scholarly journals Storing information electrically in human skin

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-81
Author(s):  
Oliver Pabst ◽  
Øystein Magnus Sørebø ◽  
Karoline Sjøen Andersen ◽  
Erlend Lemva Ousdal ◽  
Sean William Bråthen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Information Storage ◽  
Electrical Measurements ◽  
Dc Voltage ◽  
Decimal System ◽  
Electro Osmosis ◽  
Binary Information ◽  
Voltage Pulses

Abstract Human skin has been classified as a non-volatile memristor and it is shown that information can be stored within for at least three minutes. Here we investigate whether it is possible to store information up to 20 minutes. Furthermore, we investigate whether the information can be based on four different states, not just two (binary). We stored the information into the skin of the forehead of the test subjects under three different electrodes, which allows in principle for 64 different combinations (3 electrodes, 4 states) and one can think of numbers on the base of four. For this experiment, we decided on the numbers 1234 and 3024 (that correspond to numbers 27 and 50 in the decimal system). Writing of the different states was done by the application of DC voltage pulses that cause electro-osmosis in the sweat ducts (nonlinear electrical measurements). Based on our results, we were not able to distinguish between four different states. However, we can show that binary information storage in human skin is possible for up to 20 minutes.

scholarly journals Information can be stored in the human skin memristor which has non-volatile memory

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Pabst ◽  
Ørjan G. Martinsen ◽  
Leon Chua
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Human Skin ◽  
Biological Tissues ◽  
Electrical Stimulus ◽  
Information Storage ◽  
Surrounding Tissue ◽  
Electrical Measurements ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Non Volatile Memory ◽  
Volatile Memory

AbstractMuch is already understood about the anatomical and physiological mechanisms behind the linear, electrical properties of biological tissues. Studying the non-linear electrical properties, however, opens up for the influence from other processes that are driven by the electric field or movement of charges. An electrical measurement that is affected by the applied electrical stimulus is non-linear and reveals the non-linear electrical properties of the underlying (biological) tissue; if it is done with an alternating current (AC) stimulus, the corresponding voltage current plot may exhibit a pinched hysteresis loop which is the fingerprint of a memristor. It has been shown that human skin and other biological tissues are memristors. Here we performed non-linear electrical measurements on human skin with applied direct current (DC) voltage pulses. By doing so, we found that human skin exhibits non-volatile memory and that analogue information can actually be stored inside the skin at least for three minutes. As demonstrated before, human skin actually contains two different memristor types, one that originates from the sweat ducts and one that is based on thermal changes of the surrounding tissue, the stratum corneum; and information storage is possible in both. Finally, assuming that different physiological conditions of the skin can explain the variations in current responses that we observed among the subjects, it follows that non-linear recordings with DC pulses may find use in sensor applications.

Binary information storage at zero bias in quantum‐well diodes

1994 ◽  
Vol 76 (9) ◽  
pp. 5552-5560 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. Buot ◽  
A. K. Rajagopal
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Well ◽  
Information Storage ◽  
Zero Bias ◽  
Binary Information

Theoretical analysis of localized heating in human skin subjected to high voltage pulses

2002 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory T. Martin ◽  
Uwe F. Pliquett ◽  
James C. Weaver
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Human Skin ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
Localized Heating ◽  
Voltage Pulses

scholarly journals Rectifying memristor bridge circuit realized with human skin

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 184-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Pabst
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Human Skin ◽  
Bridge Circuit ◽  
Frequency Doubler ◽  
Electrical Measurements ◽  
Half Wave ◽  
Non Linear

Abstract It has been demonstrated before that human skin can be modeled as a memristor (memory resistor). Here we realize a memristor bridge by applying two voltages of opposite signs at two different skin sites. By this setup it is possible to use human skin as a frequency doubler and half-wave rectifier which is an application of the non-linear electrical properties of human skin. The corresponding electrical measurements are non-linear since these are affected by the applied stimulus itself.

