scholarly journals Stereotypes Determining Perceptions of Female Politicians: The Case of Poland

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 7-30
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Turska-Kawa ◽  
Agata Olszanecka-Marmola
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Young Voters ◽  
Female Politicians ◽  
Same Gender

Abstract The aim of this study is to find out whether women in Polish politics are perceived through the prism of gender stereotypes. We conducted a two-stage empirical study (N=447) to investigate the kinds of qualities that young voters attribute to politicians in the context of gender stereotypes. Our findings correlated with a pattern of research that shows that female politicians are typically associated with “female issues” and seen in terms of stereotypically feminine traits. The results of our survey showed gender solidarity, with female and male participants generally responding more positively to politicians of the same gender. There were also significant differences based on respondents’ interest in politics; people interested in politics were, for example, significantly less likely to ascribe qualities related to political ability and self-composure to women. Finally, ideological identifications did not modify perceptions of female politicians but people who identified as right-wing more often viewed male politicians as politically capable, diligent, likeable and go-getters.

Organizational culture and socio-psychological age of female personnel of medical institutions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. S. Leonova ◽  
L. N. Zakharova ◽  
A. I. Makhalin
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Culture ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Hierarchical Model ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Market Development ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Work Process ◽  
Successful Management ◽  
Medical Institutions ◽  
High Level

The results of an empirical study of the socio-psychological age of female doctors of clinics that have successfully entered into the innovative format of development and clinics experiencing many years of difficulty in introducing innovations are presented. It is shown that the organizational culture of innovative clinics is characterized by a pronounced adhocratic component, and a clan-hierarchical model dominates in problematic clinics, therefore, the introduction of innovations is carried out by inconsistent administrative methods typical of this model. As a result, the personnel experiences a high level of stress, which makes them feel unwell, tired, it rejects innovations and strives to maximize the clan component of the organizational culture as a means of protection against the stress of innovative changes. The results are an «older» socio-psychological age and a low level of labour involvement, which, in general, shows the correspondence of the characteristics of the female personnel of problematic clinics to gender stereotypes. In innovative clinics, female personnel feel more alert, healthy and younger, shares, regardless of the chronological age, innovative values traditionally associated with younger ages, is personally involved in the work process and does not fall under the characteristics of gender stereotypes. It is shown that the socio-psychological age of female personnel and the value of readiness for innovation depend on the type of organizational culture. In the future, female doctors are oriented towards an innovative way of market development of their clinics, but not in the managerial paradigm that is currently being implemented by management. Successful management of the socio-psychological age and the introduction of innovation involve the abandonment of administrative methods, the prevention of the stress of organizational change and the establishment of innovative values as the basis of a new organizational culture.

Research on the Layout of Integrated Freight Hub Based on Two-Stage Model

2014 ◽  
Vol 989-994 ◽  
pp. 1526-1531
Author(s):  
Yan Yi Chen ◽  
Tie Xin Liu
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Operations Research ◽  
Transportation Planning ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Freight Transportation ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Planning Theory ◽  
Stage Model ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Transportation Organization

Applying transportation planning theory and operations research method , this paper proposes the layout model of integrated freight hub with two-stage , which first builds a model to predict the attributes of integrated freight hub aiming for the optimization of regional freight transportation organization , and then works out the way to classify district integrated freight hub based on Hierarchical cluster. Eventually, take a specific example for empirical study.

scholarly journals Stereotypical Representation of a Female Politician in the Language Consciousness of Twitter Users

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-132
Author(s):  
M. Yu. Tovkes
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Component Structure ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Female Politicians ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Stereotypical Image ◽  
Twitter Users ◽  
Equal Right

The study focuses on issues related to gender stereotypes of the blog community based on bloggers’ individual reactions and their impact on the perception of female politicians. The sample comprises tweets of the Russian- and English-speaking segments of this microblog, selected by keywords (based on the researcher’s view on the component structure of the thematic group «women in politics» and the representativeness of the sample) and collected with the help of the Python programming language. The classification of female politicians’ characteristics significant for users is made on the basis of feminine-masculine and psychophysiological criteria (according to E. G. Bakhteeva’s classification). The distribution of characteristics attributed to a female politician allows the researcher to determine which characteristics help women to fulfil their potential in politics or, on the contrary, hinder a successful political career. The results are interpreted in two aspects. On the one hand, from the point of view of the quantitative representation (percentage of characteristic groups), the field structure of the gender stereotype is compiled. On the other hand, in terms of qualitative indicator (content of characteristic’s groups, connotative components), the correlation of characteristics is identified and their visualization is performed with the help of Gephi software. As a result, the study builds models of a female-politician’s stereotypical image in the Russian- and English-speaking segments of Twitter and carries out their their comparative analysis. According to the first type of model, personal characteristics that may be inherent in both men and women are important for Russian- and English-speaking Twitter users, while typical masculine characteristics are the least relevant. For Russian-speaking users, high moral qualities are particularly relevant, while English-speaking bloggers appreciate high professional qualities. The graphs demonstrate that the language consciousness of the blog community tends to masculinize the stereotypical image of a female politician. Thus, a contradiction arises: bloggers explicitly acclaim the equal right for both men and women to fulfill their potential in politics, they recognize and accept the fact that women can be successful in the highest political positions and establishments and approve of the activity of particular women politicians. At the same time, traditional gender stereotypes, claiming that politics is a male sphere, implicitly retain their influence.

scholarly journals Estimation of population mean in two– stage sampling under a deterministic response mechanism in the presence of non-response

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 1666-1675
Author(s):  
Monika Devi ◽  
B. V. S. Sisodia
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Cost Function ◽  
Simulation Study ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Response Mechanism ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Response Models ◽  
Population Mean ◽  
The Real ◽  
Relative Loss

In the present paper, we have considered the problem of estimation of population mean in the presence of non-response under two-stage sampling. Two different models of non-response with deterministic response mechanism have been discussed in the paper. The estimators under two non-response models have been developed by using Hansen and Hurwitz (1946) technique. The expressions for the variances and estimates of variance of these estimators have been derived. The optimum values of sample sizes have been obtained by considering a suitable cost function for a fixed variance. A limited simulation study has been carried out to examine the magnitude of percent relative loss (% RL) in standard error due to non-response. An empirical study with the real populations has also been carried out to assess the % RL in standard error due to non-response.

