Prevalence of Mastitis and Antibiotic Resistance of Bacterial Isolates from CMT Positive Milk Samples Obtained from Dairy Cows, Camels, and Goats in Two Pastoral Districts in Southern Ethiopia

A study was carried out from August 2017 to February 2018 on lactating dairy cows, one-humped dromedary camels, and goats to determine mastitis in the Bule Hora and Dugda Dawa districts of in Southern Ethiopia. Milk samples from 564 udder quarters and udder halves from 171 animals consisting of 60 dairy cows, 51 camels, and 60 goats were tested for mastitis. Sixty-four positive udder milk samples were cultured, and bacterial mastitis pathogens were isolated and identified. The antibiotic resistance of bacterial isolates from milk with mastitis was tested against nine antimicrobials commonly used in the study area. Cow- and quarter-level prevalence of mastitis in dairy cows, camels, and goats was 33.3%, 26.3%, and 25% and 17.6%, 14.5%, and 20%, respectively. In cattle, the prevalence was significantly higher in Dugda Dawa than in Bule Hora. Major bacterial isolates were coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species (39.1%), S. aureus (17.2%), S. hyicus (14.1%), and S. intermedius and Escherichia coli (9.4% each). In camels, udder abnormality and mastitis were significantly higher in late lactation than in early lactation. Mastitis tends to increase with parity in camels. E. coli isolates were highly resistant to spectinomycin, vancomycin, and doxycycline, whereas most S. aureus isolates were multidrug-resistant. Most of the rural and periurban communities in this area consume raw milk, which indicates a high risk of infection with multidrug-resistant bacteria. We recommend a community-focused training program to improve community awareness of the need to boil milk and the risk of raw milk consumption.

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Molecular characterization of Escherichia coli isolated from milk samples with regard to virulence factors and antibiotic resistance

Veterinary World ◽

10.14202/vetworld.2021.2410-2418 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 2410-2418

Author(s):

Waleed Younis ◽

Sabry Hassan ◽

Hams M. A. Mohamed

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

16S Rrna ◽

Virulence Factors ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Human Life ◽

Raw Milk ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

E Coli ◽

Milk Samples

Background and Aim: Raw milk is considered an essential source of nutrition during all stages of human life because it offers a valuable supply of protein and minerals. Importantly, milk is considered a good media for the growth and contamination of many pathogenic bacteria, especially food-borne pathogens such as Escherichia coli. Thus, the objective of this study was to characterize E. coli and detect its virulence factors and antibiotic resistance from raw milk samples. Materials and Methods: Raw milk samples (n=100) were collected from different localities in Qena, Egypt, and investigated for the presence of E. coli using different biochemical tests, IMViC tests, serotyping to detect somatic antigen type, and molecularly by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests. The presence of different virulence and antimicrobial genes (hly, eae, stx1, stx2, blaTEM, tetA(A), and tetB genes) in E. coli isolates was evaluated using PCR. Results: The results demonstrated that 10 out of 100 milk samples were contaminated with E. coli. Depending on serology, the isolates were classified as O114 (one isolate), O27 (two isolates), O111 (one isolate), O125 (two isolates), and untypeable (five isolates) E. coli. The sequencing of partially amplified 16S rRNA of the untypeable isolates resulted in one isolate, which was initially misidentified as untypeable E. coli but later proved as Enterobacter hormaechei. Moreover, antibacterial susceptibility analysis revealed that nearly all isolates were resistant to more than 3 families of antibiotics, particularly to β-lactams, clindamycin, and rifampin. PCR results demonstrated that all E. coli isolates showed an accurate amplicon for the blaTEM and tetA(A) genes, four isolates harbored eae gene, other four harbored tetB gene, and only one isolate exhibited a positive stx2 gene. Conclusion: Our study explored vital methods for identifying E. coli as a harmful pathogen of raw milk using 16S rRNA sequencing, phylogenetic analysis, and detection of virulence factors and antibiotic-resistant genes.

