Analysis of the Heat Pump Market in Europe with a Special Regard to France, Spain, Poland and Lithuania

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 840-852
Author(s):  
Agata Witkowska ◽  
Dorota Anna Krawczyk ◽  
Antonio Rodero
Keyword(s):  
Heat Pump ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Ground Source Heat Pumps ◽  
Key Technology ◽  
Technological Factors ◽  
Special Regard ◽  
Ground Source ◽  
Social Environmental

Abstract Becoming the world’s first climate-neutral continent by 2050 is currently the most ambitious European goal. Heat pumps are the example of the key technology, which could help to achieve the aim by heating, cooling and domestic hot water (DHW) preparation in an ecological and energy-efficient way. This article characterized a heat pump market in Europe between 2009 and 2020 with a special regard to France, Spain, Poland and Lithuania, for which a more detailed study was presented. The analysis was performed primarily on the grounds of statistics data provided by the European Heat Pump Association (EHPA), which determined the number of heat pumps sold based on standard questionnaires from national heat pump associations, statistical offices and research institutes. The highest number of heat pump sold in analysed period of time was recorded in France, Italy, Sweden, Norway, Germany and Spain. Poland was in the middle of the list, while Lithuania was one of the last countries. Considering the number of heat pumps sold per 1000 households, Norway was the clear leader, followed by Estonia, Finland, Sweden and Denmark. Lithuania was placed 12th, while Poland was only 18th. In terms of the type of lower and upper heat source, air-to-water and air-to-air heat pumps were the most popular choices, while ground source heat pumps were the least popular. The development of the heat pump market has been influenced by social, environmental, economic and technological factors.

scholarly journals Measurement and Verification of Integrated Ground Source Heat Pumps on a Shared Ground Loop

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeong Soo Shin ◽  
Jong Woo Park ◽  
Sean Hay Kim
Keyword(s):  
Heat Pump ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Geothermal System ◽  
Ground Source Heat Pump ◽  
Pump System ◽  
Ground Source Heat Pumps ◽  
Water Service ◽  
Ground Source

We propose an integrated geothermal system that consists of air-conditioning and hot water service ground source heat pumps, both of which share a ground water loop. The proposed system increases the COP of the service hot water ground source heat pump by recovering the condensation heat of the air-conditioning ground source heat pump as an evaporator heat source for the hot water service ground source heat pump. Eventually this integration expands the scope and capacity of the evaporator source in addition to the underground water of heat exchangers, which also leads to increase the COP of the air-conditioning ground source heat pump. The integrated geothermal heat pump system was installed in a hotel, and then data were measured for a limited period due to the hotel’s ongoing business activities. A TRNSYS simulation model has been developed as a baseline, and the baseline has been calibrated with the measured data. By running one-year simulations, it turns out that the annual electricity use for heating and cooling, and service hot water was reduced by 19.1% in the cooling season, and by 9.6% in the heating season, with respect to the conventional configuration in which the air-conditioning heat pump and hot water service heat pump work individually on their own ground loops.

scholarly journals Experimental Study and Modeling of Ground-Source Heat Pumps with Combi-Storage in Buildings

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wessam El-Baz ◽  
Peter Tzscheutschler ◽  
Ulrich Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Heat Pump ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Space Heating ◽  
Ground Source Heat Pumps ◽  
Domestic Hot Water ◽  
Ground Source ◽  
And Control

There is a continuous growth of heat pump installations in residential buildings in Germany. The heat pumps were not only used for space heating and domestic hot water consumption but also to offer flexibility to the grid. the high coefficient of performance and the low cost of heat storages made the heat pumps an optimal candidate for the power to heat applications. Thus, several questions are raised about the optimal integration and control of the heat pump system with buffer storages to maximize its operation efficiency and minimize the operation costs. In this paper, an experimental investigation is performed to study the performance of a ground source heat pump (GSHP) with a combi-storage under several configurations and control factors. The experiments were performed on an innovative modular testbed that is capable of emulating a ground source to provide the heat pump with different temperature levels at different times of the day. Moreover, it can emulate the different building loads such as the space heating load and the domestic hot water consumption in real-time. The data gathered from the testbed and different experimental studies were used to develop a simulation model based on Modelica that can accurately simulate the dynamics of a GSHP in a building. The model was validated based on different metrics. Energetically, the difference between the developed model and the measured values was only 3.08\% and 4.18\% for the heat generation and electricity consumption, respectively.

