scholarly journals Cereal Breeding for Organic Farming: Crop Traits Related with Competitiveness Against Weeds

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 272-276
Author(s):  
Dace Piliksere ◽  
Vija Strazdiņa ◽  
Zaiga Vīcupe ◽  
Zaiga Jansone ◽  
Linda Legzdiņa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Development Rate ◽  
Winter Triticale ◽  
Organic Breeding ◽  
Cereal Breeding ◽  
Cereal Species ◽  
Crop Development

The objectives of the investigation were to identify competitive traits in cereal species in order to contribute to development of a methodology for evaluation of cereal genotypes for their competitive capacity against weeds, which is important for organic breeding aims. The investigation was carried out with spring barley, spring oat, winter triticale and winter wheat genotypes in organic crop rotations in two different locations. Relations between crop traits and weed dry weight were evaluated by Pearson correlation coefficients. The results stressed the significance of some crop traits for cereal competitiveness against weeds for organic breeding purposes: (i) growth habit, canopy height, and crop development rate for spring barley; (ii) crop development rate for spring oats; (iii) winter hardiness and the coefficient of tillering for winter triticale, and (iv) winterhardiness, the coefficient of tillering, the number of productive stems, crop canopy and plant height for winter wheat. It coud be useful to include measurements of crop ground cover for estimating competitiveness of cereal species against weeds

Adaptation of winter cereal species to shade and competition in a winter/spring cereal forage mixture

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. S. Baron ◽  
E. A. de St Remy ◽  
D. F. Salmon ◽  
A. C. Dick
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Carbon Exchange ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Winter Triticale ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Cereal Species ◽  
Shoot Weight

Spring planted mixtures of spring and winter cereals maximize dry matter yield and provide fall pasture by regrowth of the winter cereal. However, delay of initial harvest may reduce the winter cereal component and therefore subsequent regrowth yield. Research was conducted at Lacombe, Alberta to investigate the effect of time of initial cut (stage), winter cereal species (species) and cropping system (monocrop and mixture) on winter cereal shoot weight, leaf carbon exchange efficiency and shoot morphology. These parameters may be related to adaptation of winter cereals to growth and survival in the mixture. Winter cereal plants were grown in pails embedded in monocrop plots of fall rye (Secale cereale L.), winter triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and in binary mixtures with Leduc barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The plants were removed when the barley reached the boot (B), heads emerged (H), H + 2, H + 4 and H + 6 wk stages. Shoot weight was generally smaller in the mixture than in the monocrop and wheat was reduced more than fall rye and triticale in the mixture compared to the monocrop. Dark respiration rate (r = −0.54) and carbon exchange (r = 0.36) under low light intensity were correlated (P < 0.05) to shoot size in the mixture. Fall rye and winter triticale had lower dark respiration rates than winter wheat. Leaf area index (LAI) was closely correlated (r = 0.83 and 0.84) with shoot weight in both the mixture and monocrop. While species failed to exhibit clear cut differences for LAI, fall rye and winter triticale were reduced less than winter wheat in the mixture relative to the monocrop. Stage was the dominant factor affecting winter cereal growth in both cropping systems, but fall rye and triticale exhibited superior morphological features, and their carbon exchange responses to light were more efficient than wheat, which should allow them to be sustained longer under the shaded conditions of a mixture. Key words: Delayed harvest, shade, spring and winter cereal mixtures, adaptation, carbon exchange, respiration

scholarly journals Accumulation of biomass and bioenergy in culms of cereals as a factor of straw cutting height

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-285
Author(s):  
Tomasz Zając ◽  
Agnieszka Synowiec ◽  
Andrzej Oleksy ◽  
Jan Macuda ◽  
Agnieszka Klimek-Kopyra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Cereal Species ◽  
Arable Fields ◽  
Spring Cereals ◽  
Biometric Measurements ◽  
Cutting Height

