scholarly journals National Innovation Capacity and Economic Progress of Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-314
Author(s):  
Slobodan Cvetanović ◽  
Andrea Andrejević Panić ◽  
Aleksandar Kostić
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Western Balkans ◽  
Economic Progress ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
Innovation Capacity ◽  
Mutual Comparison ◽  
Capacity Index ◽  
The One ◽  
Economic Goods

Abstract The ability of the national economy to create and to valorize innovations on the market in order to produce economic goods represents its national innovation capacity, which is at the same time a key determinant of countries’ economic progress. Due to this fact, its relevance imposes the task of identifying, as accurately as possible, the key theoretical postulates on which this concept is based, as well as calculating the Innovation capacity index by which it is possible to predict progress in building innovation capacity of individual countries and mutual comparison with other countries according to innovation capabilities. After a brief explanation of the essence of learning, on which this concept is based, an attempt is made to calculate the Innovation capacity of the European Union and the Western Balkans, on the one hand, and to consider the interdependence of the obtained results and the achieved level of their economic development in 2020, on the other hand. The results of the research confirmed the strong connection between the Innovation capacity index and the achieved level of economic development of countries expressed in terms of gross domestic product per capita.

Evidence of Surplus Production in the Cherokee Nation Prior to Removal

1995 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Wishart
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Cherokee Nation ◽  
Surplus Production ◽  
Economic Progress ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
White Farmers ◽  
Statistical Record

Debate over the level of economic development for the Eastern Cherokees was heated during the 1830s. Removal opponents argued that the Cherokees had adopted white agricultural methods, whereas advocates of removal maintained that little evidence of progress existed. Removal advocates believed that Cherokee economic progress required that they be removed from contact with whites. This article examines the statistical record to show that a majority of Cherokee households produced surplus food before removal. The large number of Cherokee households producing surpluses before removal suggests the existence of significant rents to be transmitted to white farmers via the removal policy.

scholarly journals Climate Change in the Western Balkans and Eu Green Deal – Coherence, Challenges, and Perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandi Knez ◽  
Snežana Štrbac ◽  
Iztok Podbregar
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
The State ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Western Balkans ◽  
Net Zero ◽  
Average Annual Temperature ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
The Eu

Abstract Background: The European Commission (EC), based on the European Green Deal (2019) and the Recovery plan for Europe (2021) envisages investing 30% of the budget in climate-related programs, projects, and initiatives, which clearly shows Europe's commitment to becoming the first climate-neutral region by 2050. Activities are also planned for countries that are not members of the European Union (EU), which requires complex changes in the field of legislation, strategic planning, implementation, and monitoring. To successfully plan short-term and long-term activities on these grounds, it is necessary to have a realistic picture of the state of climate change in each country - as they spill over into the entire region of Europe. The main objective of this paper is to present the state of climate change in six Western Balkans countries, of which only Croatia is a member of the EU, for the needs of planning activities and initial harmonization with the EU plan to reaching net-zero greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) by 2050. Results: The main results of the research show that in all countries of the region, the average annual temperature increased by 1.2 °C compared to 1970, with stabilization and the beginning of the decline which can be expected around 2040. The main reasons for climate change in the region are: industry, energy, and heating sector based on coal exploitation, low energy efficiency, etc. Conclusions: It can be concluded that all countries of the Western Balkans have adopted (or are in the process of adopting) the necessary regulations and strategies towards climate change mitigation, but the implementation of specific activities is at a low level. The reasons for this most often lies in the insufficient commitment of decision-makers to make significant changes in the field of climate change transition (lower level of economic development, lack of investment, preservation of social peace). Finally, the paper provides an overview of climate change by country, scenario analysis, and policy recommendations.

ANALYZING THE DETERMINANTS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION’S REGIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (01) ◽  
pp. 1950002 ◽  
Author(s):  
AUGUSTIN IGNATOV
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Progress ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Size Population ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Institutional Efficiency

The European Union (EU) is a heterogeneous political and economic structure comprising 28 nations, differing in terms of size, population, economic development and institutional efficiency. National socio-economic context determines countries’ growth potential and their ability to compete for foreign markets. The socio-economic discrepancies present, respectively, between the Western, Northern, Southern and Eastern EU nations still persist, thus reducing the community’s ability to compete on the global market, especially with the USA, Japan and China, which are considered the main powerhouses of the world’s economy capable of challenging economic positions of the European Union. Consequently, the present research aims to assess to which extent economic growth determinants in the European Union differ taking into account the regional context. An individual per region regression analysis was developed intending to identify which are the determinants of economic development at the level of EU’s geographical regions. The results reached confirm this assumption underlining the fact that there are significant dissimilarities between the motivators of economic progress in the EU. This fact should particularly concern the European elites as these variations determine the further accentuation of development disparities not only among the countries but also between entire groups of states.

