Histopathology in diagnosis of broiler chicken and layer diseases – review of cases 1999-2010

Abstract The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of histopathological lesions in the different organs in relation to the commercial-type and the age of birds (i.e. broiler chickens and layers). During the period 1999-2010 a total of 189 cases was submitted to the Division of Animal Pathomorphology, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics at WULS. Most cases were found in broiler chickens (66.7%). The majority of the histopathological lesions were detected in the liver and lymphoid organs. In of 29% cases of hepatic injury pathognomonic lesions associated with inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) were found. The mean age of birds was 23 days. Among IBH cases proventriculitis (58%) was more often found than gizzard lesions (25.8%). Interestingly, we noted some intranuclear inclusions in the epithelial cells within the proventriculus. A low percentage of histopathological evidence of infectious bursal disease (IBD) was reported in chickens. The gastrointestinal tract was the second most frequent predilection site for histopathological lesions. Histopathological findings within the heart and lungs were less common and were more often seen in the upper respiratory tract. Cases of infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) were registered in broiler chickens (3.2%, mean age 37 days) and in layers (4.8%; mean age 196 days). Lesions associated with Marek’s disease, avian leukosis and fowl pox were recognized only in layers, respectively in 3.2% (mean age 176 days), 1.6% (mean age 205 days) and 1.1% (mean age 196 days) of all cases. Avian encephalomyelitis (AE) was noted only in 0.5% of all cases.

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Pathogenicity and Transmissibility of North American H7 Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in Chickens and Turkeys

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v11020163 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 163 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ishita Roy Chowdhury ◽

Sai Yeddula ◽

Shin-Hee Kim

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Recent Emergence ◽

Specific Pathogen ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza

Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses can silently circulate in poultry and wild aquatic birds and potentially mutate into highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses. In the U.S., recent emergence and spread of H7N8 and H7N9 HPAI viruses not only caused devastating losses to domestic poultry but also underscored the capability of LPAI viruses to mutate into HPAI viruses. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated pathogenicity and transmissibility of H7N8 and H7N9 LPAI viruses (the progenitors of HPAI viruses) in chickens and turkeys. We also included H7N2 isolated from an outbreak of LPAI in commercial chickens. H7 viruses replicated more efficiently in the respiratory tract than in the gastrointestinal tract, suggesting that their replication is restricted to the upper respiratory tract. Specifically, H7N2 replicated most efficiently in two-week-old chickens and turkeys. In contrast, H7N8 replicated least efficiently in those birds. Further, replication of H7N2 and H7N9 was restricted in the upper respiratory tract of four-week-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) and broiler chickens. Despite their restricted replication, the two viruses efficiently transmitted from infected to naïve birds by direct contact, leading to seroconversion of contacted chickens. Our findings suggest the importance of continuous monitoring and surveillance of LPAI viruses in the fields.

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Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus Viral Chemokine-Binding Protein Glycoprotein G Alters Transcription of Key Inflammatory Mediators In Vitro and In Vivo

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.01534-17 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 92 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Mauricio J. C. Coppo ◽

Joanne M. Devlin ◽

Alistair R. Legione ◽

Paola K. Vaz ◽

Sang-Won Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Binding Protein ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus ◽

Glycoprotein G ◽

Infectious Laryngotracheitis ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Laryngotracheitis Virus

ABSTRACTInfectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) is an alphaherpesvirus that infects chickens, causing upper respiratory tract disease and significant losses to poultry industries worldwide. Glycoprotein G (gG) is a broad-range viral chemokine-binding protein conserved among most alphaherpesviruses, including ILTV. A number of studies comparing the immunological parameters between infection with gG-expressing and gG-deficient ILTV strains have demonstrated that expression of gG is associated with increased virulence, modification of the amount and the composition of the inflammatory response, and modulation of the immune responses toward antibody production and away from cell-mediated immune responses. The aims of the current study were to examine the establishment of infection and inflammation by ILTV and determine how gG influences that response to infection.In vitroinfection studies using tracheal organ tissue specimen cultures and blood-derived monocytes andin vivoinfection studies in specific-pathogen-free chickens showed that leukocyte recruitment to the site of infection is an important component of the induced pathology and that this is influenced by the expression of ILTV gG and changes in the transcription of the chicken orthologues of mammalian CXC chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8), chicken CXCLi1 and chicken CXCLi2, among other cytokines and chemokines. The results from this study demonstrate that ILTV gG interferes with chemokine and cytokine transcription at different steps of the inflammatory cascade, thus altering inflammation, virulence, and the balance of the immune response to infection.IMPORTANCEInfectious laryngotracheitis virus is an alphaherpesvirus that expresses gG, a conserved broad-range viral chemokine-binding protein known to interfere with host immune responses. However, little is known about how gG modifies virulence and influences the inflammatory signaling cascade associated with infection. Here, data fromin vitroandin vivoinfection studies are presented. These data show that gG has a direct impact on the transcription of cytokines and chemokine ligandsin vitro(such as chicken CXCL8 orthologues, among others), which explains the altered balance of the inflammatory response that is associated with gG during ILTV infection of the upper respiratory tract of chickens. This is the first report to associate gG with the dysregulation of cytokine transcription at different stages of the inflammatory cascade triggered by ILTV infection of the natural host.

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Cell-based culture of SARS-CoV-2 informs infectivity and safe de-isolation assessments during COVID-19

10.1101/2020.07.14.20153981 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Kerri Basile ◽

Kenneth McPhie ◽

Ian Carter ◽

Susan Alderson ◽

Hossinur Rahman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Sample ◽

Surrogate Marker ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Limited Data ◽

Icu Patients ◽

Culture Positivity ◽

The Mean ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Virus Replication Cycle

Background The detection of SARS-CoV-2 by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in respiratory samples collected from persons recovered from COVID-19 does not necessarily indicate shedding of infective virions. By contrast, the isolation of SARS-CoV-2 using cell-based culture likely indicates infectivity, but there are limited data on the correlation between SARS-CoV-2 culture and PCR. Here we review our experience using SARS-CoV-2 culture to determine infectivity and safe de-isolation of COVID-19 patients. Methods 195 patients with diverse severity of COVID-19 were tested (outpatients [n=178]), inpatients [n=12] and ICU [n=5]). SARS-CoV-2 PCR positive samples were cultured in Vero C1008 cells and inspected daily for cytopathic effect (CPE). SARS-CoV-2-induced CPE was confirmed by PCR of culture supernatant. Where no CPE was documented, PCR was performed on day four to confirm absence of virus replication. Cycle threshold (Ct) values of the day four PCR (Ctculture) and the PCR of the original clinical sample (Ctsample) were compared, and positive cultures were defined as a Ctsample - Ctculture value of greater than or equal to 3. Findings Of 234 samples collected, 228 (97%) were from the upper respiratory tract. SARS-CoV-2 was only successfully isolated from samples with Ctsample values <32, including in 28/181 (15%), 19/42 (45%) and 9/11 samples (82%) collected from outpatients, inpatients and ICU patients, respectively. The mean duration from symptom onset to culture positivity was 4.5 days (range 0-18 days). SARS-CoV-2 was significantly more likely to be isolated from samples collected from inpatients (p<0.001) and ICU patients (p<0001) compared with outpatients, and in samples with lower Ctsample values. Conclusion SARS-CoV-2 culture may be used as a surrogate marker for infectivity and inform de-isolation protocols.

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Malignant sinonasal tumors in Stockholm, 2000-2005.