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Assessment of the Bacteriological Profile and Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Wastewater in Health Facilities of Ethiopia

International Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1155/2021/9969479 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Belayneh Regasa Dadi ◽

Eyayu Girma ◽

Mheret Tesfaye ◽

Mohamed Seid

Keyword(s):

Health Facility ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Health Facilities ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽

Bacterial Isolates ◽

Bacteriological Profile ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns ◽

Susceptibility Patterns

Background. Antimicrobials used for the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections are mainly released nonmetabolized into the aquatic environment via wastewater. Sometimes, unused therapeutic drugs are released down the drains that could act as selective pressure for the development of resistance. The aim of this study was to assess the bacteriological profile of wastewater in health facilities and determine antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacterial isolates. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 1 to December 26, 2020, in health facility wastewater. A total of 128 samples were collected from health facilities for bacteriological analysis and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Result. A total of 128 samples were processed, and 81 bacterial isolates were recovered. The most common bacterial isolates were S. aureus (16/81 (19.8%)) followed by Klebsiella spp. (15/81 (18.5%)), E. coli (13/81 (16%)), P. aeruginosa (10/81 (12.3%)), Enterobacter spp. (8/81 (9.9%)), Citrobacter spp. (7/81 (8.6%)), coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (5/81 (6.2%)), Salmonella spp. (5/81 (6.2%)), and Shigella spp. (2/81 (2.5%)). A majority of isolates were resistant to ampicillin (62/81 (76.5%)). Only few isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin (11/81 (13.6%)), chloramphenicol (13/81 (16%)), and kanamycin (8/54 (14.8%)). A majority of bacterial isolates (57/81 (70.4%)) were multidrug resistant (MDR). Conclusion. Wastewater from the health facilities contains antibiotic-resistant including multidrug-resistant bacteria. Therefore, health facility wastewater should be treated by appropriate wastewater treatment before being released into the environment.

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Multiple NDM-5-Expressing Escherichia Coli Isolates From an Immunocompromised Pediatric Host

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofaa018 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Tim Flerlage ◽

Jessica N Brazelton de Cardenas ◽

Cherilyn D Garner ◽

Nur A Hasan ◽

Hiren Karathia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Gene ◽

The United States ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Invasive Infection ◽

Anticancer Chemotherapy ◽

E Coli ◽

Sequence Types

Abstract Background Genes conferring carbapenem resistance have disseminated worldwide among Gram-negative bacteria. Here we present longitudinal changes in clinically obtained Escherichia coli isolates from 1 immunocompromised pediatric patient. This report demonstrates potential for antibiotic resistance genes and plasmids to emerge over time in clinical isolates from patients receiving intensive anticancer chemotherapy and broad-spectrum antibiotics. Methods Thirty-three isolates obtained over 7 months from 1 patient were included. Clinical data were abstracted from the medical record. For each isolate, studies included phenotypic antibacterial resistance patterns, sequence typing, bacterial isolate sequencing, plasmid identification, and antibiotic resistance gene identification. Results Sites of isolation included blood, wound culture, and culture for surveillance purposes from the perianal area. Isolates were of 5 sequence types (STs). All were resistant to multiple classes of antibiotics; 23 (69.6%) were phenotypically resistant to all carbapenems. The blaNDM-5 gene was identified in 22 (67%) isolates, all of ST-167 and ST-940, and appeared to coincide with the presence of the IncFII and IncX3 plasmid. Conclusions We present unique microbiologic data from 33 multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates obtained over the course of 7 months from an individual patient in the United States. Two E. coli sequence types causing invasive infection in the same patient and harboring the blaNDM-5 gene, encoded on the IncX3 plasmid and the IncFII plasmid, were identified. This study highlights the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria on antibiotic therapy and the necessity of adequate neutrophil number and function in the clearance of bacteremia.

