scholarly journals An Experimental Optimization Research of Methyl and Ethyl Esters Production from Safflower Oil

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mert Gulum ◽  
Atilla Bilgin
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Sodium Ethoxide ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Ethyl Esters ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Safflower Oil ◽  
Reaction Parameters

Abstract Nowadays, biodiesel is drawing attention as a renewable and clean alternative to fossil diesel fuel because of numerous advantages such as higher flash point, cetane number and density. However, the high viscosity of biodiesel is one of the critical shortcomings and it causes poor atomization, decrease in engine performance and increase in exhaust emissions. To overcome this shortcoming, in this study, the effects of main transesterification reaction variables on the viscosities of produced safflower oil methyl and ethyl esters (biodiesel) were investigated as a full factorial experimental design, and optimum parametric values giving the lowest viscosity were determined. Density and viscosity were measured according to ISO 4787 and DIN 53015 standards. Sodium ethoxide (C2H5ONa) was utilized as a catalyst, and 90 and 120 minutes of reaction duration were kept constant for methanolysis and ethanolysis reactions. According to the results, the optimal reaction parameters were determined as: 0.75 % catalyst concentration, 8:1 alcohol to oil molar ratio and 56 °C reaction temperature for methanolysis; 1.00 % catalyst concentration, 12:1 alcohol to oil molar ratio and 70 °C reaction temperature for ethanolysis. Based on the reaction parameters, the methyl and ethyl esters were produced with the lowest viscosities of 3.989 mm2/s and 4.393 mm2/s, respectively. In the light of results obtained in this study, similar studies on production of biodiesels from different oils and alcohols can be performed.

Heterogeneous Microwave Irradiation Biodiesel Processing of Jatropha Oil

2014 ◽  
Vol 554 ◽  
pp. 500-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farid Nasir Ani ◽  
Ahmed Bakheit Elhameed
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Microwave Irradiation ◽  
Calcium Oxide ◽  
Production Cost ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Jatropha Oil ◽  
Reaction Parameters

This paper investigated the three critical reaction parameters including catalyst concentration, microwave exit power and reaction time for the transesterification process of jatropha curcas oil using microwave irradiation. The work is an attempt to reduce the production cost of biodiesel. Similar quantities of methanol to oil molar ratio 6:1 and calcium oxide as a heterogeneous catalyst were used. The results showed that the best yield percentage 96% was obtained using 300W microwave exit power, 8 %wt CaO and 7 min. The methyl ester FAME obtained was within the standard of biodiesel fuel.

scholarly journals Optimisation of Second-Generation Biodiesel Production from Australian Native Stone Fruit Oil Using Response Surface Method

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Anwar ◽  
Mohammad Rasul ◽  
Nanjappa Ashwath ◽  
Md Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Stone Fruit ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Contour Plots

In this study, the production process of second-generation biodiesel from Australian native stone fruit have been optimised using response surface methodology via an alkali catalysed transesterification process. This process optimisation was performed varying three factors, each at three different levels. Methanol: oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration (wt %) and reaction temperature were the input factors in the optimisation process, while biodiesel yield was the key model output. Both 3D surface plots and 2D contour plots were developed using MINITAB 18 to predict optimum biodiesel yield. Gas chromatography (GC) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis of the resulting biodiesel was also done for biodiesel characterisation. To predict biodiesel yield a quadratic model was created and it showed an R2 of 0.98 indicating the satisfactory performance of the model. Maximum biodiesel yield of 95.8% was obtained at a methanol: oil molar ratio of 6:1, KOH catalyst concentration of 0.5 wt % and a reaction temperature of 55 °C. At these reaction conditions, the predicted biodiesel yield was 95.9%. These results demonstrate reliable prediction of the transesterification process by Response surface methodology (RSM). The results also show that the properties of the synthesised Australian native stone fruit biodiesel satisfactorily meet the ASTM D6751 and EN14214 standards. In addition, the fuel properties of Australian native stone fruit biodiesel were found to be similar to those of conventional diesel fuel. Thus, it can be said that Australian native stone fruit seed oil could be used as a potential second-generation biodiesel source as well as an alternative fuel in diesel engines.

scholarly journals Turritella terebra Shell Synthesized Calcium Oxide Catalyst for Biodiesel Production from Chicken Fat