Abstract Cereal straw is an important biomass source in Europe. This work assessed: 1) the morphological and energetic characteristics of culms of spring and winter cereals, 2) the energy deposited in the different aboveground parts of cereals, 3) losses of energy due to different cutting heights. The straw of winter and spring cereals was collected from arable fields during the seasons 2009/10 and 2010/11 in southern Poland. Detailed biometric measurements of culms and internodes were performed. The losses of straw biomass and energy were assessed during simulation of cutting the culm at different heights, up to 50 cm. Longer and heavier culms were developed by winter wheat and triticale and oat. Cutting of straw up to 10 cm did not lead to significant losses in straw yield. The total amount of energy in the culms was as follows: triticale > winter wheat > oat > spring wheat > winter barley > spring barley. Cutting the culms above 20 cm led to significant differences in terms of biomass energy between cereal species. The smallest losses of energy were recorded for spring and winter barley. Oat and barley accumulated the highest energy in grains.

scholarly journals Vertical distribution of dry mass in cereals straw and its loss during harvesting

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Zając ◽  
A. Oleksy ◽  
A. Stokłosa ◽  
A. Klimek-Kopyra ◽  
J. Macuda
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Straw Yield ◽  
Winter Triticale ◽  
Highest Weight ◽  
Specific Distribution ◽  
Cereal Species

Abstract The study aimed at evaluating the distribution of mass in the straw of cereal species and also at assessing the straw yield and its losses resulting from the amount of the stubble left in the field. It was found empirically that the wheat culms are composed of five internodes, and in barley, triticale and oats of six. The highest straw mass per 1 cm was found in the second internode in both forms of wheat and winter triticale, whereas barley and oats gathered the highest weight in the first internode. In the southern part of Silesia species and forms of cereals differed in the straw yield, which can be arranged as follows, from the highest: winter wheat > spring wheat, winter triticale, winter barley, and oats > spring barley. Due to the specific distribution of dry matter in each of internodes of both wheat forms - winter and spring, they loose less stubble mass (22 and 24%, respectively), comparing to other cereals, especially spring barley, which loose 31% yield of straw in the stubble of 15 cm height.

scholarly journals Changes in the soil organic matter supply in topsoil and subsoil caused by cereals grown in crop rotations

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 205-210
Author(s):  
Vítězslav Vlček ◽  
Radomíra Střálková ◽  
Jitka Podešvová ◽  
Eduard Pokorný
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
Silage Maize ◽  
Cereal Species

The paper evaluates seven years (1993–1999) of Soil organic matter supply monitoring in multifactor field trials conducted by the Agricultural Research Institute in Kroměříž, Czech Republic, (mean annual temperature 8.9 °C, total annual precipitation 599 mm, medium Luvi-Haplic Chernozem). The studied plots were a part of nine-crop rotation: alfalfa the 1st and 2nd year, winter wheat, spring barley, sugar beet, spring barley, winter wheat, silage maize and spring barley. The Soil organic matter supply was measured on four plots: winter wheat after spring barley (var. 1), winter wheat after alfalfa (var. 2), spring barley after winter wheat (var. 3) and spring barley after sugar beet (var. 4). Soil samples were taken from April to July (14–day period) from topsoil (0–30 cm) and subsoil (30–60 cm). The content of Soil organic matter was determined by wet oxidation. Using bulk density, the C content (%) was converted to C supply (t. ha−1). Average yield (t. ha−1) reached 6.54 t/ha (var. 1), 7.47 t/ha (var. 2), 6.52 t/ha (var. 3) and 7.20 t/ha (var. 4). Evaluation of the results was carried out by the analysis of variance and time changes by the second-degree regression analysis. Results demonstrated that Soil organic matter supplies were significantly changed in topsoil. The highest supplies were found in barley after sugar beet (118 t. ha−1), the lowest ones in wheat after alfalfa (111 t. ha−1). As for the cereal species generally, it was documented that in topsoils under barley the supplies were higher than under winter wheat. In subsoil, there were significant differences between wheat after alfalfa (111 t. ha−1) and barley after wheat (104 t. ha−1). As for a difference in the Soil organic matter supply in subsoil according to the cereal species the situation was contrary than in topsoil. Higher supplies were under wheat. Generally (topsoil and subsoil), the highest supply of Soil organic matter was in barley after sugar beet (224 t. ha−1) and similarly in wheat after alfalfa (222 t. ha−1). The smallest supply was in the variant of wheat after barley (217 t. ha−1). In topsoil, the average supply of humus was 114 t. ha−1 and that in subsoil was 107 t. ha−1 the difference being statistically significant.