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.e17001 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 31 (15_suppl) ◽

pp. e17001-e17001

Author(s):

Mattias Jangard

Keyword(s):

Malignant Melanoma ◽

Squamous Cell ◽

Cell Cancer ◽

Undifferentiated Carcinoma ◽

Treatment Modalities ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Malignant Tumours ◽

The Mean ◽

Upper Respiratory

e17001 Background: Between2000-2005 58 patients developed malignant sinonasal tumours in the region of Stockholm that consist of 2.5 million people. Sinonasal malignant tumours are uncommon and account for approximately 3% to 5% of all upper respiratory tract malignancies and 0.2% of all malignancies. Because these tumours are rare and the treatment varies internationally and also in different parts of Sweden; our aim was to follow up these patients to get a better picture of this group and also find out which treatment modalities that had the best outcome. Methods: All the patients have been identified through a database that register all new malignant head and neck tumours in Stockholm. We identified the patients from 2000-2005 and studied all the medical charts for the patients. Results: 10-15 patients develop malignant sinonasal tumour per year in the region of Stockholm. The mean age at diagnosis was 67 year (21-95 year). The distribution between men and women where equal. We found that 50 % was squamous cell carcinoma, 20% was malignant melanoma, 10 % adenocarcinoma, 10 % SNUC (Sino Nasal Undifferentiated Carcinoma) and 10 % other tumours. The 3-year survival was 50 % between 2000-2005. The prognosis varies between differnet tumour types. Squamous cell cancer and adenocarcinoma has a better prognosis than malignant melanoma and SNUC. Conclusions: This study brings light to the distribution of the different tumour types and also we found that malignant melanoma has a tendency to increase if you compare to a study from Sweden 2003. We were not able to analyse which treatment modality to prefer in this study due to short follow up and a small material.

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Determination of the serum antibody level of different age groups of broiler chicken against Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD)

International Journal of Natural Sciences ◽

10.3329/ijns.v4i2.28600 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 22-27

Author(s):

MI Hossain ◽

BK Nath ◽

MAM Prodhan

Keyword(s):

Antibody Titer ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Serum Antibody ◽

Age Groups ◽

Infectious Bursal Disease ◽

Broiler Chicks ◽

Protective Level ◽

Bursal Disease ◽

The Mean

A study on Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) was conducted on broiler chicks (N=200+70) of strains: Cobb-500 and Hubbard classic at Laxmipur district of Bangladesh. The blood sample were collected at day old chicks (1st day), pre-vaccinated flocks (11th day) and post-vaccinated flocks (26th day), to measure the antibody titer by indirect ELISA method. Maternal derived antibody (MDA) mean titer of day old chicks (N=40) were found 9621.65 ± 780.78 and 4232.60 ± 301.66 for Cobb-500 and Hubbard classic respectively. MDA mean titer was measured at day eleven chicken (N=60) before vaccination and found 1963.00 ± 143 and 984.16 ± 126.4037 respectively. Of these two titers; Cobb-500 strain was found to be protective (>1000) where Hubbard classic was below protective (<1000) titer level. The two flocks of Cobb-500 and Hubbard classic strains of broiler chickens were vaccinated with intermediate (Bursine-2) and intermediate plus (IBD Blen) vaccine respectively at day twelve and serum was harvested on day twenty six. The mean serum titers were found 131.30 ± 36.04 and 7413.54 ± 569.39 in Cobb-500 and Hubbard classic respectively, where mean titer level of Cobb-500 was below the minimum protective level but Hubbard classic strain was developed 7413.54, protective level. These results were indicating that the maternal derived antibody titer persists above 1000 level hindering the development of antibody titer in vaccinated flocks. However, persistence of MDA titer above 1000 may causes of vaccination failure of IBD vaccine.International Journal of Natural Sciences (2014), 4(2) 22-27

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Bioequivalence study of two oral amoxicillin formulations (Biocillin® and Atcomox 87%®) in broiler chickens

International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology ◽

10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20171654 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (5) ◽

pp. 1042

Author(s):

Mohamed Aboubakr ◽

Mohamed Elbadawy

Keyword(s):

Oral Administration ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Broiler Chicken ◽

