scholarly journals Suitability of Centella Asiatica (Pegaga) as a Food Source for Rearing Spodoptera Litura (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under Laboratory Conditions

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeedeh Javar ◽  
Ahmad Said Sajap ◽  
Rozi Mohamed ◽  
Lau Wei Hong
Keyword(s):  
Spodoptera Litura ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Centella Asiatica ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Daily Monitoring ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Whole Life Cycle

Abstract When conducting entomological research, it is necessary to have a sufficient quantity of the desired pest. One of the pests commonly used in research is Spodoptera litura. Mass rearing of herbivorous caterpillars like S. litura requires large amounts of a suitable food source. Hence, the use of an easy-to-grow host plant would be most practical and reasonable. Centella asiatica known as ‘pegaga’ grows easily, produces plenty of leaves, and is available throughout the year in Malaysia. The suitability of C. asiatica as a food source for S. litura was evaluated by studying the biology of this pest on excised C. asiatica leaves, under laboratory conditions. S. litura completed its whole life cycle in 29 to 35 days. The mean pupal weight and the average number of eggs laid by a single female were 0.341 g and 1,930 eggs, respectively. Daily monitoring of the larval development stages as well as analysis on the width of head capsules, revealed the existence of six instars during the larval stages of S. litura. The cumulative survival rate for immature developmental stages was 80%, while the stage-specific survivorship was over 90%. This study demonstrated the use of ‘pegaga’ as a suitable new food source for when rearing S. litura larvae in the laboratory.

scholarly journals Some biological aspects of Leucothyreus femoratus (Burmeister) (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae), in oil palm plantations from Colombia

2013 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
L.C. Martínez ◽  
A. Plata-Rueda
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Consumption Rate ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Cycle Duration ◽  
Laboratory Conditions

The scarabaeid <em>Leucothyreus femoratus</em> (Burmeister) is described as causing damage to oil palm leaves, marking its first report as a pest in Colombia. The presence of this insect has necessitated determination of its life cycle, biometrics and food consumption as important aspects of its biology. Experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions in the municipality of San Vicente, Santander, Colombia. Mass rearing of <em>L. femoratus</em> was conducted, simulating field conditions and eating habits under laboratory conditions. Its life cycle and description of its developmental stages were determined, taking into account stage-specific survival. The duration of the life cycle of <em>L. femoratus</em> was determined to be 170.4&plusmn;6.53, with an overall survival rate of 96.7%. Biometrical measurements were taken of the insect&rsquo;s width, length and weight. Adults are black, and males and females are differentiated by size and by colour of their legs. The width, length and weight of the insect are proportional to the growth stage. Daily food consumption rate was evaluated in adult <em>L. femoratus</em>, and damage to leaves of <em>Elaeis guineensis</em> is described. Adult <em>L. femoratus</em> consumed 13 mm<sup>2</sup> of foliage per day, and injury to leaves of <em>E. guineensis</em> was square or rectangular in shape. This insect&rsquo;s life cycle duration and size are factors that could be considered in determining its feeding habits and pest status. Details of the life cycle, physical description and consumption rate of <em>L. femoratus</em> can help in the development of strategies to manage its populations in oil palm plantations.

An account of the eggs and developmental stages of Montagu's blenny, Coryphoblennius galerita (L.), with notes on the reproductive behaviour of the adults

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 749-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie M. Fives
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Reproductive Behaviour ◽  
Rock Pools ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Gas Bladder ◽  
The One

Montagu's blenny, Coryphoblennius galerita was reared to late larval stage under laboratory conditions. The adult male guarded the eggs and aerated them with its tail during the incubation period. The larvae had a small amount of yolk on hatching and although they appeared to be feeding on the variety of food introduced, no food was observed in the gut. The gas bladder, observable above the gut in all larvae, was filled with gas only in the one specimen, killed at 45 mm T.l., which survived after the yolk was utilized, and in some 4 mm specimens taken from the plankton off Mweenish.Descriptions are given of the larval stages and of juveniles taken from rock pools.

scholarly journals Effect of Temperature on the Development and Survival of Feltiella Acarisuga (Vallot) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Preying on Tetranychus Urticae (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 508
Author(s):  
Yong-Seok Choi ◽  
Sung-Hoon Baek ◽  
Min-Jung Kim
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Gall Midge ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Immature Stage ◽  
Development Rate ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Thermal Constant ◽  
Fundamental Information ◽  
Threshold Temperatures ◽  
Response To Temperature