scholarly journals European Union Entrepreneurship and Innovativeness Support Policy for Businesses

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zofia Wysokińska
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Transfer Of Knowledge ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Research And Innovation ◽  
Knowledge Based Economy ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
Main Factor

The development of entrepreneurship as well as research and innovation have direct impact on growth in the level of economic development as well as the prosperity of individual citizens and society in general. The primary goal of policies involving research and technological development is establishing the European Union as a leading knowledge–based economy. Innovativeness is also the main factor in improving the competitiveness of companies. The key to improving the economic situation in Poland is the strengthening of innovative attitudes among entrepreneurs. An efficiently running institutional system guaranteeing effective support instruments for entrepreneurs and the scientific–research sphere as well as guaranteeing the unhindered transfer of knowledge should prove helpful. As the main factor in improving the competitiveness of companies, innovativeness is mainly the result of the development of collaboration between the spheres of science and business as well as the use of patent achievements in companies. The drive behind future growth in the European Union will be sectors based on knowledge and innovation. However, these require a solid industrial network and resources allowing the utilization of new technologies. To a great extent, growth in entrepreneurship and innovativeness as significant factors in the economic development of Europe and Poland is dependent on the elimination of administrative barriers for companies and the introduction of the facilitating of information and communication (ICT) as needed for them to function.

scholarly journals Institutional Investors And The Finance-Growth Nexus: Evidence From South Africa

2013 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 149
Author(s):  
Mabutho Sibanda ◽  
Merle Holden
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Institutional Investors ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Vector Error Correction ◽  
Vector Error ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
The One ◽  
Finance Growth Nexus

Since the 1990s assets of institutional investors have remained elevated in comparison to those of deposit-taking financial institutions in South Africa. This paradigm shift in the financial markets has provoked the ongoing theoretical and empirical debate, which, on the one hand, pits institutional investors as causing financial disintermediation against, on the other hand, deposit-taking financial institutions in promoting economic development. These and other conflicting views on financial intermediation have promoted the finance-growth nexus hypothesis, which draws lessons from the Patrick (1966) demand-following and supply-leading propositions (Patrick, 1966). The study uses the Johansen (1991) co-integration tests, the vector error correction and the Granger causality approaches to establish the role played by institutional investors in the finance-growth nexus in South Africa based on quarterly data spanning 1994 to 2009. Findings suggest that a demand-following phenomenon exists in South Africa in which the growth in the institutional investors industry is dependent upon the level of economic development and banking sector development.

scholarly journals Connectivity in the Western Balkans Region - Difficulties, Challenges and Alternatives

2021 ◽  
Vol 120 ◽  
pp. 01013
Author(s):  
Stanislav Stanev
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Western Balkans ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Policy Priority ◽  
Alternative Solutions ◽  
The Eu

The countries of the Western Balkans have declared their foreign policy priority membership not only in NATO but also in the European Union. Achieving these goals is associated with overcoming many challenges of different nature. Although not directly related to the country's de facto membership of the EU, its infrastructure and the level of its connection with its neighbors raises many of the issues important to society and forms many of its immediate priorities. Difficulties in interconnectedness between countries can have both a political and a geographical basis. In this regard, a serious challenge for the Republic of Northern Macedonia is the level of connection with its eastern and western neighbors. Almost 30 years after the declaration of independence, the infrastructure continues to follow the realities set and realized by Socialist Yugoslavia. This in turn poses many difficulties for the economic development of the whole region. A significant part of the reasons for the lack of progress are also due to purely geographical reasons, but alternative solutions can be sought to overcome the backlog in connectivity.

scholarly journals THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT OF THERUSSIAN-BELARUSIAN BORDER IN THE CONTEXT OF INTERSTATE INTEGRATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 656
Author(s):  
Anton Kuzavko
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Border Zone ◽  
Business Climate ◽  
Border Regions ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
Labor Resources ◽  
The One ◽  
Economic Growth Rates