A New Concept of Information Based on Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle and Its Experimental Verification

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Z. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Uncertainty Principle ◽  
Energy Input ◽  
Information Storage ◽  
Binary Information ◽  
Newton’S Cradle ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Information Energy ◽  
Definition Of Information ◽  
Concept Of Information ◽  
Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle

Abstract This study is the first use of Heisenberg's energy-time uncertainty principle to define information quantitatively from a measuring perspective: the smallest error in any measurement is a bit of information, i.e., 1 (bit)=(2∆E ∆t)⁄ℏ. If the input energy equals the Landauer bound, the time needed to write a bit of information is 1.75x10-14 s. Newton's cradle was used to experimentally verify the information-energy-mass equivalences deduced from the aforementioned concept. It was observed that the energy input during the creation of a bit of (binary) information is stored in the information carrier in the form of the doubled momentum or the doubled “momentum mass” (mass in motion) in both classical position-based and modern orientation-based information storage. Furthermore, the experiments verified our new definition of information in the sense that the higher the energy input is, the shorter the time needed to write a bit of information is. Our study may help understand the fundamental concept of information and the deep physics behind it.

scholarly journals Direct-write orientation of charge-transfer liquid crystals enables polarization-based coding and encryption

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Madeline Van Winkle ◽  
Harper O. W. Wallace ◽  
Niquana Smith ◽  
Andrew T. Pomerene ◽  
Michael G. Wood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Crystal Displays ◽  
Photonic Devices ◽  
Information Storage ◽  
Polarization Angle ◽  
Direct Write ◽  
Initial Alignment ◽  
Binary Information ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Future Technologies ◽  
Single Pixel

Abstract Optical polarizers encompass a class of anisotropic materials that pass-through discrete orientations of light and are found in wide-ranging technologies, from windows and glasses to cameras, digital displays and photonic devices. The wire-grids, ordered surfaces, and aligned nanomaterials used to make polarized films cannot be easily reconfigured once aligned, limiting their use to stationary cross-polarizers in, for example, liquid crystal displays. Here we describe a supramolecular material set and patterning approach where the polarization angle in stand-alone films can be precisely defined at the single pixel level and reconfigured following initial alignment. This capability enables new routes for non-binary information storage, retrieval, and intrinsic encryption, and it suggests future technologies such as photonic chips that can be reconfigured using non-contact patterning.

scholarly journals Biofidelic Conductive Synthetic Skin Composites

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnab Chanda
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Human Skin ◽  
Composite System ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Matrix Material ◽  
The Body ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile ◽  
Wearable Electronics ◽  
Electrical Measurements ◽  
Organ Systems

Skin is the first point of contact of the human body with the outer environment, and influences the biomechanics of different organ systems in normal and diseased states. Wearable electronics such as fitness tracking equipment, motion sensing devices, and advanced wearables in prosthetics and orthotics are often used to quantify the interaction of the body with the environment during different physical activities, and improve health. These wearable equipment can be bulky and a source of discomfort to the human skin with prolonged wear. To date, very few flexible polymers have been developed which can conduct electricity and be used in wearable devices. In the current work, a novel conductive synthetic skin composite system was developed, which would be indispensable for integration into wearable technologies, and also allow the biomechanical testing of the human skin for different engineering and medical applications. The mechanical behavior of this polymer can be tuned to mimic the human skin from different locations of the body with varying stiffnesses, with a phenomenal degree of accuracy. The composite system is composed of short carbon fibers dispersed in a multi part silicone based matrix material. The volume fraction of the fibers were varied to control the mechanical and electrical properties of the composite. Uniaxial tensile tests were conducted to generate stress versus strain responses of the synthetic skin composites at different fiber volume fractions, and electrical measurements were recorded at different strains. Microscopy was used to understand composite fiber orientations in unstretched and stretched states, and its effects on the electrical conductivity of the material. Additionally, non-linear material characterization models were developed to characterize the composite variants. To the best of our knowledge, such an accurate synthetic skin composite system with tailorable electrical properties has not been developed; making this state of the art in bio mimicking and functionalization of the human skin.

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