scholarly journals Hypopharyngeal Gland Activity in Task-Specific Workers Under Brood and Broodless Conditions in Apis Cerana Indica (Fab.)

2014 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seydur Rahman ◽  
Ibamelaker Thangkhiew ◽  
Sudhanya R. Hajong
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Apis Cerana ◽  
Larval Rearing ◽  
Hypopharyngeal Gland ◽  
Head Weight ◽  
Apis Cerana Indica ◽  
Scanning Electron

Abstract The hypopharyngeal gland (HPG) is the principal organ of protein synthesis in honey bees. It is involved in larval rearing. We examined the fresh head weight, HPG acini diameter, and HPG protein content in worker bees engaged in different tasks and under brood and broodless conditions. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the HPG acini diameter of worker bees was related to their task. The highest HPG volume was found in nurse bees, and the volume regressed when the task changed from guarding to foraging. The fresh head weight was positively correlated with HPG acini diameter. Although, there was no positive correlation between HPG acini diameter and protein concentration, the glandular protein concentration increased progressively in nurse bees and declined in guard and forager bees. Histochemistry revealed similar results. Despite displaying significantly larger glands, guard bee protein secretion was similar to that of the foragers. Brooding had a significant effect on HPG activity. Only worker bees from the colony with an intact brood showed elevated rates of protein synthesis; thus, it is possible that a signal was emitted by the brood, which stimulated protein synthesis in the HPG. However, the size of the HPG was similar in both brood and broodless conditions.

scholarly journals SEM Investigation of Pollen Taxa in Honeys from Autochtone Apis cerana in Godavari, Lalitpur District, Nepal

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 29-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khum Narayan Paudayal ◽  
Ishan Gautam
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bees ◽  
Apis Cerana ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Palynological Assemblage ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Multifloral Honey ◽  
Plant Sources ◽  
Sem Investigation ◽  
Scanning Electron

Pollen analysis of 8 multifloral honey samples collected from 4 locations of Godavari, Lalitpur district, Nepal was performed using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). In this investigation, a wide range of foraging plant sources for Apis cerana honey bees was identified which demonstrates the adequate potential for expanding and sustaining beekeeping in this area. The palynological assemblage of a total of 44 species of pollen flora representing 28 families was identified to the generic and some up to species level. Some of the pollen grains identified to only families, belong to Acanthaceae, Apiaceae, Araliaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Compositae, Lamiaceae, Loranthaceae, Meliaceae, Poaceae, Rosaceae, Rutaceae and Pteridaceae. The pollen assemblages in honeys were mostly belonging to angiosperms while the gymnosperm pollen was completely absent. One pteridophyte spore belonging to family Pteridaceae recovered. In this paper the morphology of the pollen grains based on SEM observation are described and the importance of the systematic documentation of various bee flora are discussed.J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol. 26, 2012: 29-67

scholarly journals Scanning electron microscopic studies on tongue of open-nesting honey bees Apis dorsata F. and Apis florea F. (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 324-327
Author(s):  
Neelima R. Kumar ◽  
Kalpna Nayyar ◽  
Ruchi Sharma ◽  
Anudeep Anudeep
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Honey Bee ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
Floral Resources ◽  
Apis Florea ◽  
Apis Dorsata ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Native Flora ◽  
Scanning Electron

Taste stimuli play vital role in the life of honey bees. Sensory structures observed on tongue of the honey bees with the help of Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have become an important tool in analyzing honey bee biodiversity which offers an advanced diagnostic tool to study honey bee biogeography and determine adaptive variations to native flora. Tongue of honey bees present a high geographic variability in regard to the floral resources visited by the bees. The present study has determined to determine differences in the tongue ofopen-nesting bees by scanning electron microscopy of Apis dorsata and Apis florea. The two bees showed distinct morphological variations with respect to the lapping and sucking apparatus. It was observed that the ridges on the proximal region exhibited rough surface on A.dorsata whereas spinous in case of A.florea. Moreover, the arrangement of hair in the middle part of the tongue also differed in the two species. The shape of flabellum differed in the two species reason being the influence of native flora. It was observed that the shape of flabellum was oval in A.dorsata whereas in A.florea it was triangular. These differences indicated for the role of native flora and honey bee biodiversity.

scholarly journals Histochemical Comparison of the Hypopharyngeal Gland inApis ceranaFabricius, 1793 Workers andApis melliferaLinnaeus, 1758 Workers

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guntima Suwannapong ◽  
Saichon Chaiwongwattanakul ◽  
Mark Eric Benbow
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Apis Cerana ◽  
Hypopharyngeal Gland ◽  
Gland Size ◽  
Hypopharyngeal Glands ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Protein Granules

Hypopharyngeal glands of honeybee are age-dependent structures that change with the size of acini and are correlated with various social behaviors. The histochemical structure ofApis ceranaandA. melliferaworker hypopharyngeal glands in four different developmental stages wes stained with ninhydrin Schiff's and periodic acid Schiff's reagents (PAS) for localization of proteins and carbohydrates, respectively, and examined with light microscopy. Nurse bees of both honeybee species had significantly larger glands as compared to guards and forgers, but there were no statistically significant differences between these two species after accounting for caste. Gland protein concentration increased progressively in nurse bees, and this was correlated with the appearance of enriched protein granules in the cytoplasm. In addition, the hypopharyngeal gland protein concentration ofA. melliferawas higher than that ofA. ceranaeven though gland size was not significantly different between species. However, gland size was shown to have decreased progressively in foragers and guards.

scholarly journals Micromorphology of the floral elements, the structure of the nectary, and the apicultural value of Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.