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Molecular Detection of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Shiga toxin-producing E. coli Isolated from Different Sources

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10040344 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 344

Author(s):

Momna Rubab ◽

Deog-Hwan Oh

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Shiga Toxin ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Foodborne Illnesses ◽

Antimicrobial Drugs ◽

E Coli ◽

Conventional Antibiotics

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is an enteric pathogen associated with human gastroenteritis outbreaks. Extensive use of antibiotics in agriculture selects resistant bacteria that may enter the food chain and potentially causes foodborne illnesses in humans that are less likely to respond to treatment with conventional antibiotics. Due to the importance of antibiotic resistance, this study aimed to investigate the combination of phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic resistance in STEC isolates belonging to serogroups O26, O45, O103, O104, O111, O121, O145, and O157 using disc diffusion and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), respectively. All strains were phenotypically resistant to at least one antibiotic, with 100% resistance to erythromycin, followed by gentamicin (98%), streptomycin (82%), kanamycin (76%), and ampicillin (72%). The distribution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the STEC strains was ampC (47%), aadA1 (70%), ere(A) (88%), blaSHV (19%), blaCMY (27%), aac(3)-I (90%), and tet(A) (35%), respectively. The results suggest that most of the strains were multidrug-resistant (MDR) and the most often observed resistant pattern was of aadA1, ere(A), and aac(3)-I genes. These findings indicate the significance of monitoring the prevalence of MDR in both animals and humans around the globe. Hence, with a better understanding of antibiotic genotypes and phenotypes among the diverse STEC strains obtained, this study could guide the administration of antimicrobial drugs in STEC infections when necessary.

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Multidrug Resistance among Gram Negative E. coli in Chicken Meat (Rafha-Saudi Arabia)

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International ◽

10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i58a34087 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 38-48

Author(s):

Akbar Ali ◽

Vijay R. Chidrawar

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Saudi Arabia ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Chicken Meat ◽

Penicillin G ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

E Coli ◽

Northern Border

Aims: Multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria pose a major public health issuer globally. The genes for antibiotic resistance are transferred vertically in the form of genomic DNA and horizontally in the form of plasmids or transposons. Antibiotic are extensively used in animal farming to treat and prevent animal diseases, and at sub-therapeutic doses, they are used to promote animal growth. This extensive use of antibiotics is causing an increase in resistance among bacteria. More frequent, chicken meat available at retail shops is reported to be contaminated with a variety of drug resistant bacteria including E. Coli. The aim of the present study was to investigate antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli strains isolated from chicken meat available in the local shops of Rafha, Saudi Arabia. Place and Duration of Study: Department of basic health sciences, College of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia, between February and October, 2019 Methodology: Eighty-six E. coli strains, isolated from chicken meat, were tested for their antibiotic resistance profile, using the disc diffusion method. Results: All the isolated E. coli strains were tested against 14 antibiotics. The maximum resistance was found against penicillin G (95%) followed by amoxicillin (85%), Cephalothin (81%), Erythromycin (72%), and Tetracycline (50%). Imipenem was the most effective agent of all with only 1% resistance followed by Cefepime with almost 6% resistance. A high percentage of the isolates (57%,) were multidrug resistant as they were non—susceptible to at least one antimicrobial in ≥3 antimicrobial classes including amoxicillin, erythromycin and tetracycline. Conclusion: The prevalence of MDR E. coli in retail chicken meat is very high and could pose a serious threat to public health.

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Antibiotic profile of Staphylococcus aureus and Coagulase negative Staphylococci species isolated from raw camel milk from Garissa County, Kenya

East African Journal of Science, Technology and Innovation ◽

10.37425/eajsti.v2i4.364 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Elly Kirwa ◽

Abong O Gabriel ◽

Timothy E. Maitho ◽

Mbindyo CM ◽

Abuom T O ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Clinical Laboratory ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Camel Milk ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Mannitol Salt Agar ◽