Bioequivalence Study ◽

Wing Vein ◽

Model Following ◽

Systemic Bioavailability ◽

Acceptance Range ◽

The Mean ◽

Kinetics Of

Background: The present study was designed to assess the comparative bioequivalence of Biocillin® and Atcomox87%® in healthy broiler chickens after oral administration of both products in a dose of 20 mg amoxicillin base/kg.b.wt.Methods: Twenty-four broiler chickens were divided into two groups. The first group was designed to study the pharmacokinetics of Biocillin®, while the 2nd group was designed to study the pharmacokinetics of Atcomox87%®. Each broiler chicken in both groups was injected intravenously with 20 mg amoxicillin pure standard/kg.b.wt. After 15 days both groups taken orally Biocillin® and Atcomox87%®, respectively. Blood samples were obtained from the wing vein and collected immediately before and at 0.08, 0.16, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours after a single intravenous or oral administration.Results: Amoxicillin in both products obeyed a two compartments open model following I.V. injection. The disposition kinetics of Biocillin® and Atcomox87%® following oral administration of 20 mg amoxicillin base/kg.b.wt. revealed that the maximum blood concentration [Cmax] were 10.79 and 10.30 μg/ml and attained at [tmax] of 0.90 and 0.86 hours, respectively. The mean systemic bioavailability of amoxicillin in Biocillin® and Atcomox 87%® after oral administration in healthy chickens was 64.15 and 65.54%, respectively.Conclusions: Atcomox 87%® is bioequivalent to Biocillin® since the ratios of Cmax, AUC0-24 and AUC0-∞ (T/R) were 0.95, 0.91 and 0.90 respectively. These are within the bioequivalence acceptance range. Biocillin® and Atcomox87%® are therefore bioequivalent and interchangeable.

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Role of coblation in reducing pain and morbidity of adenoidectomy

International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery ◽

10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20195701 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 123

Author(s):

George Thomas ◽

Jathin Sam Thekkethil ◽

Sumin Mariyam Thomas ◽

Shary Ramesh ◽

Ann Mariam Varghese

Keyword(s):

Hospital Stay ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Surgical Risk ◽

The Past ◽

Disturbed Sleep ◽

Post Operative Period ◽

The Mean ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

One Year

Background: Adenoidectomy is one of the most commonly performed paediatric surgical procedure by otorhinolaryngologists. Over the past few decades, adenoidectomy has evolved and different techniques have been proposed to reduce morbidity and surgical risk. Controlled ablation or Coblation® is capable of low temperature molecular disintegration within soft tissue causing its dissolution. In this study, we report our experience of adenoidectomy using Coblation®, and its role in reducing pain, morbidity and its significant outcomes are discussed.Methods: A total number of 25 children aged 3-15 years, who underwent coblation adenoidectomy between March 2017 and April 2018 were included in this study.Results: The mean age was 7.8 years (males 7.79 years and females 7.81 years). Pre operatively 100% patients had sleep disturbance and after coblation adenoidectomy only 12% patients have disturbed sleep and the rest 88% patients have comfortable sleep. 80% patients did not have pain in immediate post-operative period and 88% had no pain when they visited hospital for first review. 76% patients had less than one day of hospital stay and 24% patients had more than one day of hospital stay. 68% patients had no episode of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) within the first one year after surgery.Conclusions: Over the years, many different adenoidectomy techniques have evolved and is surgeon specific or centre specific. Endoscopic-assisted coblation adenoidectomy is a safe and effective method of adenoidectomy.

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Sensory mechanisms in the upper respiratory tract affect the inhalation of cigarette smoke in man

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs0710117 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 71 (1) ◽

pp. 117-119 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

S. G. N. Grant ◽

G. Woodman ◽

S. P. Newman ◽

D. Pavia ◽

S. W. Clarke

Keyword(s):

Cigarette Smoke ◽

Upper Airway ◽

Sensory Receptors ◽

Topical Anaesthesia ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Upper Airways ◽

The Mean ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Sensory Mechanisms ◽

Stimulation Of

1. Cigarette puffing parameters (puff volume, puff duration, number of puffs, total smoking time) and inhaled smoke volume (by a radiotracer techique) have been measured in a group of 11 asymptomatic smokers, once after topical anaesthesia of the upper airways and once without anaesthesia. 2. Topical anaesthesia significantly reduced the mean inhaled smoke volume per puff for the group from 41.1 ml to 30.6 ml (P < 0.05) and the total inhaled smoke volume from 575 ml to 528 ml (P = 0.05), but cigarette puffing parameters were unchanged. 3. It is concluded that stimulation of upper airway sensory receptors, probably sensitive to nicotine, may be an important mechanism in determining the amount of cigarette smoke inhaled by smokers.