2012 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-34
Author(s):  
Mirosława Chwil ◽  
Elżbieta Weryszko-Chmielewska
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Sugar Concentration ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Stomatal Development ◽  
Adaxial Side ◽  
Abaxial Side ◽  
Scanning Electron

The investigations were carried out using light and scanning electron microscopy. The flowers of <i>Elaeagnus commutata</i> grow in clusters of 1-4 in the leaf axils. They are actinomorphic, four-lobed, with a single perianth that is yellow from the adaxial side, while the abaxial side is silvery-white. Peltate hairs of different structure are found on both surfaces of the sepals. The conical epidermal cells of the lobes are covered with a thick striated cuticle. Cylindrical hairs were observed on the edges of the lobes. Peltate hairs also grew on the style. The dish-shaped nectary gland is located at the base of the style. Nectar is secreted through numerous, evenly distributed stomata located above or at the level of other epidermal cells. Different stages of stomatal development are evidence of the asynchronous functioning of the stomata. The nectary consists of small epidermal cells and 5-6 layers of secretory parenchyma. The deeper layers of the gland are composed of larger cells of subglandular parenchyma in which vascular bundles supplying the nectary run. Honey bees were the main pollinators of silverberry. Ten silverberry flowers produced an average of 12 g of nectar with a sugar concentration in the 29.5-34.5% range. The weight of pollen produced by 10 flowers was 3.33 mg.

Use of cottonseed protein as a strength additive for nonwoven cotton

2018 ◽  
Vol 89 (9) ◽  
pp. 1725-1733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andres Villalpando ◽  
Michael Easson ◽  
HN Cheng ◽  
Brian Condon
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Nonwoven Fabric ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Machine Direction ◽  
Cottonseed Protein ◽  
Burst Strength ◽  
Nonwoven Fabrics ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Scanning Electron

Nonwoven fabrics have grown in popularity in recent years due to their overwhelming usage in a wide range of consumer products. Cotton-based nonwovens are of particular interest because of their ability to be recycled and reused, resulting in a more environmentally friendly product compared to their petroleum-based counterparts. The current research characterized the use of cottonseed protein as an additive to increase the dry strength of cotton-based nonwovens. The tensile strength of nonwovens was found to increase as the concentration of protein applied was increased. At 11% protein concentration, the tear strength and burst strength increased significantly (relative to the nonwoven by itself) by 288% (machine direction) and 295%, respectively. Further characterization by thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy suggested that cottonseed protein interacted with the cotton fiber in the nonwoven fabric to produce the increased dry strength.

Fractographic Studies of the Honey Bee Sensilla Coeloconica and Sensilla Amupullacea Campaniformia by SEM

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 186-187
Author(s):  
Alfred Dietz ◽  
Leroy M. Anderson ◽  
Malcolm T. Sanford
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Fine Structure ◽  
Surface Structure ◽  
Honey Bee ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
Sense Organs ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sensory Structures ◽  
Scanning Electron

The antennal sensory organs of honey bees have been studied by many researchers in the past. In most instances their work was confined to readily identifiable cuticular sensory structures such as the pore plate organ (Figs. 1, 3) and several types of hair-like sensilla (Fig. 1). The total number of receptors on a honey bee antennae is roughly 13,000 of which about 8,200 belong to the hair-like receptors or s. trichodea group (Fig. 1). The pore plate organs or s. placodea comprise the next largest group with 3,000 receptors. The pit peg sense organs or s. ampullacea (Figs. 3, 5), and s. coeloconica (Figs. 1, 2) are present in considerably smaller number (approximately 300) and have received little attention since they cannot be readily identified on the basis of their surface structure. Thus, little is known about the fine structure of these pit peg organs. In this study, pit peg organs of plastic embedded antennae were examined by scanning electron microscopy.

scholarly journals Insect Preservation Methods Allow Quantification of Dispersing Microorganisms by Scanning Electron Microscopy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Earl Brummell
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
Potassium Phosphate ◽  
Microbial Cells ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Dispersal Vectors ◽  
Critical Point Drying ◽  
Microscope Imaging ◽  
Electron Microscope Imaging ◽  
Scanning Electron

Abstract Insects may act as dispersal vectors for microbes where microbes can temporarily adhere to insect exoskeletons. Microbes carried by honey bees (Apis mellifera) may experience a range of dispersal outcomes, from successful colonisation of a new habitat to predation by grooming bees, partly depending on their location on the bee exoskeleton and the carried population size. I tested four methods for handling collected bees, and examined the bees in a scanning electron microscope, imaging and counting microbial cells attached to tarsal claws. Freeze-dried bees carried more microbial cells than bees that were pinned and air-dried, preserved in 96% ethanol then dried by CO2 critical-point drying, or bees washed with potassium phosphate then preserved in 96% ethanol, but some microbes were found on bees from every treatment. The similarity in microbial passengers found between air-dried and ethanol-preserved bees suggests that examination by electron microscopy could be used to address questions regarding microbial dispersal by pollinators already present in collections associated with other pollination research.

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