Prevalence estimation and genotypization of Toxoplasma gondii in goats

Biologia ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
František Spišák ◽  
Ľudmila Turčeková ◽  
Katarína Reiterová ◽  
Silvia Špilovská ◽  
Pavol Dubinský
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Dna Polymorphism ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Molecular Methods ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Prevalence Estimation ◽  
Genotype Ii

AbstractIn this study we aimed to determine seroprevalence of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii and parasite DNA presence in the milk of goats from a farm in eastern Slovakia. Anti-Toxoplasma antibodies were detected in 43 goat sera out of 87 examined (49.43%). The highest prevalence was recorded in the goats aged more than 72 months (76.19%; OR = 4.62; 95% CI = 1.51-14.14) and the lowest one in animals aged from 12 to 36 months (17.65%; OR = 0.09; 95% CI = 0.03-0.27). Statistically significant correlation (P < 0.0001) was found between the prevalence of antibodies against T. gondi and animal age in comparing age groups - goats up to 36 months of age and above 37 months of age. The presence of T. gondii DNA was confirmed in 32.56% of milk samples using molecular methods. Based on the DNA polymorphism at the SAG2 locus of T. gondii we identified the goats as being infected with genotype II of T. gondii. Presence of DNA in milk refers to the risk of human infection through consuming raw milk.

scholarly journals Absence of Viable Toxoplasma gondii in Artisanal Raw-Milk Ewe Cheese Derived from Naturally Infected Animals

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 143 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Ranucci ◽  
Elena Battisti ◽  
Fabrizia Veronesi ◽  
Manuela Diaferia ◽  
Giulia Morganti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Reverse Transcriptase ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Sheep Milk ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Fresh Cheese

The presence of viable Toxoplasma gondii was investigated in artisanal cheeses made from milk of naturally infected ewes. Ewe milk was analyzed beforehand for the presence and vitality of T. gondii by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and reverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), respectively. Cheeses were prepared from raw milk following a traditional cheesemaking process. The cheese obtained from T. gondii-positive milk was analyzed by LAMP to detect Toxoplasma DNA-positive samples. RT-PCR was then carried out to assess the viability of the parasites in T. gondii-positive milk samples and fresh cheese, after 5 and 15 days of ripening. Physical-chemical parameters of cheeses were also investigated. All cheese samples derived from T. gondii-positive milk were positive according to LAMP, at both 5 and 15 days of ripening, while none of the samples were positive according to RT-PCR. Thus, while the presence of the parasite was demonstrated by the detection of specific DNA, the absence of detectable T. gondii RNA supports the hypothesis that changes in the chemical and physical characteristics occurring during the cheesemaking process and ripening period, could be sufficient to inactivate viable T. gondii in milk, minimizing the risk of human infection through consumption of raw sheep milk cheese.

scholarly journals Short Reports Low Prevalence of Toxoplasma Gondii DNA in the Fresh Milk of Cattle in China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong-Liang Wang ◽  
QingFeng Meng
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Family Farming ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Fresh Milk ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Low Prevalence

Abstract Background: It is generally recognized that there is a risk for humans to acquire toxoplasmosis through consumption of raw milk from infected animals. Although several studies have been conducted to detect the seroprevalence of T. gondii in cattle in China, no study has been conducted to detect T. gondii DNA in milk of cattle in China. Thus, the present study was firstly conducted to explore the prevalence of T. gondii DNA in fresh milk of cattle in China. Results: A total of 2092 blood samples and fresh bovine milk were collected from six provinces between January 2018 and June 2019, respectively, and examined by ELISA and semi-nested PCR, respectively. In total, 123/2092 (5.88%) of the blood samples and 22/2092 (1.05%) of the milk samples were positive for T. gondii, respectively. Fifteen of these 22 positive milk samples (68.18%) were animals who also recorded serologically positive. Moreover, cattle and milk from family farming have significantly higher T. gondii prevalence than those from commercial farm. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first report of T. gondii DNA was found in the fresh milk of cattle in China, suggesting that the consumption of raw milk from seropositive cattle could be a potential source of human infection.

scholarly journals Toxoplasma gondii and pre-treatment protocols for polymerase chain reaction analysis of milk samples: a field trial in sheep from Southern Italy

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Vismarra ◽  
Elena Barilli ◽  
Maura Miceli ◽  
Carlo Mangia ◽  
Cristina Bacci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Dna Extraction ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Type I ◽  
Treatment Protocols ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Pre Treatment

Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the protozoan <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em>. Ingestion of raw milk has been suggested as a risk for transmission to humans. Here the authors evaluated pre-treatment protocols for DNA extraction on <em>T. gondii</em> tachyzoite-spiked sheep milk with the aim of identifying the method that resulted in the most rapid and reliable PCR positivity. This protocol was then used to analyze milk samples form sheep from three different farms in southern Italy, including Real Time PCR for DNA quantification and PCR-RFLP for genotyping. The pre-treatment protocol using EDTA and Tris-HCl to remove casein gave the best results in the least amount of time compared to the others on spiked milk samples. One sample of 21 collected from sheep farms was positive on one-step PCR, Real Time PCR and resulted in a Type I genotype at one locus (SAG3). Milk usually contains a low number of tachyzoites and this could be a limiting factor for molecular identification. Our preliminary data has evaluated a rapid, cost-effective and sensitive protocol to treat milk before DNA extraction. The results of the present study also confirm the possibility of <em>T. gondii</em> transmission through consumption of raw milk and its unpasteurized derivatives.