The predatory gall midge, Feltiella acarisuga (Vallot) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), is an acarivorous species that mainly feeds on spider mites (Acarina: Tetranychidae). Because of its cosmopolitan distribution and predation efficacy, it is considered an important natural enemy available as a biological agent for augmentative biocontrol. However, despite its practical use, the thermal development and survival response to temperature have not yet been fully studied. In this study, we investigated the stage-specific development and survival of F. acarisuga at seven temperatures (11.5, 15.7, 19.8, 23.4, 27.7, 31.9, and 35.4 °C) to examine the effect of temperature on its lifecycle. All developmental stages could develop at 11.5–31.9 °C, but the performance was different according to the temperature. From the linear development rate models, the lower development threshold and thermal constant of the total immature stage were estimated at 8.2 °C and 200 DD, respectively. The potential optimal and upper threshold temperatures for the total immature stage were estimated as 29.3 and 35.1 °C using a non-linear development model. The operative thermal ranges for development and survival at 80% of the maximum rate were 24.5–32.3 and 14.7–28.7 °C, respectively. Thus, it was suggested that 24.5–28.7 °C was suitable for the total immature stage. In contrast, conditions around 8 °C and 35 °C should be avoided due to the lower development rate and high mortality. Our findings provide fundamental information for an effective mass-rearing and releasing program of F. acarisuga in an augmentative biocontrol program and help to predict phenology.

scholarly journals Seasonal occurrence of some larval stages of endoparasites in three cyprinids from the Nwanedi-Luphephe dams, the Limpopo River System, South Africa

2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Mbokane ◽  
J. Theron ◽  
W. J. Luus-Powell
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
River System ◽  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
The Body ◽  
Seasonal Occurrence ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuations ◽  
Metazoan Parasites ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Parasite Communities ◽  
Third Stage

Abstract This study provides information on seasonal occurrence of developmental stages of endoparasites infecting three cyprinids in the Nwanedi-Luphephe dams, Limpopo River System. Labeobarbus marequensis (Smith, 1841), Barbus trimaculatus Peters, 1852 and Barbus radiatus Peters, 1853 were investigated seasonally from January 2008 to October 2008. The following larvae of metazoan parasites were collected: Diplostomum sp. from the eyes of L. marequensis and B. trimaculatus; Ornithodiplostomum sp. from the gills of B. trimaculatus; Posthodiplostomum sp. from muscle, skin and fins of B. trimaculatus and B. radiatus; third-stage Contracaecum larvae (L3) from the mesentery fats and on the liver lobes of L. marequensis and B. trimaculatus and gryporynchid cestode larvae from the outer intestinal wall of B. radiatus. All the flukes encountered were metacercariae. Diplostomum sp. and Contracaecum sp. dominated the parasite communities. Their prevalence exhibited seasonal fluctuations with maxima in summer. Factors likely to influence fish infection such as the body size of fish and their condition factors were also briefly considered in this study.

COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON THE BEHAVIOR OF THREE SPECIES OF ANTS (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE): II. TRAIL FORMATION AND GROUP FORAGING

1969 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Ayre
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Group Foraging ◽  
Trail Pheromones ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Trail Formation ◽  
Group Travel

AbstractMethods of trail formation and organization of group foraging by the ants Formica obscuriventris Mayr, Myrmica americana Weber, and Crematogaster lineolata (Say) were studied under laboratory conditions. Each species was able to organize group travel to a persistent food source. M. americana and C. lineolata achieved this by using trail pheromones, the former species using these pheromones only to establish the trail and the latter using them in all stages of foraging. F. obscuriventris apparently did not use trail pheromones and each individual learned the route to the food independently.

scholarly journals Development and functional morphology of the larval foregut of two brachyuran species from Northern Brazil

2011 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 1269-1278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando A. Abrunhosa ◽  
Darlan J.B. Simith ◽  
Joely R.C. Monteiro ◽  
Antonio N. de Souza Junior ◽  
Pedro A.C. Oliva
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Filter Press ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Structural Development ◽  
Gastric Mill ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Northern Brazil

Feeding is an important factor for the successful rearing of larvae of the crab species. Further information on the morphological features of the foregut may to reveal larval feeding behaviour and or/whether there is a lecithotrophy in some or even in all stages of the larval cycle. In the present study, the structural development of the foregut and their digestive functions were examined in larvae of two brachyurans, Uca vocator and Panopeus occidentalis, reared in the laboratory. During larval development, the foreguts of the larvae in the first and last zoeal stages and in the megalopa stage were microscopically examined, described and illustrated. The zoeal foreguts of both species were well developed, showing specialization with a functional cardiopyloric valve and a filter press. The megalopa stage had a complex and specialized gastric mill similar to that found in adult crabs with the appearance of rigidly calcified structures. These results support the hypothesis that the feeding behaviour of each larval stage is directly related to the morphological structure of the foregut. Such facts strongly indicate that all larval stages of both . vocator and P occidentalis need an external food source before completing the larval development in a planktonic environment.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Effective and Practical Euthanasia Methods for Larval African Clawed Frogs (Xenopus laevis)