scholarly journals Long-Term Performance Measurement and Analysis of a Small-Scale Ground Source Heat Pump System

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 4527
Author(s):  
Hao Liu ◽  
Hongyi Zhang ◽  
Saqib Javed
Keyword(s):  
Heat Pump ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Ground Source Heat Pump ◽  
Pump System ◽  
Ground Source Heat Pumps ◽  
Heat Pump System ◽  
Ground Source ◽  
Seasonal Performance

Recent data suggest that heat pumps, despite having the potential to cover over 90% of the global space and water heating demands, only provide less than 5% of global heating. Heat pumps, in general, and ground source heat pumps, specifically, offer significant potential for energy savings and carbon emissions reduction in buildings. The realization of these potential benefits, however, requires proper design, installation, and operation of the entire heat pump system. This paper presents the performance analysis of a Swedish ground source heat pump system providing space heating and hot water to a sports clubhouse. The installation has been carefully instrumented to enable full characterization of the whole system including auxiliary components such as circulation pumps and supplementary heating. Seasonal performance factors, calculated for monthly and annual periods using high-quality, high-resolution measurement data collected over three years of system operation, have been reported based on the SEPEMO (SEasonal PErformance factor and MOnitoring for heat pump systems) and Annex 52 boundary schemes for evaluating and benchmarking the performance of the ground source heat pump system. The auxiliary system components were shown to have a large impact on the overall performance of the system. In particular, the legionella protection system was found to affect performance considerably. Recommendations as to how to improve the performance of the system under study and other similar systems are made from the design, installation, and operation perspectives.

scholarly journals Ground-Source Heat Pumps with Horizontal Heat Exchangers for Space Cooling in the Hot Tropical Climate of Thailand

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arif Widiatmojo ◽  
Sasimook Chokchai ◽  
Isao Takashima ◽  
Yohei Uchida ◽  
Kasumi Yasukawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Heat Pump ◽  
Heat Exchangers ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Ground Source Heat Pump ◽  
Ground Source Heat Pumps ◽  
Air Source Heat Pump ◽  
Ground Source ◽  
Space Cooling

The cooling of spaces in tropical regions, such as Southeast Asia, consumes a lot of energy. Additionally, rapid population and economic growth are resulting in an increasing demand for space cooling. The ground-source heat pump has been proven a reliable, cost-effective, safe, and environmentally-friendly alternative for cooling and heating spaces in various countries. In tropical countries, the presumption that the ground-source heat pump may not provide better thermal performance than the normal air-source heat pump arises because the difference between ground and atmospheric temperatures is essentially low. This paper reports the potential use of a ground-source heat pump with horizontal heat exchangers in a tropical country—Thailand. Daily operational data of two ground-source heat pumps and an air-source heat pump during a two-month operation are analyzed and compared. Life cycle cost analysis and CO2 emission estimation are adopted to evaluate the economic value of ground-source heat pump investment and potential CO2 reduction through the use of ground-source heat pumps, in comparison with the case for air-source heat pumps. It was found that the ground-source heat pumps consume 17.1% and 18.4% less electricity than the air-source heat pump during this period. Local production of heat pumps and heat exchangers, as well as rapid regional economic growth, can be positive factors for future ground-source heat pump application, not only in Thailand but also southeast Asian countries.

scholarly journals Sensitivity analysis using simulations for a ground source heat pump – implementation on a solar passive house

2019 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 01070
Author(s):  
Gheorghe Ilisei ◽  
Tiberiu Catalina ◽  
Robert Gavriliuc
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Heat Pump ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Ground Source Heat Pump ◽  
Passive House ◽  
Modeling Tools ◽  
Ground Source Heat Pumps ◽  
Ground Source