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Syringe with Nasal Applicator versus Syringe Alone for Nasal Irrigation in Acute Rhinosinusitis: A Matched-Pair Randomized Controlled Trial

Biomedicine Hub ◽

10.1159/000512664 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 25-29

Author(s):

Patorn Piromchai ◽

Chayakorn Phannikul ◽

Sanguansak Thanaviratananich

Keyword(s):

Adverse Effects ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

The Other ◽

Respiratory Tract Diseases ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Nasal Irrigation ◽

Acute Rhinosinusitis ◽

The Mean ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Acute Rhinitis

Background/Aims: Nasal saline irrigation is a common procedure to relieve nasal symptoms in upper respiratory tract diseases. There is no consensus on the recommended nasal saline delivery devices. The objectives of this study were to evaluate efficacy, satisfaction, adherence, and adverse effects in patients with acute upper respiratory tract diseases using a syringe with a nasal applicator for nasal irrigation. Methods: Patients with acute nasopharyngitis, acute rhinitis, or acute rhinosinusitis were randomly allocated to use either (1) a syringe with a nasal applicator or (2) a syringe alone to irrigate one nostril. After the patients had completed irrigation with the allocated device in one nostril, they were instructed to perform nasal irrigation using the other device in the other nostril. All patients were instructed to use a syringe with a nasal applicator at home. The efficacy, satisfaction scores, adherence, and adverse effects were recorded. Results: Sixty-four patients were enrolled. The mean age of the patients was 33.95 years (18–59 years). The mean duration of symptoms was 4.80 days. None of the enrolled patients regularly performed nasal irrigation. Forty-two had acute nasopharyngitis, 10 had acute rhinitis, and 12 had acute rhinosinusitis. At baseline, the mean overall efficacy score for the syringe with a nasal applicator was 8.17 ± 1.43, and that for the syringe alone was 5.95 ± 2.02 (MD 2.23, p < 0.001, 95% CI 1.75–2.70). At 1 week, the syringe with the nasal applicator had significantly higher scores in 3 of 4 domains, including symptom relief, ease of use, and patients’ willingness to recommend the device to others, compared to baseline (p < 0.05). None of the enrolled patients had epistaxis, retained/dislodged the applicator during irrigation, or experienced an allergic reaction to the applicator after 1 week of nasal irrigation. Conclusion: Use of a syringe with an applicator for nasal irrigation yielded high scores in overall efficacy.

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The effect of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy on the intra-tympanic pressure

The Journal of Laryngology & Otology ◽

10.1017/s0022215100102932 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 101 (9) ◽

pp. 892-896 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Pekka Tuohimaa ◽

Tauno Palva

Keyword(s):

Tract Infection ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Respiratory Tract Infection ◽

Otitis Media ◽

Nasal Allergy ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

The Mean ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

The Difference ◽

Recurrent Otitis Media

AbstractA group of 67 children were studied (mean age 7 years, 2 months) who underwent adenoidectomy and/or tonsillectomy because of either recurrent otitis media or upper respiratory tract infection. The mean pre-operative intratympanic pressure was –67.3 mmH20 (SD 65.1); three months post-operatively it was –21.9 mmH20 (SD 32.4), a highly significant improvement (p<0.001). The size of the adenoids had a nearly significant effect on the pre-operative intratympanic pressure (p<0.05). In children with large vs small adenoids the difference was highly significant (p<0.001). In a group of five children, tonsillectomy along (adenoidectomy performed earlier) did not have any effect on the intratympanic pressure. No change in intratympanic pressure was seen in children with nasal allergy as compared with non-allergic children after adenoidectomy.

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