countries as a subject of international comparative research

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (32) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Tetiana Dudka ◽  
Mykola Chumak ◽  
Nina Lytvynenko ◽  
Valentuna Benera ◽  
Tamara Serhiienko
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Data ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Comparative Research ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Educational Systems ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
International Comparative Research ◽  
The World ◽  
International Comparative ◽  
Eastern European Countries

The article analyzes the level of development of educational systems in Eastern European countries by using empirical data from international comparative studies. The tools of comparative analysis are used to group the studied publications, which directly or indirectly consider an educational system at the level of different countries and regions of the world. The newest western approaches to the issue of educational systems are represented. The unsurpassed value of multi-object international comparative research in the study of educational systems of the world enabling the analysis of the phenomenon at the interdisciplinary level is emphasized. The author's definition of “international comparative research” is formulated based on modern scientific studies, which is interpreted as a special type of research, which purpose is to conduct multilevel analysis to compare macro-objects, based on subjective empirical data. Emphasis is done on the lack of a unified terminological apparatus of the studied issue in modern science, which indicates the availability of the following definitive plurality: “comparative studies”, “international issues”, “cross-cultural studies”, and “international comparative studies”. The analysis of the level of development of educational systems of Eastern European countries is based on a comparison of official statistical materials of the World Bank. The processed statistical materials are correlated with the results of descriptive statistics during the testing of statistical hypotheses. Subject analysis of educational systems in Eastern Europe is based on a comparison of empirical data on three criteria – international educational projects, the highest educational results (“S.A.B.E.R”), and the amount of external funding for the educational branch.

Discrimination and Lawful Distinction in Employment – The Approach by the ILO

1996 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrik Karl Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Case Law ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
The World ◽  
Eastern European Countries

The Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (No. 111) is among the most widely ratified Conventions in the World. Its Article 1(2) stipulating that discrimination does not cover distinctions, exclusions or preferences based on the inherent requirements of a particular job has given rise to a number of problems relating to occupational bans restricting the access to employment of persons supporting certain political parties. Such bans are found in Germany and a number of Eastern European countries. Considering the recent development in national law and in the case law of the ILO supervisory bodies the article analyses the concept of ‘inherent requirements of a Particular job’ in Article 1(2).

scholarly journals STRATEGY FOR MANAGING BANKING SYSTEMS IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE COUNTRIES UNDER GLOBALIZATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (27) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nenad Vunjak ◽  
Milan Radaković ◽  
Miloš Dragosavac
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Corporate Identity ◽  
Capital Adequacy ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
The World ◽  
Eastern European Countries

The financial crisis has adversely affected all the countries of the world in the conditions of globalization with different intensity, no matter if it is higher or lower level of development and different economic structures. In the context of globalization in the countries in transition, the banking system was reformed, thus creating a new financial market. The International Monetary Fund has taken an active part in the transition process of Eastern European countries by providing advice and approving financial arrangements. Developed countries of the world have implemented measures of non-standard monetary policy to overcome the global financial crisis. In some parts of Central and Eastern Europe, in addition to the general corporate identity (bank name, abbreviated name, trademark and slogan of the bank), the countries also applied qualitative features of the bank's corporate identity (image, reputation and goodwill). As they enter the 21st century, banks in developed countries are increasingly emphasizing the corporate culture and style of business of the bank. In the practice of banks, the following performances are most often present: financial, marketing, performance management, employee performance, business philosophy, reputation and the image of the bank. The banks' performance analysis included 13 Central and Eastern European countries divided into three groups. Performance over the period 2008-2018 is analyzed, related to: share of total assets in GDP, share of total loans in GDP, share of total deposit in GDP and level of capital adequacy of Central and Eastern European countries. The analysis shows that the central banks of the countries of Central Europe are dominant, and that in certain performances they are approached by the banks of the countries of Eastern Europe (members of the European Union and the Western Balkans).

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