Having in sight the need for a strong reduction in CO2 emissions and the fluctuation of the price of fossil fuels, the ground source resources alongside with the ground source heat pumps are becoming more and more widespread for meeting the heating/cooling demand of several types of buildings. This article targets to develop the thermal modelling of borehole heat storage systems. Trying to emphasize some certain advantages of a GSHP (ground source heat pump) with vertical boreholes, a case study analysing a residential solar passive house is presented. The numerical results are produced using different modelling software like DesignBuilder, EED (Earth Energy Designer) and a sizing method for the length of the boreholes (ASHRAE method). The idea of sizing the length of boreholes (main design parameter and good index in estimating the system’s cost) using two different methods shows the reliability of this modelling tool. The study shows that borehole’s length of a GSHP system can trigger a difference in electricity consumption up to 22%. Moreover, this sensitivity analysis aims to prove that the design of the whole system can be done beforehand just using modeling tools, without performing tests in-situ.

scholarly journals Selection and techno-economic analysis of hybrid ground source heat pumps used in karst regions

2020 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 003685042092168
Author(s):  
Weisong Zhou ◽  
Peng Pei ◽  
Ruiyong Mao ◽  
Haibin Qian ◽  
Yanbing Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Heat Pump ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Ground Source Heat Pump ◽  
Pump System ◽  
Ground Source Heat Pumps ◽  
Ground Source ◽  
Heat Buildup

In order to take advantage of different forms of heat pumps and to mitigate thermal imbalance underground caused by long-term operation of ground source heat pumps, hybrid ground source heat pump systems have received an increasing attention. In this research, based on the fact that abundant groundwater resources are commonly available in karst regions, a new strategy is introduced for selecting and determining hybrid ground source heat pump capacity. Five scenarios of hybrid ground source heat pump system coupling groundwater source heat pumps with other supplementary heat pumps are proposed in this article to provide appropriate options to eliminate heat buildup under different hydrogeologic conditions. Methodologies for sizing and selection are established. Then, a case study of techno-economic analysis was performed for a project in the karst region in South China. The results showed that these scenarios can effectively mitigate heat buildup, and under the hydrogeologic condition in the case study. Compared to the solo ground-coupled heat pump solution, the optimal solution (Solution 4 in this study) can reduce the annual costs by 16.10% and reduce the capital investment by 60%. Methodologies developed in this study are beneficial for selecting appropriate approaches to mitigate heat buildup and enhance competitiveness of ground source heat pumps.

scholarly journals A European Database of Building Energy Profiles to Support the Design of Ground Source Heat Pumps

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (13) ◽  
pp. 2496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Carnieletto ◽  
Borja Badenes ◽  
Marco Belliardi ◽  
Adriana Bernardi ◽  
Samantha Graci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Pump ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Ground Source Heat Pumps ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Energy Profiles ◽  
Ground Source

The design of ground source heat pumps is a fundamental step to ensure the high energy efficiency of heat pump systems throughout their operating years. To enhance the diffusion of ground source heat pump systems, two different tools are developed in the H2020 research project named, “Cheap GSHPs”: A design tool and a decision support system. In both cases, the energy demand of the buildings may not be calculated by the user. The main input data, to evaluate the size of the borehole heat exchangers, is the building energy demand. This paper presents a methodology to correlate energy demand, building typologies, and climatic conditions for different types of residential buildings. Rather than envelope properties, three insulation levels have been considered in different climatic conditions to set up a database of energy profiles. Analyzing European climatic test reference years, 23 locations have been considered. For each location, the overall energy and the mean hourly monthly energy profiles for heating and cooling have been calculated. Pre-calculated profiles are needed to size generation systems and, in particular, ground source heat pumps. For this reason, correlations based on the degree days for heating and cooling demand have been found in order to generalize the results for different buildings. These correlations depend on the Köppen–Geiger climate scale.

scholarly journals Clean Energy for Cooling and Heating with Ground Source Heat Pumps

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Ground Source Heat Pumps ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Ground Source

