scholarly journals Non-invasive brain stimulation in children: Applications and future directions

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thilinie Rajapakse ◽  
Adam Kirton
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Electromagnetic Induction ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Minimal Risk ◽  
Therapeutic Tool ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Therapeutic Trials ◽  
Future Extension

AbstractTranscranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a neurostimulation and neuromodulation technique that has provided over two decades of data in focal, non-invasive brain stimulation based on the principles of electromagnetic induction. Its minimal risk, excellent tolerability and increasingly sophisticated ability to interrogate neurophysiology and plasticity make it an enviable technology for use in pediatric research with future extension into therapeutic trials. While adult trials show promise in using TMS as a novel, non-invasive, non-pharmacologic diagnostic and therapeutic tool in a variety of nervous system disorders, its use in children is only just emerging. TMS represents an exciting advancement to better understand and improve outcomes from disorders of the developing brain.

scholarly journals Non-Invasive Cerebellar Stimulation in Neurodegenerative Ataxia: A Literature Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 1948 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Benussi ◽  
Alvaro Pascual-Leone ◽  
Barbara Borroni
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Therapeutic Trials ◽  
Degenerative Disorders ◽  
Heterogenous Group ◽  
Cerebellar Ataxias ◽  
Specific Stimulation

Cerebellar ataxias are a heterogenous group of degenerative disorders for which we currently lack effective and disease-modifying interventions. The field of non-invasive brain stimulation has made much progress in the development of specific stimulation protocols to modulate cerebellar excitability and try to restore the physiological activity of the cerebellum in patients with ataxia. In light of limited evidence-based pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatment options for patients with ataxia, several different non-invasive brain stimulation protocols have emerged, particularly employing repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) or transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) techniques. In this review, we summarize the most relevant rTMS and tDCS therapeutic trials and discuss their implications in the care of patients with degenerative ataxias.

scholarly journals Non-invasive Brain Stimulation for Alcohol Use Disorders: State of the Art and Future Directions

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noah S. Philip ◽  
David O. Sorensen ◽  
Daniel M. McCalley ◽  
Colleen A. Hanlon
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Alcohol Use Disorders ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Non Invasive

scholarly journals Non-invasive brain stimulation therapies

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 279-289
Author(s):  
Paulo J. C. Suen ◽  
Andre R. Brunoni
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Synaptic Activity ◽  
Noninvasive Brain Stimulation ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Brain Functioning ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Activation Level ◽  
Stimulation Of

Noninvasive brain stimulation therapies are a promising field for the development of new protocols for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. They are based on the stimulation of neural networks with the intent of modeling their synaptic activity to adequate levels. For this, it is necessary to precisely determine which networks are related to which brain functions, and the normal activation level of each of these networks, so that it is possible to direct the stimulation to the affected networks in order to induce the desired effects. These relationships are under intense investigation by the scientific community, and will contribute to the advancement of treatments by neurostimulation, with the emergence of increasingly accurate and effective protocols for different disorders. Currently, the most used techniques are Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, with the most common applications being for treating Major Depressive Disorder. The advancement of research in this field may determine new target networks for stimulation in the treatment of other disorders, extending the application of these techniques and also our knowledge about brain functioning.

Non-invasive brain stimulation and the autonomic nervous system

2013 ◽  
Vol 124 (9) ◽  
pp. 1716-1728 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Schestatsky ◽  
Marcel Simis ◽  
Roy Freeman ◽  
Alvaro Pascual-Leone ◽  
Felipe Fregni
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Non Invasive

scholarly journals Is There a Future for Non-invasive Brain Stimulation as a Therapeutic Tool?

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Terranova ◽  
Vincenzo Rizzo ◽  
Alberto Cacciola ◽  
Gaetana Chillemi ◽  
Alessandro Calamuneri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Therapeutic Tool ◽  
Non Invasive

Plasticity in the Human Motor System

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C Rothwell
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Motor System ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Central Nervous System Damage ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Human Motor ◽  
Brain Changes ◽  
Recovery Of Motor Function

Abstract It is well recognized that the number and effectiveness of synapses in the adult brain changes in response to learning and that similar processes contribute to the restoration of function after central nervous system damage. It is possible to use non-invasive methods of brain stimulation in humans (transcranial magnetic stimulation, TMS; or transcranial direct current stimulation, TDCS) to study and even manipulate these processes. Initial studies now are underway to test whether modification of synaptic plasticity by neurostimulation can improve recovery of motor function in patients after stroke.