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-274
Author(s):  
Ilana A Galex ◽  
Cameron M Gallant ◽  
Nicole D'Avignon ◽  
Lauren M Kuchenbrod ◽  
Craig A Fletcher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Research Model ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Guidance Documents ◽  
Stock Solutions ◽  
Tricaine Methanesulfonate ◽  
Tank Water

Larval, or tadpole-stage Xenopus laevis frogs are a popular research model for developmental biology and disease studies. Existing euthanasia guidance documents offer recommendations for both eggs and adult stages, yet do not specifically address the larval stage. Data evaluating effective euthanasia methods for groups of X. laevis tadpoles would therefore be useful. The goal of the current study was to evaluate the efficacy of various immersion euthanasia procedures on tadpoles: tricaine methanesulfonate (MS222) at 6 g/L, eugenol at 800 μL/L and rapid chilling (2 to 4 °C). We also evaluated tadpoles at various developmental stages (NF stages 46, 47 and 49). Tadpoles (n = 70) were exposed to euthanasia solution for 15 min, and controls (n = 40) were placed in housing tank water for 15 min. All animals were then placed in recovery tanks containing housing tank water for 4 h to confirm irreversibility of each agent. Cessation of the heartbeat was assessed at the end of euthanasia solution exposure and at each hour thereafter. We found that immersion in a 6 g/L solution of MS222 resulted in 100% euthanasia of all larval stages tested. Conversely, eugenol produced variable euthanasia rates that were affected by both age group and batches of stock solutions. Rapid chilling was completely ineffective as a euthanasia method in our study. Based on our findings, we recommend MS222 as an effective and practical means of euthanizing large numbers of X. laevis tadpoles.

scholarly journals A size threshold governs Caenorhabditis elegans developmental progression

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1813) ◽  
pp. 20151283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sravanti Uppaluri ◽  
Clifford P. Brangwynne
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Food Availability ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Size Control ◽  
Threshold Size ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Developmental Progression ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Size Threshold ◽  
The Impact

The growth of organisms from humans to bacteria is affected by environmental conditions. However, mechanisms governing growth and size control are not well understood, particularly in the context of changes in food availability in developing multicellular organisms. Here, we use a novel microfluidic platform to study the impact of diet on the growth and development of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans . This device allows us to observe individual worms throughout larval development, quantify their growth as well as pinpoint the moulting transitions marking successive developmental stages. Under conditions of low food availability, worms grow very slowly, but do not moult until they have achieved a threshold size. The time spent in larval stages can be extended by over an order of magnitude, in agreement with a simple threshold size model. Thus, a critical worm size appears to trigger developmental progression, and may contribute to prolonged lifespan under dietary restriction.

scholarly journals Comparison of fecundity and offspring immunity in zebrafish fed Lactobacillus rhamnosus CICC 6141 and Lactobacillus casei BL23

Reproduction ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 147 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chubin Qin ◽  
Li Xu ◽  
Yalin Yang ◽  
Suxu He ◽  
Yingying Dai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Oocyte Maturation ◽  
Lactobacillus Casei ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Lactobacillus Rhamnosus ◽  
Reproductive Process ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Probiotic Strains ◽  
Early Developmental

To increase the knowledge of probiotic effects on zebrafish (Danio rerio), we compare the effects of two probiotic strains, Lactobacillus rhamnosus CICC 6141 (a highly adhesive strain) and Lactobacillus casei BL23 (a weakly adhesive strain), on zebrafish reproduction and their offsprings' innate level of immunity to water-borne pathogens. During probiotics treatments from 7 to 28 days, both the Lactobacillus strains, and especially L. casei BL23, significantly increased fecundity in zebrafish: higher rates of egg ovulation, fertilization, and hatching were observed. Increased densities of both small and large vitellogenic follicles, seen in specimens fed either Lactobacillus strain, demonstrated accelerated oocyte maturation. Feeding either strain of Lactobacillus upregulated gene expression of leptin, kiss2, gnrh3, fsh, lh, lhcgr, and paqr8, which were regarded to enhance fecundity and encourage oocyte maturation. Concomitantly, the gene expression of bmp15 and tgfb1 was inhibited, which code for local factors that prevent oocyte maturation. The beneficial effects of the Lactobacillus strains on fecundity diminished after feeding of the probiotics was discontinued, even for the highly adhesive gut Lactobacillus strain. Administering L. rhamnosus CICC 6141 for 28 days was found to affect the innate immunity of offspring derived from their parents, as evinced by a lower level of alkaline phosphatase activity in early larval stages. This study highlights the effects of probiotics both upon the reproductive process and upon the offsprings' immunity during early developmental stages.

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