burst strength
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Author(s):  
Ruimin Song

As an important construct in the field of second language teaching and assessment, syntactic complexity is closely related to the language proficiency and language development process of L2 learners. Using the visualization software of CiteSpace, this study conducts an in-depth scientometric analysis of 140 articles on written syntactic complexity published over the past 10 years (2010-2022), thus uncovering the current development and challenges faced by relevant studies. Specifically, a frequency analysis was firstly administrated to describe the overall development in written syntactic complexity research. Furthermore, the current study conducted a Document Co-Citation Analysis (DCA), which enables researchers to conduct a network of co-cited references to identify the underlying research hotpots and future trends. The results indicate that the study concerning automatic essay scoring is the most prominent cluster active from 2010 to 2021. In addition, Norris & Ortega (2009) is the most cited paper, followed by Ortega (2003) and Biber et al. (2011). Meanwhile, the bursts of detected papers demonstrate that McNamara et al. (2012) and Grant & Ginther (2000) generated the strongest citation burst with a burst strength of 3.14 and 3.09, respectively. The findings of the study would have implications for subsequent research on written syntactic complexity in the field of language teaching and language learning.


2021 ◽  
Vol 169 ◽  
pp. 108479
Author(s):  
Huakun Wang ◽  
Yang Yu ◽  
Weipeng Xu ◽  
Zhenmian Li ◽  
Sizhe Yu

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ju-Kuo Lin ◽  
Tsair-wei Chien ◽  
Willy Chou ◽  
Willy Chou

UNSTRUCTURED The article published on 28 September 2018 is well-written and of interest, but remains several questions that are required for clarifications, such as (1) the number of publications for each year should be noted at the bottom of Figure 1 so that any reader who is interested in reproducing the exponential growth curve(EGC) can compare them each other; (2) the node size in Figure 2 representing the number of author outputs, with larger size indicating more outputs, should be further clarified about the meaning in social network analysis(SNA); and (3) the burst strength and the corresponding temporal bar graphs(TBG) for keywords and citation references in Figures 7 and 9 requires further interpretations. We listed suggestions and references to the article for improvement made in the future relevant studies, including (1)the inflection point(IP) on the EGC; (2) the node size in Figure 2 should equal the weighted publication in comparison to other nodes in the network; and (3) the improved TBG combined with IP and burst strength using the bar size to represent is demonstrated. The three improved visualization of EGC, SNA, and TBG were suggested to the article and the future studies with deeper insights into the bibliometric analysis and make the data easier and clearer to understand.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ju-Kuo Lin ◽  
Tsair-wei Chien ◽  
Willy Chou

UNSTRUCTURED The article published on 5 June 2018 is well-written and of interest, but remains several questions that are required for clarifications, such as (1) the logical growth curve and the inflection point applied to Figure 2 did not explain the source of theory in literature; (2) the 27 keywords with a frequency not less than 10 and burst strength not less than 2 were not consistent with those extracted from the article shown in Multimedia Appendix 7; and (3) the computation of burst strength for keywords is unclear and requires further interpretations. We obtained the original data from the article and verified (1) the equation of the growth curve and the determination of inflection point on a given ogive curve; (2) the visualization of 23 keywords can be on a dashboard using the temporal bar graph to display; and (3) the computation of burst strength for keywords should be explained further in the article. We found that the equation fitting to the cumulative number of publications over years since 1997 is somewhat different from ours, though the inflection point is identical; (2) the visualization combined with other valuable information on topic bursts is merit good for applications in bibliographic studies; (3) the burst strength combined with frequency and burst coefficient through a formula(=ln(sqrt(frequency × burst coefficient)+1) can be applied to future studies. The three ways to solve the questions in the article provide deeper insights into the bibliometric analysis and make the data easier and clearer to understand.