In the recent attempts to stimulate alternative energy sources for heating and cooling of buildings, emphasise has been put on utilisation of the ambient energy from ground source heat pump systems (GSHPs) and other renewable energy sources. Exploitation of renewable energy sources and particularly ground heat in buildings can significantly contribute towards reducing dependency on fossil fuels. The study was carried out at the Energy Research Institute (ERI), between September 2016 and November 2017. This paper highlights the potential energy saving that could be achieved through use of ground energy source. The main concept of this technology is that it uses the lower temperature of the ground (approximately <32°C), which remains relatively stable throughout the year, to provide space heating, cooling and domestic hot water inside the building area. The purpose of this study, however, is to examine the means of reducing of energy consumption in buildings, identifying GSHPs as an environmental friendly technology able to provide efficient utilisation of energy in the buildings sector, promoting the use of GSHPs applications as an optimum means of heating and cooling, and presenting typical applications and recent advances of the DX GSHPs. It is concluded that the direct expansion of GSHP are extendable to more comprehensive applications combined with the ground heat exchanger in foundation piles and the seasonal thermal energy storage from solar thermal collectors. This study highlights the energy problem and the possible saving that can be achieved through the use of the GSHP systems. This article discusses the principle of the ground source energy, varieties of GSHPs, and various developments.

scholarly journals Analysis of ground thermal potential reduction and thermal interaction between boreholes during operation of ground source heat pump in Moscow city environments

2021 ◽  
Vol 289 ◽  
pp. 02006
Author(s):  
Elizaveta Tyabut ◽  
Ivan Sokolov ◽  
Artem Ryzhenkov
Keyword(s):  
Heat Pump ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Geothermal Field ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Ground Source Heat Pumps ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Ground Source ◽  
Moscow City

Geothermal energy is a renewable energy resource. Nowadays it can be considered as a promising alternative to various fossil fuels. Ground source heat pumps are efficient installations enabling the intensive use of underground energy for heating and cooling of modern residential and commercial buildings. However, climatic conditions often limit the use of this type of installation to a certain extent. This paper presents a description of an existing system comprising a liquid-toliquid heat pump and a geothermal field consisting of 4 boreholes. The system is used to investigate the intensity of ground temperature potential decrease in winter and its recovery in summer in the Moscow city environment with a detailed study of the properties of individual soil layers, as well as to study the mutual influence of boreholes on each other, represented by the conditional radius of thermal influence of individual boreholes. Graphs of soil temperature changes at different depths are presented.

scholarly journals Measured Performance of a Mixed-Use Commercial-Building Ground Source Heat Pump System in Sweden

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Spitler ◽  
Signhild Gehlin
Keyword(s):  
Heat Pump ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Performance Data ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Ground Source Heat Pump ◽  
Pump System ◽  
Heat Pump System ◽  
Ground Source ◽  
Seasonal Performance

When the new student center at Stockholm University in Sweden was completed in the fall of 2013 it was thoroughly instrumented. The 6300 m2 four-story building with offices, a restaurant, study lounges, and meeting rooms was designed to be energy efficient with a planned total energy use of 25 kWh/m2/year. Space heating and hot water are provided by a ground source heat pump (GSHP) system consisting of five 40 kW off-the-shelf water-to-water heat pumps connected to 20 boreholes in hard rock, drilled to a depth of 200 m. Space cooling is provided by direct cooling from the boreholes. This paper uses measured performance data from Studenthuset to calculate the actual thermal performance of the GSHP system during one of its early years of operation. Monthly system coefficients-of-performance and coefficients-of-performance for both heating and cooling operation are presented. In the first months of operation, several problems were corrected, leading to improved performance. This paper provides long-term measured system performance data from a recently installed GSHP system, shows how the various system components affect the performance, presents an uncertainty analysis, and describes how some unanticipated consequences of the design may be ameliorated. Seasonal performance factors (SPF) are evaluated based on the SEPEMO (“SEasonal PErformance factor and MOnitoring for heat pump systems”) boundary schema. For heating (“H”), SPFs of 3.7 ± 0.2 and 2.7 ± 0.13 were obtained for boundaries H2 and H3, respectively. For cooling (“C”), a C2 SPF of 27 ± 5 was obtained. Results are compared to measured performance data from 55 GSHP systems serving commercial buildings that are reported in the literature.

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