The problem considered in the article is expressed in contradiction. On the one hand, the border position of the regions provides additional opportunities for the implementation of business ideas of international trade and cooperation. On the other hand, it can significantly change the business environment in comparison with other regions of the state, increasing competition and creating additional risks for entrepreneurs. The analysis explains the reason for the lag in the level of economic development of these regions from the national one. The aim of the study is to find evidence of hypothesis that the inter-metropolitan and at the same time border position of the regions of the two states engaged in political and economic integration negatively affects the economic development and business climate of these territories, stimulates the outflow of capital and labor resources - key factors of production. To achieve the goal, various methods are used, such as in-depth interviewing, questions from entrepreneurs, a retrospective analysis of historical facts of interstate interaction, but this article describes the results of the study obtained in the course of statistical analysis. This article discusses the elements of the business environment that directly or indirectly affect the behavior of economic and their desire to build and develop business in the border areas of Russia and Belarus. It is shown that over the years of integration, the economic growth rates of the Russian-Belarusian border regions lagged behind the national ones. Wages remained lower than the national average. This provokes the outflow of intellectual capital - the most important element of the business environment. Thus, the article shows that the integration of Russia and Belarus, despite the overall positive effect for the two states, limits the rate of economic growth in the border zone.  

scholarly journals “Squaring the Circle”—The Disregarded Institutional Theory and the Distorted Practice of Packaging Waste Recycling in Romania

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 9440
Author(s):  
Octavian-Dragomir Jora ◽  
Alexandru Pătruți ◽  
Mihaela Iacob ◽  
Delia-Raluca Șancariuc
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Waste Recycling ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Packaging Waste ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
Fuel Resistance ◽  
The Eu

The European Union (EU) remains one of the leading-edge jurisdictions on the planet in legislating and enforcing the circular economy, a token of its forthright environmental awareness. Still, given that the level of economic development across the EU member states is heterogenous, this concern, however generous it may be, looks too beyond “their” means and too ahead of “its” times. What the European policymakers seem to disregard is that top-down institutional constructions, as is the case with the EU’s overambitious environmental legislation, can end up in severe distortions. Imposing/importing an institutionalized arrangement without due preparation may fuel resistance to (even positive) change, as the biases it engenders translate into considerable costs and selective benefits. The present article attempts a novel approach within the literature, where the failure to achieve recycling targets is usually considered the fault of private businesses. Instead, our study explains suboptimal environmental results by the institutionalization of spiraling governmental interventions in markets, meant to make the arbitrarily set recycling/reuse targets artificially viable. Subject to EU rules, Romania’s packaging waste recycling market is a textbook case in revealing this outcome predicted by economic theory, as our statistical data suggest. The conclusion is that it is equally perilous to neglect the calibration of legislative targets according to institutional and economic development as it is to reject environmental claims based on their costs.

scholarly journals Regional Policy in Europe

2001 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gy. Horváth
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Regional Policy ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
New Member States ◽  
Euro Pean ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
Central Eastern ◽  
The Eu

Among European Union policies, regional policy has always been considered a key domain due to its considerable role in negotiation of interests between mem-ber countries and distribution of European Union funds. Its significance, however, is expected to increase further as soon as countries of the Central Eastern Euro-pean region join the European Union and start lobbying for the concentration of European Union resources in the area. The new member states of the EU will stand on the periphery – not only in the geographical sense, but also regarding their level of economic development.

scholarly journals Insights on Sustainable Universities from Economic and Statistical Perspectives

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-198
Author(s):  
Viktorija Šipilova
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Level Of Economic Development

Abstract Currently, the issues on sustainability receive extremely high interest, especially from young generation. This makes universities as key participants in sustainable development as far as they provide wide possibilities for engagement in the process. Despite many studies devoted to universities as participants of sustainable development, there still is insufficient knowledge about their contribution to the process. Mostly, studies are qualitative and consider certain examples of good practices, which do not provide insights on common and different characteristics and trends of universities’ contribution to sustainable development. This is the result of the early stage of development of the reporting about universities’ sustainable efforts what limits possibilities to carry quantitative analysis. The paper aims, first, to search for characteristics of universities’ contribution to sustainable development and, second, to detect trends by using numerical secondary data worked up in UI GreenMetric World University Ranking. The paper focuses on universities from European Union. Special attention is devoted to countries’ economic development level as far as scientific literature suggests that the level of economic development may affect involvement in sustainable development. Research findings allows to indicate that there are both common and distinct characteristics across the cases from economically high and less developed countries what is significant for further policy-making and popularizing of sustainability idea across universities in the European Union. Universities continue to improve practices and search for new accents. However, universities’ intention to report about their sustainable efforts in long-term perspective for continuing data collection must be more active.

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