2020 ◽  
Vol 997 ◽  
pp. 93-101
Author(s):  
Mohd Nurfirdaus Mohiddin ◽  
A.A. Saleh ◽  
Amarnadh N.R. Reddy ◽  
Sinin Hamdan
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Oxide Catalyst ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Reaction Parameters ◽  
Renewable Source ◽  
Chicken Fat

Heterogeneous catalyst has been viewed as a promising catalyst for biodiesel production. This study employed Turritella terebra (TT) shell as a source for synthesizing heterogeneous CaO catalyst for biodiesel production via transesterification by utilizing chicken fat as a feedstock. The TT shell CaO catalyst was characterized and its catalytic performance was studied. The spectrographic methods that include FTIR, SEM, PSA, and BET-BJH were employed for characterization of the synthesized CaO. The TT shell CaO catalyst optimally produced chicken fat biodiesel (CFB) with reaction parameters at catalyst concentration of 4 wt%, chicken fat to methanol molar ratio of 1:12, reaction temperature of 60°C, and reaction time of 90 min. The optimal yield was 94.03% and the TT shell CaO catalyst still yield 79.19% of CFB on the fifth cycle of reaction. This study has implied that TT shell is a feasible and attractive renewable source of heterogeneous CaO catalyst for biodiesel production.

scholarly journals Optimisation of biodiesel production from dairy effluent scum using calcined egg shell as a transesterification catalyst

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Kuipa ◽  
T. S. Marwizi ◽  
P. K. Kuipa
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Dairy Effluent ◽  
High Statistical Significance ◽  
Egg Shell ◽  
Transesterification Catalyst

AbstractThe production of biodiesel from dairy effluent scum using calcined egg shell as the transesterification catalyst has been explored. Eggshell powder was calcined at 900 °C for 3 h and used as catalyst. The influence of methanol-oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration and reaction temperature were studied using Response Surface Methodology employing a Central Composite Rotatable Design. An empirical model that relates the yield of biodiesel to the studied factors was obtained. The model has high statistical significance at 95% confidence interval with R2 and adjusted R2 values of 96.31% and 95.75% respectively. Results showed that among the three studied factors, the methanol-oil molar ratio had the greatest contribution to the yield of dairy effluent scum derived biodiesel followed by reaction temperature and finally, the catalyst concentration. Significant interaction effects were also present between methanol-oil ratio and catalyst, catalyst and reaction temperature and methanol-oil ratio and reaction temperature. Accordingly, the optimal variable settings were 14.355:1 methanol-oil molar ratio, 3.09% catalyst loading by weight of pre-treated dairy scum oil and 55.20°C reaction temperature; with a corresponding yield of 92.72%.

scholarly journals Optimisation of Free Fatty Acid Removal in Nyamplung Seed Oil (Callophyllum inophylum L.) using Response Surface Methodology Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ratna Dewi Kusumaningtyas ◽  
Haniif Prasetiawan ◽  
Radenrara Dewi Artanti Putri ◽  
Bayu Triwibowo ◽  
Siti Choirunisa Furi Kurnita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction

Nyamplung seed (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) oil is a prospective non-edible vegetable oil as biodiesel feedstock. However, it cannot be directly used in the alkaline catalysed transesterification reaction since it contains high free fatty acid (FFA) of 19.17%. The FFA content above 2% will cause saponification reaction, reducing the biodiesel yield. In this work, FFA removal was performed using sulfuric acid catalysed esterification to meet the maximum FFA amount of 2%. Experimental work and response surface methodology (RSM) analysis were conducted. The reaction was conducted at the fixed molar ratio of nyamplung seed oil and methanol of 1:30 and the reaction times of 120 minutes. The catalyst concentration and the reaction temperature were varied. The highest reaction conversion was 78.18%, and the FFA concentration was decreased to 4.01% at the temperature of 60℃ and reaction time of 120 minutes. The polynomial model analysis on RSM demonstrated that the quadratic model was the most suitable FFA conversion optimisation. The RSM analysis exhibited the optimum FFA conversion of 78.27% and the FFA content of 4%, attained at the reaction temperature, catalyst concentration, and reaction time of 59.09℃, 1.98% g/g nyamplung seed oil, and 119.95 minutes, respectively. Extrapolation using RSM predicted that the targeted FFA content of 2% could be obtained at the temperature, catalyst concentration, and reaction time of 58.97℃, 3%, and 194.9 minutes, respectively, with a fixed molar ratio of oil to methanol of 1:30. The results disclosed that RSM is an appropriate statistical method for optimising the process variable in the esterification reaction to obtain the targeted value of FFA.

