scholarly journals Status of the cartographic model

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-76
Author(s):  
Mirosław Krukowski
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Epistemological Aspect

Abstract The author presents the proposal for a map as a model based on the current concepts in the philosophy of science. It is the attempt to define a map within the general theory of the model – in its ontological, semantical, and epistemological aspect. Treating a map as a model of reality boils down to specifying several characteristics determining its character. The article primarily aims at broadening the discussion on what a map is and what defines it as a model of reality. A new definition has been proposed in effect of the deliberations based on the analysis of models’ typology in the sphere of philosophy.

Keynes, John Maynard (1883–1946)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Schabas
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Justice ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Scientific Reasoning ◽  
Inductive Logic ◽  
John Stuart Mill ◽  
Interpretation Of Probability ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Sound Judgment

Keynes is best known as an economist but, in the tradition of John Stuart Mill and William Stanley Jevons, he also made significant contributions to inductive logic and the philosophy of science. Keynes’ only book explicitly on philosophy, A Treatise on Probability (1921), remains an important classic on the subject. It develops a non-frequentist interpretation of probability as the key to sound judgment and scientific reasoning. His General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936) is the watershed of twentieth-century macroeconomics. While not, strictly speaking, a philosophical work, it nonetheless advances distinct readings of rationality, uncertainty and social justice.

scholarly journals Demonstration, extension, and refinement of the re-proposed notion of design abduction

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 286-297
Author(s):  
Lauri Koskela ◽  
Ehud Kroll
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Design Reasoning ◽  
Retrospective Case Study ◽  
New Hypothesis

AbstractThe original ideas on design abduction, inspired by treatments in philosophy of science, had a narrow conception on how novelty emerges in design, when looked at in terms of logic. The authors have previously presented a re-proposed notion of abduction in design, taking the differences between science and design into account. Now, in this article, the invention of the airplane by the Wright brothers is analyzed as a retrospective case study. Key parts of the re-proposed notion of design abduction are demonstrated, and two new types of design abduction are identified, namely strategic abduction and dynamic abduction. Perhaps even more importantly, a new hypothesis on the cognitive basis of design abduction is reached. While the importance of model-based abduction (and reasoning) is confirmed, the case also pinpoints the central role of verbalization and discussion in supporting design reasoning in general and especially abduction. All in all, it seems that an improved understanding of design abduction and its cognitive basis would be instrumental in promoting more effective and efficient designing.

Model-Based Science and the Ethics of Ongoing Treatment Negotiation

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas W. Heinrichs
Keyword(s):  
Medical Ethics ◽  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
Autonomous Agents ◽  
Treatment Decisions ◽  
Optimal Treatment ◽  
Scientific Process ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Current Thinking ◽  
Evidence In Medicine

Current thinking in medical ethics posits that treatment decisions should result from negotiation between clinician and patient as autonomous agents. However the view of science that underlies most thinking about evidence in medicine encourages the belief that in principle optimal evi-dence-based judgment as to best treatments can be reached by the clinician apart from such ne-gotiation, reducing negotiation to a sham process. A model-based notion of science, derived from a naturalistic philosophy of science, argues that the process of predicting optimal treatment re-quires consideration of a patient’s goals, and thus requires ongoing negotiations with the patient. Hence values are integral to the scientific process, not something extra-scientific that must be reconciled with it. From this perspective the clinician’s activity becomes one with scientific method rather than an ill-defined, and typically undervalued, art.

CALPHAD aqueous solution model based on the BET approach: General theory

Calphad ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Risto Pajarre ◽  
Pertti Koukkari
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Solution Model ◽  
Model Based

Ajdukiewicz, Kazimierz (1890–1963)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Wolenski
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Decision Theory ◽  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Philosophy Of Language

Ajdukiewicz, like other typical members of the Lwów–Warsaw School, the main Polish analytic movement, was basically interested in logic, philosophy of language, epistemology, and philosophy of science. In the 1930s, he proposed a form of radical conventionalism, an extension of the conventionalism of Duhem and Poincaré. Later, he rejected this radical conventionalism in favour of a semantic epistemology. In the philosophy of science he tried to build a general theory of fallible inferences based on decision theory. Ajdukiewicz’s most important contribution to logic is his formal notation for syntactic categories.

A note on nominalism and recursive functions

1949 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Martin
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Recursive Function ◽  
Homogeneous System ◽  
Formal Logic ◽  
Abstract Objects ◽  
Natural Numbers ◽  
General Recursive Function ◽  
Recursive Functions ◽  
Definition Of

The purpose of this note is (i) to point out an important similarity between the nominalistic system discussed by Quine in his recent paper On universals and the system of logic (the system н) developed by the author in A homogeneous system for formal logic, (ii) to offer certain corrections to the latter, and (iii) to show that that system (н) is adequate for the general theory of ancestrale and for the definition of any general recursive function of natural numbers.Nominalism as a thesis in the philosophy of science, according to Quine, is the view that it is possible to construct a language adequate for the purposes of science, which in no wise admits classes, properties, relations, or other abstract objects as values for variables.

General Theories and the Fundamental Explananda of Marketing

1983 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 9-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shelby D. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
The Status

Is a general theory of marketing possible? If so, what would it look like? This article (1) briefly examines the nature of theory in marketing, (2) explores the characteristics of general theories in the philosophy of science, (3) proposes what a general theory of marketing would attempt to explain and predict, (4) delineates the structure of general theories, both in and of marketing, and (5) evaluates the status of general theories in/of marketing.