BioResources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 6281-6291
Author(s):  
Jafar Ebrahimpour Kasmani ◽  
Ahmad Samariha

The effects of nanoclay were studied relative to the physical, mechanical, optical, and morphological properties of chemimechanical pulping papers. Nanoclay was incorporated at 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, or 10%. To increase the retention, 1% cationic starch was used in all test papers. Handsheets (60 g/m2 in weight) were tested to determine their physical, mechanical, optical, and morphological properties. Up to 2% nanoclay increased the tensile strength; at values greater than 2%, the tensile strength decreased. The addition of up to 4% nanoclay increased roughness; between 4% and 10% nanoclay, roughness decreased. With 10% nanoclay, the tear strength, burst strength, and brightness decreased, but the air resistance, opacity, and yellowness increased. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the nanoclay filled the pore spaces between fibers, thus increasing air resistance. X-ray diffraction patterns indicated an intercalated structure.


2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-307
Author(s):  
Naghmeh Amani ◽  
Ramin Vaysi ◽  
Abdollah Najafi ◽  
Seyed Eshagh Ebadi

This study aimed to scrutinize chemical treatment of Mazandaran Wood and Paper mill activated sludge with 3 % acetic acid for the manufacture of environmentally eco-friendly bio composite. In this study, the paper pulp required was obtained from the waste newsprint paper. The activated sludge was treated in a beaker for 3 min in 3 % acetic acid and then in a water bath at 75 and 100 °C for 45 and 90 min. After that, the treated activated sludge was mixed and refi ned with waste newsprint paper pulp at ratios of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 %. The test specimens were prepared according to TAPPI standard and the physical properties (water absorption and porosity) and mechanical (tensile strength, tear strength, ring crush test, burst strength and folding strength) were measured. The results showed that the activated sludge treatment caused the increase in tear strength, ring crush test, burst strength and porosity as well as the decrease in water absorption, tensile strength and folding strength. FT-IR spectrum of the treated samples showed that the treatment with acetic acid strengthened and activated the functional groups on the surface of activated sludge fi bers. The activated sludge added at a level of 5 % at 100 °C for 90 min as well as at a level of 20 % at 75 °C for 45 min was more suitable than other treatments.


BioResources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 4237-4251
Author(s):  
Naghmeh Amani Bishehgah ◽  
Ramin Vaysi ◽  
Majid Kiaei ◽  
Abdollah Najafi ◽  
Seyed Eshagh Ebadi

The present research aims to shed light on the effect of activated sludge (from a paper mill) and nanochitosan on the physical and strength properties of recycled pulp. Firstly, activated sludge was treated with 3% acetic acid for 30 min and then placed in a beaker for 90 min at 100 °C. Then, the ingredients were mixed and refined with recycled newsprint pulp in different proportions (0, 5, 10, and 15%). Finally, 2% nanochitosan was optionally added. Test specimens were prepared according to TAPPI standards with a basis weight of 120 g/m2, and their physical (water absorption) and strength (tear strength, tensile strength, burst strength, and ring crush test) properties were measured and compared. The results showed that with the increase of untreated activated sludge in recycled paper pulp, the indicators of tear resistance, ring crush test, and burst strength decreased and water absorption increased. Strength properties increased and water adsorption decreased when adding activated sludge treated with 3% acetic acid. Through the addition of nanochitosan to activated sludge treated with acetic acid, a significant increase in strength properties and a decrease in water absorption were observed.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongjian Xu ◽  
Yun Shi ◽  
Xuyong Chen ◽  
Fenfen Liu ◽  
Wei Zhao

Abstract As the living standard improve, disposable sanitary and living paper requires not only softness or easy to fluff in a dry state, but also good antibacterial property. In this study, a series of alkyl quaternary ammonium salts (AQAS), a kinds of antibacterial-debonding agents, were synthesized by using a two-step process. The SN2 nucleophilic substitution reaction was designed between triethanolamine and sulfoxide chloride, and followed subsequent quaternization by tertiaryamines with different long alkyl chains. The obtained products can be used as an antibacterial and softening/debonding agent for improving the performance of paper or fluff pulp. The results showed that these new compounds can endow antibacterial function and high softness to paper or control appropriate burst strength to fluff pulp board. These AQAS products can be not only used in daily disposable sanitary products, but also have potential applications in other products such as glass spacer paper, advanced household paper, or antibacterial tissue products to prevent microbial contamination.


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