Seroprevalence of Zoonotic Protozoa Toxoplasma Gondii Infection in Food Animals of Chattogram Division

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-281
Author(s):  
Sultana Fizun Nahar ◽  
Ramesh Prasad Saha ◽  
Khan Md Ashfia ◽  
Asish Kumer Debnath ◽  
AKM Anisur Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Pregnant Sheep ◽  
Food Animals ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii Infection

Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic protozoan parasitic disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of T. gondii infection in sheep, goats and cattle in Chattogram division. In his study a total of 220 sera samples from different animals were collected from different herds of Chattogram division. Among the 220 samples, 184 sera were examined for T. gondii antibody by indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (iELISA) (ID Screen® indirect ELISA kit, IDvet Laboratories, Inc., France) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Samples with more than 50% S/P were considered as positive for T. gondii. The overall prevalence of T. gondii was 13.59%. The highest prevalence of T. gondii was found in goat 16%, sheep 13.04% and cattle 11.90%. The highest prevalence (36.36%) of T gondii infection was observed in sheep aged >5 years compared to other age groups. Similarly, the highest seroprevalence was found in >18 months old sheep (16.067% compared to <6 months group (5.88%) and pregnant (19.63%) and non-pregnant sheep (11.76%). In contrast to cattle and sheep, the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in goats were highest in 6 months to 18 months age group (20.83%) compared to >18 months age group (9.09%). Results indicate that T. gondii infection in food animals in Chattogram division is widespread. Further investigation on the isolation and characterization of T. gondii from the aborted fetus and its zoonotic potential on human population is imperative. The undercooked meat and raw milk of these food animals may serve as a potential source of T. gondi infection for humans. Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.7(2): 275-281,  August 2020

scholarly journals Corynebacterium ulcerans in humans and cattle in North Devon

1984 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. C. Hart
Keyword(s):  
Sore Throat ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Corynebacterium Ulcerans

SUMMARYA case of Corynebacterium ulcerans sore throat in a community that drank raw milk from its own farm led to the discovery of another symptomless human infection. Eight cows in the herd were found to be infected and the intermittent pattern of excretion was demonstrated in another cow followed through its lactation. Further evidence of milk infected by C. ulcerans was found by examining all raw milk samples submitted to the laboratory. Two other human cases were diagnosed in Devon during the period of this investigation.

scholarly journals Raw Milk in Noakhlai, Bangladesh: Quality Assessment and Antibiotic Resistance of Identified Microorganisms

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 1104-1112
Author(s):  
Tahmina Akter ◽  
Mansura Mokbul ◽  
Susmita Ghosh ◽  
Moumita Dey
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Antibiotics Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Isolation ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
High Treatment

Milk is an ideal food for all age groups. The current study was carried out to identify the microorganisms to assess the raw milk quality and the antibiotic resistance of those identified micro-organisms. Five raw milk samples along with two high treatment (UHT) milk samples from different locations of Noakhali district of Bangladesh were analysed. Bacterial isolation was performed by Nutrient Agar (NA) and MacConkey (MCA), Eiosin Methylene Blue (EMB) and Genital menital salt agar (GMSA). The isolates were then identified by Kliger’s Iron Agar (KIA) test, Motility Indole Urease (MIU) test, Catalase and Oxidase tests. Antibiotics resistance tests were done for 13 different antibiotics. Among all these samples, Maijdee Bazar (S4) contained the highest load as 1.87×106 and the UHT samples contained no bacterial contamination. E. coli covered 47.05% whereas Listeria, Bacillus and Yersinia were in the same percentage as 5.88% among all isolates. Salmonella and Staphylococcus were 23.53% and 11.76%, respectively. Listeria and Salmonella were resistant to five different antibiotics by 46.15% and 38.46% of multiple antibiotic resistance index (MRI), correspondingly. However, E. coli and Yersinia were resistant to three antibiotics namely, Rifampcin (RIF), Cefotaxime (CTX), Amoxycillin (AMX) by about 23% as MRI percentage. Bacillus and Staphylococcus both were resistant to Cefepime (CPM) by 7.69% of MRI. Hence, it can be concluded that Rifampcin and Cefepime were most common antibiotics which were resisted by most of the isolates. Therefore, hygiene aspect of these milk sources needs to be taken into consideration with high priority. Also, the antibiotics which are resisted by different organisms will be detrimental for public health aspects.

scholarly journals Determination of the occurrence of plasmid virulence genes (spv) and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella strains isolated from raw milk