Political Gender Stereotypes in a List-PR System with a High Share of Women MPs: Competent Men versus Leftist Women?

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 788-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Devroe ◽  
Bram Wauters
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Experimental Study ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ideological Position ◽  
Female Politicians ◽  
Women In Parliament ◽  
Leftist Parties ◽  
High Share

On the basis of a candidate’s sex, voters ascribe particular personality traits, capacities, and opinions to candidates (often to the detriment of women), which are referred to as political gender stereotypes. The prevalence of political gender stereotypes has almost exclusively been investigated in the United States. As the presence of these stereotypes is highly dependent on contextual factors, we switch the context and investigate whether they are also present in a List-Proportional Representation (PR) system with a high share of women in parliament spread over different parties. The results of our experimental study, conducted in Flanders (Belgium), provide evidence for the existence of stereotypical patterns. The differences in perceived issue competence are, however, rather small and not always unequivocal, but larger differences were found in terms of ideological position. This leads us to conclude that misperceptions about women’s ideological orientation might be persistent and difficult to overcome. Moreover, our results demonstrate that the argument that female politicians are perceived as more leftist because they disproportionately belong to leftist parties does not hold, as female politicians are rather equally spread over the different parties in Belgium.

Face Value: Facial Appearance and Assessments of Politicians

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colleen M. Carpinella ◽  
Kerri L. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Impression Formation ◽  
Voting Behavior ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Facial Appearance ◽  
Party Affiliation ◽  
Facial Cues ◽  
Female Politicians ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

The facial appearance of political candidates provides information to voters that can be vital to the impression-formation process. Traditionally, psychological research in the field of appearance-based politics has concentrated on investigating whether politicians’ physical appearance impacts perceptions of them. Recently, the focus has shifted from examining whether facial cues matter for impression formation to determining (1) which facial cues matter for voters’ perceptions of politicians and (2) how such visual cues are utilized within the political decision-making process. This shift in research focus has ushered in an appreciation of facial competence and physical attractiveness, and it has been marked by a renewed interest in studying how gender stereotypes impact the influence of politician appearance on perceptions of male and female politicians. In addition, this renewed interest in studying underlying mechanisms in appearance-based politics has spurred on research that includes a broader range of downstream consequences such as evaluations of leadership potential, voting behavior, and even basic political party affiliation categorizations.

Explaining Death Penalty Clemency in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam from 1986 to 2015

ICL Journal ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Pascoe
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Death Penalty ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Death Sentence ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Doi Moi ◽  
Repressive Regime

Abstract: Regarding the operational specifics of death penalty policy, David T Johnson and Franklin E Zimring have argued that it is extreme left or right wing authoritarian states′ aversion to a limitation of their own powers that determines high rates of executions in countries such as Vietnam, Singapore, China and North Korea as opposed to other, lesspunitive Asian nations which share similar cultural and religious characteristics. For a regime like Vietnam’s, the swift carrying out of a death sentence, especially when performed in public, serves to highlight the state’s power over life and death and enhance political control over the domestic constituency. At first glance then, little scope for the exercise of the clemency power as a form of lenient reprieve from the death sentence by the executive government appears possible under a repressive regime of this nature.However, unlike China and Singapore, a notable feature of Vietnam’s death penalty practice since the Doi Moi reforms of 1986 has been the executive’s willingness to reprieve a large minority of prisoners sentenced to death through Presidential clemency, even though executions themselves have continued. What official and unofficial justifications have been given for grants of Presidential clemency in Vietnam, and relatedly, what structural and cultural factors explain the use of clemency in a noticeable proportion of death penalty cases? These are the under-researched questions I provide plausible explanations for in this article, incorporating an empirical study of Vietnam’s death penalty clemency grants since the mid-1980s, interpreted through the lens of the relevant academic literature on clemency and pardon grants.

Are Scientists Smart? Kindergarteners’ Gendered Understanding and Use of Descriptors About Science and Intelligence

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 538-554
Author(s):  
Vanessa Diaz ◽  
Kelly Runyon ◽  
Carolyn J. Kroehler
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Value Theory ◽  
Gender Effects ◽  
Expectancy Value Theory ◽  
Parental Occupation ◽  
Expectancy Value ◽  
Same Gender ◽  
Balanced Arrays

Do kindergarten-aged children associate scientists with intelligence? Do they hold gender stereotypes about these topics? What is related to these stereotypes? Do they affect children’s choice of activity? This study asked 48 kindergarteners to choose “the smart one” or “the scientist” out of gender-balanced arrays. Both genders showed positive in-group biases, but girls did not relate the two concepts. Girls were also more willing to engage in activities for “smart” children, rather than for “little scientists.” Parental occupation had same-gender effects on each gender’s stereotypes about intelligence, but no cross-gender effects. Findings are analyzed using expectancy-value theory as a framework.

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