scholarly journals Hybrid Emerging and Destructive Technologies with Implications on National and European Security and Sovereignty

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-394
Author(s):  
Mircea Udrescu ◽  
Eugen Siteanu
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Emerging Technologies ◽  
National Level ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Security ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Parallel Flows ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
Mutual Relations

Abstract Although they are part of the common lexical background of all languages, the notions of technique and technology are very difficult to define or separate exactly. However, science and technology are considered as two parallel flows of knowledge that have interdependencies and mutual relations; they support each other in the processes of creation and innovation. From other perspectives, technology is defined as the practical application of knowledge, especially in a particular field; a way of performing a task, in particular using technical processes, methods or technical knowledge; a system of specialized aspects of a particular field of activity (e.g. communication technology, educational technology, medical technology, competitive technology, etc.). Management consulting firm Arthur D. Little (USA) proposed a classification of technologies into four classes, depending on the competitive impact, as follows: core technologies, key technologies, emerging technologies and embryonic technologies. Hybrid destructive emerging technologies is a phrase that suggests a range of new technologies, some with some continuity, with hybrid use, but whose applicability is mainly aimed at destructuring organizational and state systems and subsystems, in order to make them dysfunctional and enslaved. The phrase also suggests the knowledge and means necessary for the application of emerging technologies, as a systematized set of knowledge about human activities, which make use of scientific research results, experiments, calculations and projects, as well as appropriate tools for conducting research. Technological knowledge is built using scientific methods with wide applicability, but focused in the direction of dissolving, destructuring, blocking, threatening and subjugating the will of organizations considered hostile. Emerging destructive actions on the European Union are materialized, among other aspects, by the increasingly obvious manifestations in the European democratic climate, such as: ignoring and circumventing the constitutive acts, the lack of unanimity on migration issues, cultivating media uncertainty about the future of the European Union, intensifying steps specific toopen societies and the proselytism of civic forums. These are, in our view, not only forms of democratic slippage, but also directions of hybrid destructuring, both at Community and national level, as certain hybrid destructuring issues stem from anti-democratic slippages at Community level which canbe seen more clearly at national level.

European experience in transition to circular economy

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 598-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.V. Ratner
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
National Level ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
European Experience ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The Eu

Subject. The article considers the concept of circular economy, which has originated relatively recently in the academic literature, and is now increasingly recognized in many countries at the national level. In the European Union, the transition to circular economy is viewed as an opportunity to improve competitiveness of the European Union, protect businesses from resource shortages and fluctuating prices for raw materials and supplies, and a way to increase employment and innovation. Objectives. The aim of the study is to analyze the incentives developed by the European Commission for moving to circular economy, and to assess their effectiveness on the basis of statistical analysis. Methods. I employ general scientific methods of research. Results. The analysis of the EU Action Plan for the Circular Economy enabled to conclude that the results of the recent research in circular economy barriers, eco-innovation, technology and infrastructure were successfully integrated into the framework of this document. Understanding the root causes holding back the circular economy development and the balanced combination of economic and administrative incentives strengthened the Action Plan, and it contributed to the circular economy development in the EU. Conclusions. The measures to stimulate the development of the circular economy proposed in the European Action Plan can be viewed as a prototype for designing similar strategies in other countries, including Russia. Meanwhile, a more detailed analysis of barriers to the circular economy at the level of individual countries and regions is needed.

MULTI–LEVEL GOVERNANCE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION: FEATURES AND PERSPECTIVES

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 196-218
Author(s):  
ALEXANDER I. CHERKASOV
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
European Union ◽  
National Level ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Governance System ◽  
Territorial Organization ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
Mutual Relations