Milk Samples

The emergence of multidrug resistant bacteria in clinically challenging situations is a global concern. Staphylococcus resistance poses a threat to available therapeutic agents in management of camel diseases. S. aureus is often isolated from mastitic camel milk. Coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) can be pathogenic in humans and animals. This cross-sectional study investigated the antimicrobial resistance phenotypes of Staphylococci species in raw camel milk from Garissa County, Kenya. A total of 231 raw camel milk samples from healthy camels were collected. Disk diffusion was used to determine antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates. Bacteria were revived in Buffered Peptone Water (BPW). Staphylococcus isolates were cultured on Mannitol Salt agar (MSA) and Blood Agar (BA). Coagulase and catalase tests were used to biochemically characterize the isolates. Antibiotic disks were placed on Mueller Hinton Agar and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours and diameters of zones inhibition measured. The readings were recorded as either susceptible, intermediate, or resistant based on the interpretative breakpoints by the veterinary Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Antimicrobial agents tested included; Ampicillin, Streptomycin, Cephalexin, Erythromycin, Ciprofloxacin, Cefoxitin, Tetracycline and Chloramphenicol. Out of the 231 raw camel milk samples cultured, 52.8% (122/231) Staphylococci isolates were recovered. Among the Staphylococci isolates 83.6% (102) were S. aureus and 16.4% (20) were CoNS. Overall, 83 (68%) isolates were catalase positive and 122 (91.7%) showed β-haemolysis on BA culture. Highest resistance was observed against Cephalexin (81.9%) and Streptomycin (72.1%) while the lowest resistance was seen against Chloramphenicol (1.6%) and Tetracycline (3.3%). MRSA and MRCoNS were reported at 9.8% and 15% of the isolates respectively. MDR was recorded in 43.4% of the isolates resistant to at least 3 or more antimicrobial groups while 39.3% isolates were resistant to 1 or 2 antimicrobial tested. In conclusion, the study showed that CoNS and S

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Antibiotic-resistant Bacteria in Raw Milk and Ability of Some to Transfer Antibiotic Resistance to Escherichia coli

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-42.12.950 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 42 (12) ◽

pp. 950-953 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

LESTER HANKIN ◽

GEORGE H. LACY ◽

GEORGE R. STEPHENS ◽

WALTER F. DILLMAN

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Raw Milk ◽

Significant Negative Correlation ◽

Polymyxin B ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Neomycin Sulfate

Raw milk samples were examined for number and percentage of bacteria resistant to seven antibiotics: penicillin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, neomycin sulfate, polymyxin B sulfate, tetracycline and streptomycin sulfate. A significant negative correlation was found between the total aerobic count of the milk sample and the concentration (above 5 or 10% of the total count) of bacteria in each milk resistant to each of the antibiotics tested. Three of 42 gram-negative isolates were capable of transferring their antibiotic resistance to Escherichia coli. Substantial numbers of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in raw milk were found and some survived pasteurization. Inspection of farms failed to indicate a relationship between farm practices or use of antibiotics in feed or as pharmaceuticals and number of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the raw milk.

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Isolation and Identification of Pathogenic Staphylococci and E. Coli From Raw Bovine Milk Collected From Milk Cooperative Centers in Hawassa, Southern Ethiopia

10.21203/rs.3.rs-119371/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Alemayehu Yenealem

Keyword(s):

Bovine Milk ◽

Raw Milk ◽

Southern Ethiopia ◽

Pathogenic Species ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

E Coli ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Study Results ◽

The Difference ◽

Handling Practices

Abstract Background: Pathogenic microorganisms commonly isolated from milk and milk products pose a serious threat to human health. Escherichia coli and Staphylococci are the major pathogens isolated from milk. The objective of this study was to isolate and identify pathogenic Staphylococci and E.coli from raw bovine milk collected from milk cooperative centers found in Hawassa City, southern Ethiopia. Result: The overall prevalence of pathogenic species of Staphylococci and E. coli was found to be35.16 % and 8.59 % (n=384), respectively. From the total 384 raw milk samples examined, 1.56 %was found to be positive for both pathogenic species of Staphylococci and E. coli. The prevalence of pathogenic species of Staphylococci was found to be 33.33 %, 36.05 % and 39.21 % milk collected from Arsi Negele, Hawassa, and Shashemene, respectively. Whereas the prevalence of E. coli was found to be 9.68 %, 8.84 % and 3.92 %) milk collected from Arsi Negele, Hawassa and Shashemene, respectively. The study results showed a relatively higher prevalence of pathogenic species of staphylococci in raw milk collected from Shashemene than raw milk collected from Arsi Negele andHawassa. However, the difference was statistically insignificant (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Higher isolation rate of E. coli and pathogenic species of Staphylococci in raw milk samples collected from different milk cooperative centers in Hawassa could be associated to mastitis, poor udder preparation, poor milker’s hygiene, poor milk handling practices, poor environmental sanitation and sanitation of milking equipment. Overall, this study showed that pathogenic species of staphylococcus and E. coli are prevalent in raw milk produced and consumed in the area. Therefore, awareness should be created to producers and raw milk collecting cooperatives on strict preventive measures of raw milk contamination.

