scholarly journals Ornacitrus: Citrus plants (Citrus spp.) as ornamentals

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Sottile ◽  
Maria Beatrice Del Signore ◽  
Ettore Barone
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Production ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Technical Description ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Citrus Production ◽  
Citrus Orchards ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Citrus Spp ◽  
Lead Species

AbstractThe industrial production of citrus plants for ornamental use (ornacitrus) began in Italy at the end of the 1960s due to the need for many citrus nurseries to adapt their activities in a time of crisis for citriculture. Nowadays, the ornamental citrus nursery sector is a well-established industry in many European countries such as Portugal, Spain, Greece, and southern Italy. In Italy, nursery production of ornamental citrus plants has become prominent due to the gradual shutdown of many commercial citrus orchards. Currently, Italy maintains its leadership with more than 5.5 million ornacitrus plants produced annually. Ornamental citrus production regards mainly different cultivars of Citrus and Fortunella species, with lemon as the lead species. In this paper, the contribution of breeding and cultural techniques to the innovation of the sector is reported and discussed. This review aims to give an updated scientific and technical description of a sector with large competitive potential that remains still largely unexplored, pointing out its strengths and weaknesses.

scholarly journals A Survey for ‘Candidatus Liberibacter’ Species in South Africa Confirms the Presence of Only ‘Ca. L. africanus’ in Commercial Citrus

Plant Disease ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Pietersen ◽  
E. Arrebola ◽  
J. H. J. Breytenbach ◽  
L. Korsten ◽  
H. F. le Roux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Western Cape ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Citrus Production ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter ◽  
Citrus Orchards ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Serious Disease ◽  
Production Areas ◽  
Representative Samples

Greening disease of citrus is a serious disease known in South Africa since the late 1920s. In South Africa, it is associated with infection by ‘Candidatus Liberibacter africanus’, a heat sensitive, phloem-limited, noncultured alpha-proteobacterium. Huanglongbing (HLB), a similar, but more devastating disease that was described initially from China but which now occurs in several citrus producing countries, is associated with a different Liberibacter species, ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’. A ‘Ca. L. africanus’ subspecies, ‘Ca. L. africanus subsp. capensis’, has been found only in South Africa infecting an indigenous Rutaceous species, Calodendrum capense (Cape Chestnut), in the Western Cape in 1995. The discovery of a new Liberibacter species in Brazil, ‘Ca. L. americanus’, and the spread of ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ to a number of additional countries over the last few years prompted us to assess whether only ‘Ca. L. africanus’ is present in commercial citrus orchards in South Africa. Samples displaying greening or similar symptoms were collected from 249 citrus trees from 57 orchards distributed throughout the greening affected citrus production areas of South Africa. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed on DNA extracts to detect the known citrus Liberibacters. Amplicons were obtained from 197 samples. None of the samples yielded a 1,027-bp amplicon indicative of ‘Ca. L. americanus’ infection. The amplicons of 84 samples were sequenced, and all were identical to the cognate ‘Ca. L. africanus’ Nelspruit sequence in GenBank. No instance of ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ or ‘Ca. L. africanus subsp. capensis’ sequence was found. Geographically representative samples that tested negative for Liberibacter also tested negative for phytoplasmas based on real-time PCR results. Based on the results of this survey, it is concluded that to date only ‘Ca. L. africanus’ is associated with citrus greening in commercial citrus in South Africa.

Recent secular trends in dizygotic twinning rates in Europe

1986 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. James
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Age ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Secular Trends ◽  
European Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S

SummaryIn all European countries for which data exist, there was a maternal-age-specific decline in dizygotic twinning rates during the 1960s. For most of these countries, this decline continued through the 1970s, but in a few it apparently ceased. The causes of the declines and of their abatement are unknown. However, there were declines in sperm quality during the 1960s and 1970s in some parts of the world, including parts of Europe, and it is speculated here that this decline in sperm quality may be related to the decline in dizygotic twinning.

scholarly journals Two Rare NorthernEntolomaSpecies Observed in Sicily under Exceptionally Cold Weather Conditions

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Venturella ◽  
Alessandro Saitta ◽  
Gerlando Mandracchia ◽  
Maria Letizia Gargano
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Shock ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Climatic Trends ◽  
Fungal Abundance ◽  
Mediterranean Regions