The system of multi-level governance is being established in the countries — members of the European Union, within the framework of which there is considerable redistribution of authority between the main levels of power. These levels — supranational, national and subnational — are becoming increasingly interdependent, and there is the lack of unambiguous domination of a single particular level of power or an institute.The decision-making mechanism within the multi-level governance system is sufficiently fragmented. It is consensus — based and involves participation of not only formal state institutions but also of different non-governmental structures connected with the civil society. Finally, we have a new system of mutual relations between the state and the society with borders becoming more transparent.There are two major dimensions of the multi-level governance being described in the scientific literature — the "vertical", based on the interaction of three power levels mentioned above, and the "horizontal", involving the dynamic interaction of state and non-governmental structures, with the activities of the latter being often of a network origin. Mutual relations of the power levels in the European Union are complex and dialectical. The subnational level begins to play an increasingly important role, and this role is no longer necessarily mediated by governments of the corresponding countries, i.e. by the national level. Subnational authorities are active on the European arena through their representative offices and channels of communication available to them. Meanwhile many European states failed so far to create more or less strong regions able to perform significant powers and to serve as real limiters to the powers of their national governments.With consideration of asymmetry typical for the territorial organization of public power in the European Union and the growing economic and political crisis the perspectives of the multi-level governance seem to be rather vague. The ideologists of the corresponding concept managed only to give a new interpretation of the decision-making process in the European Union, but they failed to describe clearly enough the mechanisms of further development of the European integration.

scholarly journals Europeanization of Law in Poland from the point of view of Constitutional Law

1970 ◽  
pp. 243-250
Author(s):  
Andrzej Szmyt ◽  
Anna Rytel-Warzocha
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Constitutional Law ◽  
National Level ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Constitutional Amendments ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Mutual Relations ◽  
Polish Law ◽  
The Eu

The article is devoted to the challenges and problems concerning the accession of the Republic of Poland in the European Union. The authors analyze the constitutional bases of the accession to the EU as well as basic legal acts which have regulated the mutual relations between Poland and the EU. The Republic of Poland has acceded to the European Union by virtue of the Accession Treaty which was signed on 16 April 2003 in Athens and entered into force on 1 May 2004. From the point of view of constitutional law, there were several issues which concerned the preparation for EU accession at the national level. They were especially related to: 1) the establishment of legal basis allowing for the integration the law of the European Union with Polish constitutional law, 2) the harmonization of the Polish legal system with the legal order of the European Union, 3) the establishment of the ratification procedure of the Accession Treaty. All these issues required new legal regulations to be implemented to the Constitution. That was why the new Constitution of the Republic of Poland adopted on 2 April 1997 included two provisions relevant for the issues concerning the integration with the European Union - art. 90 and art. 91 para The main problems presented in the article concern the relation of Polish national law (in particular the Constitution) to the sources of primary and secondary European law, the harmonization of Polish law with EU law (constitutional amendments referring to “EU matters”, necessary amendments of statutory law and the provisions of the Standing Orders of the Sejm and the Senate), as well as institutional changes in Poland determined by the EU membership.

scholarly journals China-European union relations: A developing geoeconomic axis

2010 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 418-462
Author(s):  
Blagoje Babic
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Export Market ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Mutual Trade ◽  
The World ◽  
Mutual Relations ◽  
The Eu

China and the European Union are very interested in developing their mutual relations. They strengthen their positions in the world business by their co-ordinated acting. In their mutual relations, they apply Geoeconomics? methods. They do not regard each other as a military threat but as one of the main economic partners. Their economies are highly complementary. ?The common economic interests? have a decisive role in China EU policy and EU China policy, respectively. EU is China?s largest economic partner. It is its largest export market, the largest source of new technologies and equipment and one of the largest sources for foreign investments. China is the second important source of industrial products import to EU and the fastest growing export market for EU. The EU enlargement to the East both favourably and unfavourably affects China?s interests. The main cause of friction in China-EU relations is a high Chinese surplus in their mutual trade, high competitiveness of Chinese products on the EU market and China?s pursuit of energy sources in the parts of the world that Western countries, including the leading EU member states, regard as traditionally ?forbidden? such as the Middle East and Africa. China and EU have created mechanisms to settle conflicts of interest in their mutual trade through dialogue.

scholarly journals Economic burden of work injuries and diseases: a framework and application in five European Union countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emile Tompa ◽  
Amirabbas Mofidi ◽  
Swenneke van den Heuvel ◽  
Thijmen van Bree ◽  
Frithjof Michaelsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
National Level ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Work Injuries ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
Related Quality