Seasonal changes in the position of the shoot apex of winter wheat and spring barley in relation to the soil surface

1978 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 245-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. M. Hay
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Shoot Apex ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Field Investigations ◽  
Crop Development

In many field investigations of cereal growth, stages of crop development may be described adequately using the Feekes scale (Large, 1954) or the more recent decimal code (Zadoks, Chang & Konzak, 1974). For example, the onset of stem extension (Feekes stage 6; decimal code 31) is frequently taken as a field indication of the switch from vegetative to reproductive growth. However, in investigations of the influence of soil properties, especially temperature, on shoot apex and leaf growth, it is important to know (a) the position of the apex below the soil surface during the early stages of development and (b) the timing of the rise of the apex above the soil surface.

78 Winter Hardy Small Cereal Cover Crops for Grazing and Silage in Nebraska

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 117-118
Author(s):  
Kallie Calus ◽  
Mary E Drewnoski ◽  
Daren Redfearn ◽  
Morgan Grabau ◽  
Robert Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Early Maturity ◽  
Cereal Rye ◽  
Winter Triticale ◽  
Cereal Species ◽  
Grazing Period

Abstract Cereal rye, winter wheat, and winter triticale are commonly planted cover crops in corn and soybean systems and have the potential to provide early spring grazing. The three cover crops differ in growth pattern. Therefore, a study was conducted to investigate the grazing potential of the three species, including the timing of the start of grazing and nutritive value of forage as measured by growing calf gain. A 7.3 hectare field was divided into 9, 0.81-hectare paddocks. Three paddocks (n = 3 replicates per treatment) were randomly assigned to each treatment: variety not stated cereal rye, Pronghorn winter wheat, or NT11406 triticale. Pastures were seeded in Mid-September following early maturity soybean harvest and received no fertilizer. Fifty-four steers (305 kg SD ± 5 kg) were stratified by weight and assigned to one of nine groups which were then assigned to a paddock. The paddocks were split in half. Steers were turned out when forage reached a 12.7 cm height and rotated to the other half once the occupied half reached 5 cm. Grazing began April 3 for rye pastures and April 9 for triticale and wheat pastures. Two groups of cattle grazing rye were pulled April 29 due to limited forage. All remaining cattle were pulled May 8 to allow for soybean planting. Throughout the grazing period pre and post-graze biomass did not differ (P ≥ 0.36) among treatments. Average daily gain did not differ among treatments (P = 0.88) averaging 1.79, 1.86, 1.84 kg/day for rye, wheat and triticale, respectively. Likewise, gain per hectare did not differ (P = 0.80) among treatments with 378, 399, 394 kg/ha for rye, wheat, and triticale, respectively. Rye offered grazing a full week before triticale and wheat, but all three small grain cereal species resulted in desirable animal performance.

scholarly journals Monitoring of Natural Occurrence and Severity of Leaf and Glume Blotch Diseases of Winter Wheat and Winter Triticale Incited by Necrotrophic Fungi Parastagonospora spp. and Zymoseptoria tritici

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 967
Author(s):  
Sławomir Franciszek Bartosiak ◽  
Edward Arseniuk ◽  
Magdalena Szechyńska-Hebda ◽  
Ewa Bartosiak
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Zymoseptoria Tritici ◽  
Winter Triticale ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Necrotrophic Fungi ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Parastagonospora Nodorum

The occurrence of necrotrophic winter wheat and triticale pathogens in eight geographical regions of Poland was studied between 2015 and 2020. Over a period of six years, the incidence of the following pathogens was monitored: Parastagonospora nodorum, Parastagonospora avenae and Zymoseptoria tritici. The significant effect of meteorological factors on the incidence of pathogens was determined. The relationship between late-season and early-season factors associated with temperature and precipitation on the severity of diseases incited by the pathogens was statistically significant. Statistical models estimating the natural occurrence and severity of diseases caused by the pathogens were developed with the random forest (RF) algorithm based on 10,412 cases of the diseases. The data were randomly divided into training and test datasets and the accuracy of models was determined by the root mean squared error (RMSE) and Pearson correlation coefficient (r). The most promising model was developed for Z. tritici with the following test metrics: RMSE = 57.5 and r = 0.862. The model can be used to link disease severity to weather and predict low severity years and high severity years. Over the period of 2015–2020, the most significant winter wheat pathogen showed to be Z. tritici, while on winter triticale P. nodorum incited disease symptoms on the largest number of leaves. The occurrence of P. avenae f. sp. triticea on winter wheat and winter triticale was the least frequent and on average was below the economic threshold.