Model Pluralism

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Veit
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Multiple Models ◽  
Science Literature ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Scientific Goal ◽  
Scientific Context ◽  
Modeling Practices ◽  
Successful Analysis ◽  
Target Sets ◽  
Models And Modeling

This paper introduces and defends an account of model-based science that I dub model pluralism. I argue that despite a growing awareness in the philosophy of science literature of the multiplicity, diversity, and richness of models and modeling practices, more radical conclusions follow from this recognition than have previously been inferred. Going against the tendency within the literature to generalize from single models, I explicate and defend the following two core theses: (i) any successful analysis of models must target sets of models, their multiplicity of functions within science, and their scientific context and history and (ii) for almost any aspect x of phenomenon y, scientists require multiple models to achieve scientific goal z.

Towards a General Theory of Reduction. Part I: Historical and Scientific Setting

Dialogue ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.A. Hooker
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Formal Analysis ◽  
Theory Reduction ◽  
Theoretical Domain ◽  
Intertheoretic Reduction ◽  
Theory Of Theory

The Three Papers comprising this series, together with my earlier [34] also published in this journal, constitute an attempt to set out the major issues in the theoretical domain of reduction and to develop (tentatively) a general theory of theory reduction. The fourth paper, [34], though published separately from this trio, is integral to the presentation and should be read in conjunction with these papers. Even so, the presentation is limited in scope – roughly, to intertheoretic reduction among empirical theories – and informal in presentation – not least because a satisfying formal account of theories has yet to be offered. And despite the length, the treatment is still condensed; often corroborating and/or intuitively helpful detail has had to be consigned to footnotes or omitted. I approach the problem from within my own naturalistic realist philosophy of science and formal analysis of abstract hierarchy in theory. The sources for the former are [25], [29], [31], and [32] and those for the latter essentially [27] and [30]. Hierarchical notions played a significant role in the already published [34].

scholarly journals Rekonstruksi Paradigma Filsafat Ilmu: Studi Kritis terhadap Ilmu Hukum sebagai Ilmu

EKSPOSE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 885-896
Author(s):  
Safrin Salam
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Scientific Paradigm ◽  
Theories Of Truth ◽  
Fundamental Reason ◽  
The Law ◽  
Epistemological Aspect

The philosophy of science presents a fundamental reason why knowledge is necessary for regularity in human life. In its relationship with the philosophy of science and legal sciences is very closely related. The purpose of this research is a) to analyze, explain and understand the philosophy of the scientific paradigm to the existence of legal sciences and b) to analyze, explain and understand the nature of the purpose of the establishment of legal sciences as a science. This type of research used in research is normative legal research using the source of legal material in the form of primary legal material and secondary law. The results showed that on the ontology aspect of the study object in the legal sciences are the norms, such as the norms of behavior and norms of authority, including the norms that have lived hereditary in society, the epistemological aspect is the science The law of collecting, interpreting, exposing and systematizing the legal material consisting of the principles, rules and ruling decisions of the law to present it as a system and from the axiology of the legal sciences in Its development has benefits in the form of solutions to all the problems of concrete law (problem solving) that occur in the society while the nature of the purpose of forming the law as science can be studied from the essence of the birth of the science Own His presence to seek truth. Truth in the science of law is attributed to the theories of truth in the law of science seeking pragmatic truths which are the science to bring benefits (peace) in the midst of community life.Filsafat ilmu mengemukakan alasan yang mendasar mengapa pengetahuan diperlukan bagi keteraturan dalam hidup manusia. Dalam hubungannnya dengan antara filsafat ilmu dan ilmu hukum sangat berhubungan erat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah a) untuk menganalisis, menjelaskan dan memahami paradigma filsafat ilmu terhadap eksistensi ilmu hukum dan b) untuk menganalisis, menjelaskan dan memahami hakekat tujuan dari pembentukan ilmu hukum sebagai ilmu. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan menggunakan sumber bahan hukum berupa bahan hukum primer dan hukum sekunder. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pada Aspek Ontologi obyek kajian dalam ilmu hukum adalah norma-norma, seperti, norma perilaku dan norma kewenangan, termasuk norma-norma yang telah hidup secara turun temurun dalam masyarakat, aspek epistemologi adalah ilmu hukum menghimpun, menginterpretasi, memaparkan dan mensistematisasi bahan hukum yang terdiri aas asas-asas, aturan-aturan dan putusan-putusan hukum suatu tatatanan hukum untuk menghadirkannya sebagai suatu sistem dan dari aspek Aksiologi ilmu hukum dalam pengembangannya memiliki manfaat berupa penyelesaian terhadap semua masalah hukum konkret (problem solving) yang terjadi dalam masyarakat sedangkan hakekat dari Tujuan Pembentukan Ilmu Hukum Sebagai Ilmu dapat ditelaah dari hakekat dari lahirnya ilmu itu sendiri yakni kehadirannya untuk mencari kebenaran. Kebenaran dalam Ilmu hukum dihubungkan dengan Teori-Teori Kebenaran sejatinya ilmu hukum mencari kebenaran pragmatis yang mana keberadaannya sebagai ilmu untuk membawa manfaat (kedamaian) di tengah-tengah kehidupan masyarakat.

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