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
AGNIESZKA WISZNIEWSKA-ŁASZCZYCH ◽  
BARBARA ZDRODOWSKA ◽  
BEATA WYSOK ◽  
JOANNA SZTEYN ◽  
KATARZYNA LIEDTKE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Molecular Methods ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Bulk Tank Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Bulk Tank

The aim of the study was to measure the frequency of occurrence of Salmonella spp. in raw milk, to identify their serotype, as well as to determine their antibiotic resistance and the presence of Salmonella plasmid virulence (spv) genes. Out of 300 bulk tank milk samples, 5.3% were contaminated with Salmonella spp. All strains isolated belonged to the serovar S enteritidis, as confirmed by serotyping and molecular methods. The presence of spv genes was determined by PCR. Spv genes were present, in different patterns, in all strains tested. SpvA gene was present in all isolates (100%), spvB in 56.25%, spvC in 62.5%, spvD in 75%, and spvR in 56.25%. Antibiotic resistance was evaluated according to the NCCLS recommendations. All isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin (CIP), gentamicin (GE), and chloramphenicol (CH). Thirteen strains were resistant to ampicillin (AMP), 8 to erythromycin (E), 1 to doxycycline (DO), and 1 to tetracycline (TE). Different frequency of occurrence of the spv genes in Salmonella strains isolated from raw milk demonstrates their high adaptability. As many as 87.5% of isolates showed resistance to at least one of the antibiotics tested....

scholarly journals Neospora caninum and/or Toxoplasma gondii Seroprevalence: Vaccination against PCV2 and Muscle Enzyme Activity in Seropositive and Seronegative Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1097
Author(s):  
Labrini V. Athanasiou ◽  
Vasileios G. Papatsiros ◽  
Victoria M. Spanou ◽  
Eleni G. Katsogiannou ◽  
Anna Dedousi
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Neospora Caninum ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Muscle Enzyme ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Zoonotic Pathogen ◽  
Muscle Enzyme Activity ◽  
Immunofluorescence Antibody

Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii affect both humans and animals worldwide. To investigate their seroprevalence and differences in seropositivity between pigs vaccinated and unvaccinated against porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), as well as differences in muscle enzyme activity between seropositive and seronegative pigs, blood samples were collected from 380 sows. Antibodies against T. gondii and N. caninum were detected by an indirect immunofluorescence antibody (IFA) assay, while the activities of creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were biochemically assessed. Out of the 364 sows finally included in the study, 4.4%, 3.5%, and 0.5% were seropositive to T. gondii, N. caninum, or both. A significantly higher percentage of seropositivity against T. gondii and/or N. caninum in PCV2 unvaccinated pigs compared with vaccinated pigs was observed. Increased serum activities of CK and AST were detected in 71.43% and 100% of only against T. gondii (T+) and 63.64% and 90.91% of only against N. caninum (N+) seropositive sows, respectively, and were significantly higher compared to seronegative animals. T. gondii and N. caninum seropositivity, especially in presumed immunocompromised pigs, and the evidence of muscle damage highlight their importance as a zoonotic pathogen and animal model of human infection, respectively.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Mastitis and Antibiotic Resistance of Bacterial Isolates from CMT Positive Milk Samples Obtained from Dairy Cows, Camels, and Goats in Two Pastoral Districts in Southern Ethiopia

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1530
Author(s):  
Amanuel Balemi ◽  
Balako Gumi ◽  
Kebede Amenu ◽  
Sisay Girma ◽  
Muuz Gebru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Milk Samples

A study was carried out from August 2017 to February 2018 on lactating dairy cows, one-humped dromedary camels, and goats to determine mastitis in the Bule Hora and Dugda Dawa districts of in Southern Ethiopia. Milk samples from 564 udder quarters and udder halves from 171 animals consisting of 60 dairy cows, 51 camels, and 60 goats were tested for mastitis. Sixty-four positive udder milk samples were cultured, and bacterial mastitis pathogens were isolated and identified. The antibiotic resistance of bacterial isolates from milk with mastitis was tested against nine antimicrobials commonly used in the study area. Cow- and quarter-level prevalence of mastitis in dairy cows, camels, and goats was 33.3%, 26.3%, and 25% and 17.6%, 14.5%, and 20%, respectively. In cattle, the prevalence was significantly higher in Dugda Dawa than in Bule Hora. Major bacterial isolates were coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species (39.1%), S. aureus (17.2%), S. hyicus (14.1%), and S. intermedius and Escherichia coli (9.4% each). In camels, udder abnormality and mastitis were significantly higher in late lactation than in early lactation. Mastitis tends to increase with parity in camels. E. coli isolates were highly resistant to spectinomycin, vancomycin, and doxycycline, whereas most S. aureus isolates were multidrug-resistant. Most of the rural and periurban communities in this area consume raw milk, which indicates a high risk of infection with multidrug-resistant bacteria. We recommend a community-focused training program to improve community awareness of the need to boil milk and the risk of raw milk consumption.

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