Evaluation of Nurse Crops for Weed Control and Plant Establishment in Prairie Restoration

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 485b-485
Author(s):  
Lisa M. Barry ◽  
Michael N. Dana
Keyword(s):  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Prairie Restoration ◽  
Plant Establishment ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Nurse Crops ◽  
Partridge Pea ◽  
Prairie Plant

Nurse crops are often recommended in prairie restoration planting. This work investigated several alternative nurse crops to determine their utility in prairie planting. Nurse crops were composed of increasing densities (900, 1800, or 2700 seeds/m2) of partridge pea, spring oats, spring barley, Canada wild rye, or equal mixtures of partridge pea and one of the grasses. The experimental design was a randomized complete-block set in two sites with three blocks per site and 48 treatments per block. Each 3 × 3-m plot contained 1 m2 planted in Dec. 1995 or Mar. 1996 with an equal mix of seven prairie species. The nurse crops were sown over each nine square meter area in April 1996. Plots lacking nurse crops served as controls. Evaluated data consisted of weed pressure rankings and weed and prairie plant dry weight. Nurse crop treatments had a significant effect on weed pressure in both sites. Barley (1800 and 2700 seeds/m2) as well as partridge pea + barley (2700 seeds/m2) were most effective at reducing weed pressure. When weed and prairie plant biomass values were compared, a significant difference was observed for site quality and planting season. Prairie plant establishment was significantly greater in the poorly drained, less-fertile site and spring-sown plots in both sites had significantly higher prairie biomass values. Overall, after two seasons, there was no advantage in using nurse crops over the control. Among nurse crop treatments, oats were most effective in reducing weed competition and enhancing prairie plant growth.

scholarly journals Aroma Profile, Microbial and Chemical Quality of Ensiled Green Forages Mixtures of Winter Cereals and Italian Ryegrass

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 512
Author(s):  
Alemayehu Worku ◽  
Tamás Tóth ◽  
Szilvia Orosz ◽  
Hedvig Fébel ◽  
László Kacsala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Chemical Quality ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Aroma Profile ◽  
Winter Triticale ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Mold And Yeast

The objective of this study was to evaluate the aroma profile, microbial and chemical quality of winter cereals (triticale, oats, barley and wheat) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam., IRG) plus winter cereal mixture silages detected with an electronic nose. Four commercial mixtures (mixture A (40% of two cultivars of winter triticale + 30% of two cultivars of winter oats + 20% of winter barley + 10% of winter wheat), mixture B (50% of two cultivars of winter triticale + 40% of winter barley + 10% of winter wheat), mixture C (55% of three types of Italian ryegrass + 45% of two cultivars of winter oat), mixture D (40% of three types of Italian ryegrass + 30% of two cultivars of winter oat + 15% of two cultivars of winter triticale + 10% of winter barley + 5% of winter wheat)) were harvested, wilted and ensiled in laboratory-scale silos (n = 80) without additives. Both the principal component analysis (PCA) score plot for aroma profile and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) classification revealed that mixture D had different aroma profile than other mixture silages. The difference was caused by the presence of high ethanol and LA in mixture D. Ethyl esters such as ethyl 3-methyl pentanoate, 2-methylpropanal, ethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate and ethyl-3-methylthiopropanoate were found at different retention indices in mixture D silage. The low LA and higher mold and yeast count in mixture C silage caused off odour due to the presence of 3-methylbutanoic acid, a simple alcohol with unpleasant camphor-like odor. At the end of 90 days fermentation winter cereal mixture silages (mixture A and B) had similar aroma pattern, and mixture C was also similar to winter cereal silages. However, mixture D had different aromatic pattern than other ensiled mixtures. Mixture C had higher (p < 0.05) mold and yeast (Log10 CFU (colony forming unit)/g) counts compared to mixture B. Mixture B and C had higher acetic acid (AA) content than mixture A and D. The lactic acid (LA) content was higher for mixture B than mixture C. In general, the electronic nose (EN) results revealed that the Italian ryegrass and winter cereal mixtures (mixture D) had better aroma profile as compared to winter cereal mixtures (mixture A and B). However, the cereal mixtures (mixture A and B) had better aroma quality than mixture C silage. Otherwise, the EN technology is suitable in finding off odor compounds of ensiled forages.

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