SAFETY AND TOLERABILITY OF DIFFERENT PROTOCOLS OF HIGH-FREQUENCY RHYTHMIC TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION

2019 ◽  
pp. 26-37
Author(s):  
I.S. Bakulin ◽  
A.G. Poydasheva ◽  
D.Yu. Lagoda ◽  
K.M. Evdokimov ◽  
A.Kh. Zabirova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Facial Muscle ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Mood Changes ◽  
Invasive Method

Rhythmic transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive method for brain stimulation, widely used in the treatment of various diseases and in research. In this regard, the problems of rTMS safety and tolerability are becoming especially relevant. Most studies describe only serious side effects of rTMS, which, in fact, are extremely rare. Other side effects which affect rTMS tolerability have been studied to a much lesser extent. The objective of the study is to examine all side effects which occur during and after rTMS sessions through prospective open observation of patients and healthy volunteers. Materials and Methods. Using standardized questionnaires, the authors analyzed the incidence of side effects during high-frequency rTMS and within 24 hours after the procedure in 51 patients with various diseases of the nervous system and in 11 healthy volunteers. Results. The overall frequency of side effects was 59.5 % during stimulation and 50.2 % within 24 hours after the procedure. Serious side effects, which led to cessation of stimulation were recorded in 5 % of cases (n=3). They were associated with the syncope development (n=1) and severe headache (n=2). During rTMS, the most frequent manifestations of side effects were drowsiness (30.4 %), headache (25.8 %) and facial muscle contraction (14.7 %). Twenty-four hours after rTMS the most common manifestations were headache (15.7 %), mood changes (10.2 %) and mental alertness problems (9.4 %). It was found out, that headache was statistically more frequent at the beginning of the rTMS course. During rTMS, headache is often not so heavy and it is usually throbbing. However, within 24 hours after stimulation headache is usually moderate, pressing or dull. Conclusion. The obtained data confirm the importance of using standardized questionnaires for studying side effects and developing methods for their prevention and relief. Keywords: transcranial magnetic stimulation, non-invasive brain stimulation, safety, tolerance, side effects, headache, syncope.

scholarly journals Transcranial magnetic stimulation reveals diminished homoeostatic metaplasticity in cognitively impaired adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark H Sundman ◽  
Koeun Lim ◽  
Viet Ton That ◽  
Jack-Morgan Mizell ◽  
Chidi Ugonna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Cognitive Status ◽  
Synaptic Activity ◽  
Cognitively Impaired ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Potential Value

Abstract Homoeostatic metaplasticity is a neuroprotective physiological feature that counterbalances Hebbian forms of plasticity to prevent network destabilization and hyperexcitability. Recent animal models highlight dysfunctional homoeostatic metaplasticity in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. However, the association between homoeostatic metaplasticity and cognitive status has not been systematically characterized in either demented or non-demented human populations, and the potential value of homoeostatic metaplasticity as an early biomarker of cognitive impairment has not been explored in humans. Here, we report that, through pre-conditioning the synaptic activity prior to non-invasive brain stimulation, the association between homoeostatic metaplasticity and cognitive status could be established in a population of non-demented human subjects (older adults across cognitive spectrums; all within the non-demented range). All participants (n = 40; age range, 65–74, 47.5% female) underwent a standardized neuropsychological battery, magnetic resonance imaging and a transcranial magnetic stimulation protocol. Specifically, we sampled motor-evoked potentials with an input/output curve immediately before and after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to assess neural plasticity with two experimental paradigms: one with voluntary muscle contraction (i.e. modulated synaptic activity history) to deliberately introduce homoeostatic interference, and one without to serve as a control condition. From comparing neuroplastic responses across these experimental paradigms and across cohorts grouped by cognitive status, we found that (i) homoeostatic metaplasticity is diminished in our cohort of cognitively impaired older adults and (ii) this neuroprotective feature remains intact in cognitively normal participants. This novel finding suggests that (i) future studies should expand their scope beyond just Hebbian forms of plasticity that are traditionally assessed when using non-invasive brain stimulation to investigate cognitive ageing and (ii) the potential value of homoeostatic metaplasticity in serving as a biomarker for cognitive impairment should be further explored.

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