scholarly journals OPTIMIZATION OF TRANSESTERIFICATION OF TRA FAT WITH KOH/y Al2O3 CATALYST USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (13) ◽  
pp. 69-76
Author(s):  
Huong Thi Thanh Le ◽  
Tan Viet Le ◽  
Tan Minh Phan ◽  
Hoa Thi Viet Tran
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Result Show ◽  
Heterogenous Catalyst ◽  
Central Composite ◽  
Al2o3 Catalyst

In this study, biodiesel was produced from fat of tra catfish by methanolysis reaction with KOH/y-A12O3 heterogenous catalyst. This research was carried out using response surface methodology (RSM) based on four-variable central composite design (CCD) with a = 1,54671. The transesterification process variables and their investigated ranges were methanol/fat molar ratio (X1: 7/1 - 9/1), catalyst concentration (X2: 5%-7%), reaction time (X3: 60 min - 120 min), and reaction temperature (X4: 55 °C - 65 °C). The result show the biodiesel yield could be reach up to 92,8 % using the following optimized reaction condition: molar ratio of methanol/fat at 8,26/1, catalyst concentration of 5,79 %, reaction time of 96 min, and reaction temperature at 59,6 °C.

scholarly journals Rekayasa Produksi Biodiesel Dari Minyak Kemiri Sunan (Reutialis Trisperma Oil) Sebagai Alternatif Bahan Bakar Mesin Diesel

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Susanti Dhini Anggraini
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Edible Oil ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Oil Yield ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Esterification Reaction

In this research, biodiesel was produced from new feedstock Kemiri Sunan oil. Kemiri Sunan oil is non edible oil, an attractive raw material for production of biodiesel. Biodiesel was produced by two steps of reactions, i.e. esterification and transesterification, using H2SO4 and KOH as catalyst, respectively. Esterification reaction was carried out with methanol for 2 h, ratio oil:methanol (3:1). Transesterification was done at various catalyst concentration (0.5; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0 %wt oil), ratio oli:methanol (1:1, 2:1, 3:1 (wt/wt)), and reaction temperature (30, 50, 65, 70oC) for 1 h. The yield and properties of biodiesel were analysed by Gas Chromatography (GC) and ASTM D 6751 methods, respectively. High yield of biodiesel was produced at KOH 1 %wt catalyst, ratio methanol:oil (1:1) and 65oC i.e. 96,91 %. Kemiri Sunan oil-based biodiesel had a range of acid number 0,41-0,56 (mgKOH/g), densitas 0,89-0,91 (g/cm3), viscosity 8,28-12,70 (cSt), cetane number 58,2-63,3, and residu carbon 0,23-0,59.\Keyword : Kemiri sunan Oil (Reutealis trisperma Oil), yield biodiesel, KOH. Pada penelitian ini, biodiesel diproduksi dari new feedstock minyak Kemiri Sunan. Minyak Kemiri Sunan merupakan minyak non edible sehingga sangat menarik untuk diproduksi sebagai biodiesel. Minyak Kemiri sunan diproduksi dengan dua tahapan reaksi yaitu reaksi esterifikasi dan transesterifikasi menggunakan katalis H2SO4 dan KOH. Reaksi esterifikasi telah dilakukan perbandingan minyak:metanol (3:1) selama 2 jam. Reaksi transesterifikasi dilakukan dengan variasi konsentrasi katalis KOH (0,5; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0 %berat minyak), rasio minyak:metanol (1:1; 2:1; 3:1 (berat/berat)), dan suhu reaksi 65 selama 1 jam. Yield dan sifat biodiesel dianalisis dengan Chromatography Gas (GC) dan ASTM D 6751. Yield optimum biodiesel diperoleh sebesar 96,91%, pada kondisi optimum konsentrasi katalis KOH 1 % berat minyak, rasio minyak:metanol 1:1 (berat/berat) dan suhu reaksi 65oC. Biodiesel berbahan dasar minyak kemiri sunan mempunyai rentang angka asam 0,41-0,56 mgKOH/gram, densitas 0,89-0,91 gram/cm3, viscositas 8,28-12,70 cSt, angka setana 58,2-63,3 dan residu karbon 0,23-0,59 %berat/berat.Kata kunci: Minyak kemiri sunan (Reutealis trisperma Oil), yield biodiesel, KOH.