The biology and ecology of manyEntolomaspecies is still poorly known as well as their geographical distribution. In Italy, there are no studies on the influence of weather on fungal abundance and richness and our knowledge on the ecology and distribution ofEntolomaspecies needs to be improved. The discovery of twoEntolomaspecies in Sicily (southern Italy), reported in the literature as belonging to the habitat of north European countries, was the basis leading to the assumption that anomalous climatic conditions could stimulate the growth of northern entolomas in the southernmost Mediterranean regions. The results of this study show that the presence of northernEntolomaspecies in Sicily is not influenced by the Mediterranean type of vegetation, by edaphic or altitudinal factors but by anomalous climatic trends of precipitations and temperatures which stimulate the fructification of basidiomata in correspondence with a thermal shock during autumn.

Building the “Catholic Ghetto”: Catholic Organisations 1870–1914

1986 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 411-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh McLeod
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Active Member ◽  
Safe Distance ◽  
North West ◽  
Shared Experiences ◽  
Savings Bank ◽  
Great Body ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Catholic Hospital

It was a ghetto, undeniably,’ concluded the American political journalist, Garry Wills, when recalling from the safe distance of 1971 his ‘Catholic Boyhood’. ‘But not a bad ghetto to grow up in.’ Wills’s ghetto was defined by the great body of shared experiences, rituals, relationships, which gave Catholics a strongly felt common identity, and separated them from their Protestant and Jewish neighbours who knew none of these things. Wills talked about priests and nuns, incense and rosary beads, cards of saints and statues of the Virgin, but in this essay said very little about Catholic organisations (apart from a brief reference to the Legion of Decency). In many European countries, by contrast, any reference to the ‘ghetto’ from which many Catholics were seeking to escape in the 1960s and ’70s inevitably focused on the network of specifically Catholic organisations which was so characteristic of central and north-west European societies in the first half of the twentieth century. The Germans even have a pair of words to describe this phenomenon, Vereins- or Verbandskatholizismus, which can be defined as the multiplication of organisations intended to champion the interests of Catholics as a body, and to meet the special needs, spiritual, economic or recreational, of every identifiable group within the Catholic population. So when in 1972 the Swiss historian Urs Altermatt wrote a book on the origins of the highly self-conscious and disciplined Swiss Catholic sub-culture, the result was an organisational history, as stolid and as soberly objective as Wills’s book was whimsical and partisan. Its purpose was to determine how it came about that so many a Catholic ‘was born in a Catholic hospital, went to Catholic schools (from kindergarten to university), read Catholic periodicals and newspapers, later voted for candidates of the Catholic Party and took part as an active member in numerous Catholic societies’, being also ‘insured against accident and illness with a Catholic benefit organisation, and placing his money in a Catholic savings bank’.

scholarly journals SEASONAL FLUCTUATION OF ASIAN CITRUS PSYLLA POPULATIONS IN THE CITRUS ORCHARDS INFECTED WITH HUANGLONGBING IN SARGODHA, PAKISTAN

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 175
Author(s):  
Yasir Iftikhar ◽  
Imran U. Haq ◽  
Waqas Raza ◽  
Muhammad I. Ullah ◽  
Sajjad Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuation ◽  
Diaphorina Citri ◽  
Citrus Production ◽  
Citrus Orchards ◽  
Citrus Psylla

A study on seasonal fluctuation in Citrus psylla (Diaphorina citri) (CP) population in citrus orchards infected with Huanglongbing was carried out in relation to environmental factors in six tehsils of Sargodha district. The population of citrus psylla was reached to the peak twice in a year. Young flushes favored the build-up in psylla population. Minimum temperature and rainfall had highly significant correlation with build-up in population of citrus psylla in all the six tehsils of Sargodha. Although, high temperature also favored the high population of citrus psylla in two tehsils. August and mid-March to April were the two times when population of citrus psylla reached to the peak. Therefore, an integrated management strategy can be formulated with this study that will not only help in reducing the HLB incidence but also increase in citrus production.

scholarly journals Modeling Irrigation Requirements for Landscape Ornamentals

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard C. Beeson
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Woody Ornamentals ◽  
Runoff Modeling ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Woody Ornamental ◽  
Nursery Runoff ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Precision Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation Requirements

