scholarly journals Governing Illiberal Democracies: Democratic Backsliding and the Political Appointment of Top Officials in Hungary

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-113
Author(s):  
Jan-Hinrik Meyer-Sahling ◽  
Fanni Toth
Keyword(s):  
The Political ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Unique Data ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Degree Of Instability

AbstractThis paper examines the impact of democratic backsliding on the management of top officials in Hungary. Based on a unique data set of more than 1,600 top officials the article shows that the number of appointments to top positions increased in 2010 and subsequent years, during which Hungary experienced democratic back-sliding. Moreover, the data shows that turnover in top official positions was higher in 2010 and in subsequent years than in the period between 1990 and 2010. The paper concludes that the politicisation and high degree of instability in top official positions may be characteristic of governance in illiberal democracies.

Real-World Contexts

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana C. Mutz
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Production Quality ◽  
Political Conflict ◽  
The Political ◽  
Causal Inferences ◽  
Camera Perspective ◽  
Degree Of Control ◽  
Experimental Treatments ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Impact

This chapter looks at the characteristics of the experimental treatments that are used to manipulate incivility, as well as the kinds of people used in the experiments. Because of the high degree of control over the political content of the broadcasts, the participants involved in the conflicts, and the way in which the cameras covered the dispute, it is possible to draw strong causal inferences about the impact that incivility and camera perspective have on viewers' experiences of political conflict. Although the professional production quality meant that none of the subjects voiced suspicions about the programs themselves, it is still plausible that other, unidentified differences between the real world and this exchange may have altered the outcomes.

An Efficient Time Series Forecasting Method Exploiting Fuzziness and Turbulences in Data

2018 ◽  
pp. 1773-1791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prateek Pandey ◽  
Shishir Kumar ◽  
Sandeep Shrivastava
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Performance Comparison ◽  
Time Series Forecasting ◽  
Fuzzy Time Series ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Common Trend ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Forecasting Method ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Degree Of Instability

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in Time Series forecasting. A number of time series forecasting methods have been proposed by various researchers. However, a common trend found in these methods is that they all underperform on a data set that exhibit uneven ups and downs (turbulences). In this paper, a new method based on fuzzy time-series (henceforth FTS) to forecast on the fundament of turbulences in the data set is proposed. The results show that the turbulence based fuzzy time series forecasting is effective, especially, when the available data indicate a high degree of instability. A few benchmark FTS methods are identified from the literature, their limitations and gaps are discussed and it is observed that the proposed method successfully overcome their deficiencies to produce better results. In order to validate the proposed model, a performance comparison with various conventional time series models is also presented.

The Impact of Financial Development on Energy Consumption in China: Based on SYS-GMM Estimation

2012 ◽  
Vol 524-527 ◽  
pp. 2977-2981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shao Jun Xu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Financial Development ◽  
Financial Institution ◽  
Dynamic Effect ◽  
Bank Loan ◽  
The Political ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Gmm Estimation ◽  
Political Effect ◽  
The Impact

In this study we use system GMM estimation techniques to examine the dynamic effect of financial development on energy consumption with a panel data set on 29 provinces during the period 1999-2009 in China. The empirical results show a positive and statistically significant relationship between financial development and energy consumption when financial development is measured by the ratio of loans in financial institution to GDP and by the ratio of FDI to GDP. These results have critical implications for energy policy where the impact of financial development on energy consumption, especially, the short effect from the development of bank loan scale and the long effect from the development of FDI, is important to improve the political effect.

Agglomeration and Firm Performance: Economies of Scale, Localisation, and Urbanisation among Swedish Export Firms

2000 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Malmberg ◽  
Bo Malmberg ◽  
Per Lundequist
Keyword(s):  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Export Performance ◽  
Scale Economies ◽  
Agglomeration Economies ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
Industrial Districts ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Unique Data ◽  
The Impact

In the 1990s, there has been an increase in interest in the spatial agglomeration of similar and related firms and industries. The recent literature is, however, marked by a lack of balance between theoretical development and empirical validation of the importance of agglomeration economies. Our aim in this paper is to redress the balance by assessing empirically the impact of various types of agglomeration economies on export performance. Our study is based on a unique data set including all Swedish export firms. We find that localisation economies are not as important as recent theoretical contributions on industrial districts, new industrial spaces, and innovative milieus have led us to believe. Instead, traditional scale economies, together with urbanisation economies, have a larger effect on export performance.

scholarly journals Exploring the Relationships between the Topological Characteristics of Subway Networks and Service Disruption Impact

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 3960 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiru Wang ◽  
Wubin Ma ◽  
Albert Chan
Keyword(s):  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Service Interruption ◽  
Delay Duration ◽  
Topological Characteristics ◽  
Service Disruption ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Although numerous studies have considered the topological characteristics and the impact of disruptions in subway systems, their results have not been verified by empirical data. To address this limitation, we used a data set containing 392 detailed records of disruptions to subway services in Beijing from 2011 to 2017. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient analysis results indicate that the delay duration exhibits no significant relationship with the topological characteristics, whereas the reverse is true for the relationship between the number of affected trains and the topological characteristics. The results also demonstrate that subway network expansion will not result in a paradox between convenience and vulnerability from an actual data perspective. Moreover, contrary to previous research results, no significant relationship was found to exist between service interruption impact and the transit and key bridge stations. However, a high degree of clustering, characterized by redundant tracks between neighbours, tends to provide protection against service disruption for stations. In terms of the spatial variation, the influence of the disruption is greater when the station is further from the centre of the line. These results can support sustainable design in subway network planning.