Optimization and Kinetic Study of Biodiesel Production from Diseased Swine Carcasses

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 464-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youzhou Jiao ◽  
Yahe Mei ◽  
Le Wang ◽  
Jiaao Liu ◽  
Zhiping Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Kinetic Analysis ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
3D Ultrasound ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ultrasound Group

The innocuous utilization of diseased swine carcasses is a key issue in reducing environmental pollution and ensuring safety in animal husbandry. In this study, by using fat from diseased swine carcasses as raw materials, response surface experiments were conducted to investigate the influences of reaction time, catalyst concentration, reaction temperature, and methanol/oil molar ratio on the biodiesel purity and the optimum conditions for biodiesel production were determined. Furthermore, three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound assistance was adopted and kinetic analysis was performed. The results show that the influencing factors on biodiesel purity, in descending order, were determined to be reaction temperature > catalyst concentration > reaction time > methanol/oil molar ratio. Moreover, the maximum biodiesel purity was 93.7% under the following optimal conditions: catalyst concentration of 5.0 wt%; reaction temperature of 68 °C; methanol/oil molar ratio of 10:1; reaction time of 37 h. When 3D ultrasound assistance was adopted, the maximum biodiesel purity of 98.1% was obtained for the reaction process of 8 h under the ultrasound power and frequency of 500 W and 20 kHz, respectively. And the esterification reaction time was significantly reduced, compared to without ultrasound assistance. The results of kinetic analysis demonstrate that the reaction rate constants of the ultrasound group were 4.45–5.52 times greater than that of the control group. And the activation energy for the ultrasound group was 25.58 kJ/mol, which is 22.81% lower than that of the control group. This study will help to conduct large-batch biodiesel production from diseased swine carcasses in the future.

Heterogeneous Catalyst for Transesterification of Biodiesel Synthesis

2012 ◽  
Vol 622-623 ◽  
pp. 1204-1208
Author(s):  
Amar P. Pandhare ◽  
Atul S. Padalkar
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Rural Economy ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Jatropha Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis

The awareness on biodiesel in developing countries in the recent times has been increased. Several activities have been picked up for its production especially with a view to boost the rural economy. In the present investigation biodiesel was prepared from jatropha curcas seed oil (non edible oil). Before exploiting any plant for industrial application, it is imperative to have complete information about its biology, chemistry, and all other applications so that the potential of plant could be utilized maximally. Biodiesel was prepared by transesterification process of jatropha oil with methanol in heterogeneous system, using heterogeneous catalyst. The heterogeneous catalysts are environment friendly and render the process simplified. Calcination process was followed by the dependence of the conversion of jatropha oil on the reaction variables such as the catalyst loading; the molar ratio of the methanol to oil, reaction temperature agitation speed and the reaction time was studied. The conversion was over 89% at a reaction temperature of 70oC and molar ratio 12:1. Finally, Jatropha oil methyl esters was characterized to test its properties as fuels in diesel engines, such as viscosity, flash point, cetane number. Results showed that biodiesel obtained under the optimum conditions is an excellent substitute for fossil fuels.

Application of Calcium Methoxide as Solid Base Catalyst for Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil

2016 ◽  
Vol 723 ◽  
pp. 594-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nichaonn Chumuang ◽  
Vittaya Punsuvon
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Transesterification Reaction ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Solid Base ◽  
Base Catalyst ◽  
Solid Base Catalyst ◽  
Cooking Oil

In this study, the biodiesel production of waste cooking oil using calcium methoxide as solid base catalyst was investigated. The calcium methoxide catalyst was synthesized from calcined quick lime reacted with methanol. The XRD result showed that the catalyst was successfully synthesized with sufficient purity. The strength of catalyst was examined on the transesterification reaction of waste cooking oil and methanol. Parameters affecting on transesterification such as the catalyst concentration, methanol-to-oil-molar ratio, reaction time and reaction temperature were investigated. The results showed that the percentage of fatty acid methyl ester conversion of 99.06%. The optimum conditions were achieved within 3 h using 3wt% catalyst concentration, 12:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio and 65°C reaction temperature. In addition, the kinetic study of transesterification reaction was carried out at the temperature from 30°C to 65°C. The pseudo-first order was good agreement with the experiment results. The reaction rate constant (k) and activated energy (Ea) were determined as 0.023 min-1 and 55.77 kJ/mol, respectively.

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