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Raw Milk in Noakhlai, Bangladesh: Quality Assessment and Antibiotic Resistance of Identified Microorganisms

Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal ◽

10.12944/crnfsj.9.3.35 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 1104-1112

Author(s):

Tahmina Akter ◽

Mansura Mokbul ◽

Susmita Ghosh ◽

Moumita Dey

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Age Groups ◽

Resistance Index ◽

Raw Milk ◽

Antibiotics Resistance ◽

Bacterial Isolation ◽

E Coli ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Micro Organisms ◽

High Treatment

Milk is an ideal food for all age groups. The current study was carried out to identify the microorganisms to assess the raw milk quality and the antibiotic resistance of those identified micro-organisms. Five raw milk samples along with two high treatment (UHT) milk samples from different locations of Noakhali district of Bangladesh were analysed. Bacterial isolation was performed by Nutrient Agar (NA) and MacConkey (MCA), Eiosin Methylene Blue (EMB) and Genital menital salt agar (GMSA). The isolates were then identified by Kliger’s Iron Agar (KIA) test, Motility Indole Urease (MIU) test, Catalase and Oxidase tests. Antibiotics resistance tests were done for 13 different antibiotics. Among all these samples, Maijdee Bazar (S4) contained the highest load as 1.87×106 and the UHT samples contained no bacterial contamination. E. coli covered 47.05% whereas Listeria, Bacillus and Yersinia were in the same percentage as 5.88% among all isolates. Salmonella and Staphylococcus were 23.53% and 11.76%, respectively. Listeria and Salmonella were resistant to five different antibiotics by 46.15% and 38.46% of multiple antibiotic resistance index (MRI), correspondingly. However, E. coli and Yersinia were resistant to three antibiotics namely, Rifampcin (RIF), Cefotaxime (CTX), Amoxycillin (AMX) by about 23% as MRI percentage. Bacillus and Staphylococcus both were resistant to Cefepime (CPM) by 7.69% of MRI. Hence, it can be concluded that Rifampcin and Cefepime were most common antibiotics which were resisted by most of the isolates. Therefore, hygiene aspect of these milk sources needs to be taken into consideration with high priority. Also, the antibiotics which are resisted by different organisms will be detrimental for public health aspects.

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Molecular Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Raw Milk Samples of Dairy Cows in Manhiça District, Southern Mozambique

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9081684 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 1684

Author(s):

Nilsa Nhatsave ◽

Marcelino Garrine ◽

Augusto Messa ◽

Arsénia J. Massinga ◽

Anélsio Cossa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Molecular Characterization ◽

High Frequency ◽

Genetic Relatedness ◽

Raw Milk ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Genes Encoding ◽

Commercial Farms

Staphylococcal infections are among the most common foodborne diseases. We performed the antibiotic susceptibility and molecular characterization of S. aureus from milk samples of dairy cows in Manhiça District. We observed a high frequency of S. aureus (41%, 58/143), in which 71% (41/58) were from commercial farms and 29% (17/58) from smallholder farms. Half of the isolates (50%, 29/58) were resistant to at least one antibiotic, with higher rates of resistance to penicillin (43%, 25/58), followed by tetracycline (16%, 9/58). Multidrug-resistant and methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates were rare (5%, 3/58 and 3%, 2/58, respectively). The genetic diversity was low, with predominance of human-adapted strains being: ST1/CC1-t5388 (78%) and ST152-t1299 (10%), followed by ST8/CC8-t1476 (5%) and ST5/CC5-t002 (3%) and lastly, ST508/CC45-t331 and ST152-t355, with 2% each. The Panton–Valentine leukocidin (PVL) gene was detected among 14% (8/58) of the isolates, while genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins were scarce (3%, 2/58). Our findings revealed a high frequency of S. aureus, with high rates of resistance to the antibiotics commonly used in veterinary and human medicine. Further investigations focusing on the molecular epidemiology of S. aureus from cattle and farmers will provide detailed insights on the genetic relatedness between the strains.

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