In many sectors of agriculture, precision irrigation, applying only what water is needed for a given small area, has become a familiar term. Irrigation in most woody ornamental nurseries, though, has changed little since the 1960s. In many areas of the U.S., irrigation volumes required for nursery production have come under scrutiny due to projected, or real, competition for water with urban populations, or concerns over nursery runoff. Modeling of woody ornamental water use, and subsequent irrigation requirements, has been limited and focused mostly on trees. Previous research for modeling of non-tree water use is reviewed as an introduction to current efforts to develop models for precision irrigation of woody ornamentals. Pitfalls and limitations in current modeling efforts, along with suggestions for standardizing future research is emphasized. The latest model derived from recent research is presented.

scholarly journals URBAN FORMATION OF SAMARA AND ITS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT AT THE END OF THE XIXth – THE BEGINNING OF THE XXth CENTURY

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-48
Author(s):  
E. M BAL'ZANNIKOVA
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Production ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Xxth Century ◽  
Flour Milling ◽  
Natural Factors ◽  
Production Development ◽  
Xixth Century ◽  
The City ◽  
Industrial Center

The specific features of Samara origin and of the formation of industrial areas in its historical part are viewed. The location of enterprises at earlier stages of industrial production development was defined first of all by natural factors: enterprises were located along the rivers. The end of the XIXth century for Samara is characterized with significant outburst of agriculture, especially of flour-milling industry. Samara was one of the main flour suppliers to European countries. The construction of Samara Zlatoust Railway and the development of river shipping provided new perspectives for the development of the city and facilitated its transforming into a large industrial center of Russia.

Serra, Richard (1939--)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Spampinato
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Industrial Production ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Police Interrogation ◽  
Game Show ◽  
American Artist ◽  
Richard Serra ◽  
The Mass Media ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S

The American artist Richard Serra emerged in the 1960s in association with the Minimalism art movement. Known primarily for his work as a sculptor, he also realized several films and videos in the 1960s and 1970s, which could be divided into two groups: 16mm films mainly concerned with sculptural issues, and videos that explore the influence of the mass media. The first group includes Hand Scraping (1968) and Hand Catching Lead (1968), whose titles alone are illustrative of their content. Defined by Benjamin H. D. Buchloh as "sculptural films," they explore the nature of sculpture as process and seriality. To this group also belong Railroad Turnbridge (1976) and Steelmill/Stahlwerk (1979), focused on materials, construction, and industrial production. The second group of moving image works consists of videos that comment on the mass media as devices of control. Television Delivers People (1973) is a series of rolling sentences about the power of television to turn its audience into a product. In Boomerang (1974), the artist Nancy Holt (1938–2014) describes her feelings of displacement while listening to her delayed voice, while The Prisoner’s Dilemma (1974) is a studio-scale production that compares a TV game show to a police interrogation.

Belgium: From Highly Constrained and Complex Bargaining Settings to Paralysis?

2021 ◽  
pp. 81-123
Author(s):  
Lieven De Winter ◽  
Patrick Dumont
Keyword(s):  
Party System ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
European Countries ◽  
New Parties ◽  
French Speaking ◽  
Post War ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Monitoring Devices ◽  
Coalition Bargaining

While Belgium undoubtedly had the most complex coalition bargaining system in Western Europe during the period 1946–1999, it has become much more difficult for parties to form federal governments ever since. Contrary to a number of European countries, government formation complexity did not peak due the emergence of brand-new parties, nor of any new cleavage. Rather, in Belgium the main ingredients pre-existed: party system fragmentation—which was already high since unitary parties had split along linguistic lines—skyrocketed as the mainstream parties around which post-war coalitions were formed further declined in size, confronting some (in)formateurs with up to ten coalitionable parties. Their task has been further complicated by the growing saliency and Flemish radicalization of the community cleavage which led to the rise of the independentist N-VA, whose positions remain unacceptable for any French-speaking party. As a result, Belgium has often been left without a fully empowered government, the partisan composition of coalitions broke away from previous patterns, and the coalition compromise model, which was already solidly entrenched in the consociational norms and practices since the 1960s, was further elaborated. Coalition partners keep tabs on each other through compromise mechanisms and policy-monitoring devices such as long and detailed coalition agreements, the enhanced role of the inner cabinet composed of the PM and the vice-PMs of each coalition party, and strictly enforced coalition discipline in legislative matters. But, given the increasingly unbridgeable divides between Flemish- and French-speaking parties, the deadlock observed could well lead to the demise of Belgium.

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