Abstract Background Estimates of the economic burden of work injuries and diseases can help policymakers prioritize occupational health and safety policies and interventions in order to best allocate scarce resources. Several attempts have been made to estimate these economic burdens at the national level, but most have not included a comprehensive list of cost components, and none have attempted to implement a standard approach across several countries. The aim of our study is to develop a framework for estimating the economic burden of work injuries and diseases and implement it for selected European Union countries. Methods We develop an incidence cost framework using a bottom-up approach to estimate the societal burden of work injuries and diseases and implement it for five European Union countries. Three broad categories of costs are considered—direct healthcare, indirect productivity and intangible health-related quality of life costs. We begin with data on newly diagnosed work injuries and diseases from calendar year 2015. We consider lifetime costs for cases across all categories and incurred by all stakeholders. Sensitivity analysis is undertaken for key parameters. Results Indirect costs are the largest part of the economic burden, then direct costs and intangible costs. As a percentage of GDP, the highest overall costs are for Poland (10.4%), then Italy (6.7%), The Netherlands (3.6%), Germany (3.3%) and Finland (2.7%). The Netherlands has the highest per case costs (€75,342), then Italy (€58,411), Germany (€44,919), Finland (€43,069) and Poland (€38,918). Costs per working-age population are highest for Italy (€4956), then The Netherlands (€2930), Poland (€2793), Germany (€2527) and Finland (€2331). Conclusions Our framework serves as a template for estimating the economic burden of work injuries and diseases across countries in the European Union and elsewhere. Results can assist policymakers with identifying health and safety priority areas based on the magnitude of components, particularly when stratified by key characteristics such as industry, injury/disease, age and sex. Case costing can serve as an input into the economic evaluation of prevention initiatives. Comparisons across countries provide insights into the relevant performance of health and safety systems.

scholarly journals Oil Price Uncertainty, Globalization, and Total Factor Productivity: Evidence from the European Union

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3429
Author(s):  
Svetlana Balashova ◽  
Apostolos Serletis
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Total Factor Productivity ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Innovation System ◽  
Price Volatility ◽  
Oil Price ◽  
Price Uncertainty ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Factor Productivity ◽  
Tfp Growth

This paper uncovers linkages between oil price uncertainty, total factor productivity (TFP) growth, and critical indicators of knowledge production and spillovers. It contributes to the literature by investigating the effects of oil price volatility on TFP growth, controlling for two different channels for TFP growth; benefits from the quality of the national innovation system and from adopting new technologies. We use an unbalanced panel for 28 European Union countries for the period from 1990 to 2018. We find that oil price uncertainty has a negative and statistically significant effect on TFP growth, even after we control for technological advancements and the effects of globalization. We also find that the scale of research and innovation and international trade are positive contributors to TFP growth.

scholarly journals The Role of Spatio-Temporal Information to Govern the COVID-19 Pandemic: A European Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 166
Author(s):  
Hartmut Müller ◽  
Marije Louwsma
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
National Level ◽  
Temporal Information ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Heavy Burden ◽  
Spatio Temporal

The Covid-19 pandemic put a heavy burden on member states in the European Union. To govern the pandemic, having access to reliable geo-information is key for monitoring the spatial distribution of the outbreak over time. This study aims to analyze the role of spatio-temporal information in governing the pandemic in the European Union and its member states. The European Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) system and selected national dashboards from member states were assessed to analyze which spatio-temporal information was used, how the information was visualized and whether this changed over the course of the pandemic. Initially, member states focused on their own jurisdiction by creating national dashboards to monitor the pandemic. Information between member states was not aligned. Producing reliable data and timeliness reporting was problematic, just like selecting indictors to monitor the spatial distribution and intensity of the outbreak. Over the course of the pandemic, with more knowledge about the virus and its characteristics, interventions of member states to govern the outbreak were better aligned at the European level. However, further integration and alignment of public health data, statistical data and spatio-temporal data could provide even better information for governments and actors involved in managing the outbreak, both at national and supra-national level. The Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe (INSPIRE) initiative and the NUTS system provide a framework to guide future integration and extension of existing systems.