scholarly journals The Modelling of Pedestrian Vehicle Interaction for Post-Exiting Behaviour

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronica Pellacini ◽  
Peter Lawrence ◽  
Edwin Galea
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Emergency Services ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Simulation Tool ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Unique Data ◽  
The People ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
The Impact

During a major evacuation of high capacity buildings, such as a tower block or transportation hub, the emergency services will need to consider the safety of the people within the vicinity of the emergency. However, in general, when assessing the safety of a building for evacuation only the behaviour within the building is considered. One method of assessing this is to utilise a computer based simulation tool. This research outlines a number of developments required to simulate the impact of traffic on the evacuation process in an urban environment in relation to post-exiting behaviour. It uses a unique data set and model capabilities for representing pedestrian-vehicle interaction post-evacuation, which also considers the impact of time pressures on decision making. In addition, a number of software developments and pedestrian behaviours are identified for bridging the behavioural gaps when interfacing an emergency pedestrian model with a traffic simulation.

scholarly journals How COVID-19 Have Changed Crowdfunding: Evidence From GoFundMe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junda Wang ◽  
Xupin Zhang ◽  
Jiebo Luo
Keyword(s):  
Racial Disparity ◽  
Computational Approach ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Unique Data ◽  
The Past ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Shed Light

While the long-term effects of COVID-19 are yet to be determined, its immediate impact on crowdfunding is nonetheless significant. This study takes a computational approach to more deeply comprehend this change. Using a unique data set of all the campaigns published over the past two years on GoFundMe, we explore the factors that have led to the successful funding of a crowdfunding project. In particular, we study a corpus of crowdfunded projects, analyzing cover images and other variables commonly present on crowdfunding sites. Furthermore, we construct a classifier and a regression model to assess the significance of features based on XGBoost. In addition, we employ counterfactual analysis to investigate the causality between features and the success of crowdfunding. More importantly, sentiment analysis and the paired sample t-test are performed to examine the differences in crowdfunding campaigns before and after the COVID-19 outbreak that started in March 2020. First, we note that there is significant racial disparity in crowdfunding success. Second, we find that sad emotion expressed through the campaign's description became significant after the COVID-19 outbreak. Considering all these factors, our findings shed light on the impact of COVID-19 on crowdfunding campaigns.

scholarly journals A Time to Build

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (35) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph Chami ◽  
Elorm Darkey ◽  
Oral Williams
Keyword(s):  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Unique Data ◽  
Tax Revenues ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Time To Build ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

We use a unique data set for 115 countries, from 2000–18, and 5-year non-overlapping averages to explore the impact of technical assitance on revenue mobilization. To the authors’ knowledge this is the first such effort to determine a direct relationship between technical assistance and the improvement in tax revenues. The paper finds that technical assistance significantly and positively increases tax revenues. Both income per capita and openness were found to positively improve the tax ratio in line with findings in the literature. Dynamic estimations also uncovered a long-run relationship among technical assistance, income per capita, openness, and tax revenues. This result further underscores that it takes time to build capacity and institutional resilience.

scholarly journals Research Note: Measuring the Impacts of Colonialism: A New Data Set for the Countries of Africa and Asia

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 156-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Ziltener ◽  
Daniel Künzler ◽  
André Walter
Keyword(s):  
Social Transformation ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
The Political ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time ◽  
British Colonies

We present a new dataset with 15 indicators for the political, economic and social impact of colonialism. This dataset and our four indices for the impact of colonialism create for the first time the opportunity to compare directly the levels of colonial transformation for a sample of 83 African and Asian countries. Some of our exploratory findings on the interrelation of the dimensions show that in British colonies political domination was in general less direct and less violent. Plantation colonies experienced more investment in infrastructure and more violence during decolonization. The correlations between indicators for economic distortion (trade policy, trade and FDI concentration) show that the economic re-direction of some colonies towards a more exclusive exchange with the metropole country was an interdependent process. In general, a more intense political domination came along with a higher level of economic transformation. If an area was transformed economically, however, a social transformation was likely to take place too, but these processes should not be confounded. In areas that were politically united for the first time under colonialism, economic distortion and social transformation were more profound.

scholarly journals Lead and Juvenile Delinquency: New Evidence from Linked Birth, School, and Juvenile Detention Records

2019 ◽  
Vol 101 (4) ◽  
pp. 575-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Aizer ◽  
Janet Currie
Keyword(s):  
Rhode Island ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Juvenile Detention ◽  
Omitted Variables ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Unique Data ◽  
Unit Increase ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
The Impact ◽  
New Evidence

Using a unique data set linking preschool blood lead levels, birth, school, and detention records for 125,000 children born between 1990 and 2004 in Rhode Island, we estimate the impact of lead on school suspension and juvenile detention. Sibling fixed-effect models suggest that omitted variables related to family disadvantage do not bias OLS estimates. However, measurement error does. We use IV methods that exploit local (within-neighborhood), variation in lead exposure deriving from road proximity and the deleading of gasoline. For boys, a 1 unit increase in lead increased the probability of suspension from school by 6% and detention by 57%.

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