Moving Targets

2001 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 742-767 ◽  
Author(s):  
RAINER EISING ◽  
NICOLAS JABKO
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
National Level ◽  
Electricity Supply ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Moving Targets ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Institutional Dynamics ◽  
Electricity Supply Industry ◽  
Supply Industry

After 10 years of controversial negotiations, in 1996 the European Union finally took action to liberalize the electricity supply industry. Given the intensity of bilateral contacts between France and Germany, the reform has often been presented as a straightforward intergovernmental deal. This article argues that the French-German deal was only the tip of the iceberg. Perceptions of national interests evolved considerably in both countries. The most important cause for these changes was at the European Union (EU) level, not at the national level. The institutional dynamics of EU negotiations induced a series of preference changes and key political realignments at the national level.

scholarly journals HARMONIZATION OF ECONOMIC AND LEGAL MECHANISMS FOR DEEPENING EU-UKRAINIAN RELATIONS

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 174
Author(s):  
Oleh Predmestnikov ◽  
Vitaliy Gumenyuk
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Economic Regulation ◽  
Domestic Investment ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Security ◽  
Association Agreement ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Eu

The policy of Ukraine for the establishment and development of relations with the European Union began in 1993, was carried out all the years of Ukraine’s existence, and received intensive deepening with the beginning of the formation of an international treaty – the Association Agreement, which includes a list of legal, social, economic, and technical regulations, and Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA), in 2014 and its final signing in 2017. Political and economic objectives of the Agreement are of fundamental importance to the future of both Ukraine and the whole European region. The political goal is to implement European standards on the territory of Ukraine. This implies the introduction of fundamental European values, namely democracy, rule of law, respect for human rights and the standards of the European security system. The Agreement does not foresee membership in the European Union, however, does not exclude such an opportunity in the future. The economic goal is to help to modernize the Ukrainian economy by expanding trade volumes with the EU and other countries, as well as reforming economic regulation mechanisms in line with the best European practices. Subject to the improvement of the business climate, Ukraine will become attractive for foreign and domestic investment for further production for export to the EU and other markets of the world. Harmonization of standards and European regulations has become a much more important process than the fulfilment of strictly technical requirements and underlies the introduction of effective governance without corruption. In the process of harmonization of interaction, an adaptive institutional mechanism was formed (the highest level – annual Summits; the key coordinator is the Association Council, consisting of members of the Council of the European Union and members of the European Commission, and members of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine; the level of operational coordination – the Association Parliamentary Committee, which includes members of the European Parliament, representatives of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, and the Civil Society Platform; in order to coordinate processes on the territory of Ukraine, the Ukrainian government has introduced a few supervisory committees and commissions). The harmonization of the economic aspect of the mechanism has been determined in solving issues of openness of markets for duty-free import from Ukraine in April 2014, obtaining a visa-free regime with the EU, abolishing export-import tariffs, implementing European technical standards for food safety, phytosanitary norms, competition policy, service provision, and public procurement policy. The issues of further deepening of relations include a review of the terms for the introduction of regulations and legislative provisions before their actual implementation, stabilization of financial and economic processes in the country, and further development of democratic values and social institutions.

scholarly journals Assessment of HIV molecular surveillance capacity in the European Union, 2016

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (49) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Keating ◽  
Anastasia Pharris ◽  
Katrin Leitmeyer ◽  
Stefania De Angelis ◽  
Annemarie Wensing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
National Level ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Molecular Surveillance ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Introduction Expanding access to HIV antiretroviral treatment is expected to decrease HIV incidence and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) mortality. However, this may also result in increased HIV drug resistance (DR). Better monitoring and surveillance of HIV DR is required to inform treatment regimens and maintain the long term effectiveness of antiretroviral drugs. As there is currently no formal European Union (EU)-wide collection of HIV DR data, this study aimed to assess the current HIV molecular surveillance capacity in EU/European Economic Area (EEA) countries in order to inform the planning of HIV DR monitoring at EU level. Methods: Thirty EU/EEA countries were invited to participate in a survey on HIV molecular surveillance capacity, which also included laboratory aspects. Results: Among 21 responding countries, 13 reported using HIV sequence data (subtype and/or DR) for surveillance purposes at national level. Of those, nine stated that clinical, epidemiological and sequence data were routinely linked for analysis. Discussion/conclusion: We identified similarities between existing HIV molecular surveillance systems, but also found important challenges including human resources, data ownership and legal issues that would need to be addressed. Information on capacities should allow better planning of the phased introduction of HIV DR surveillance at EU/EEA level.

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