scholarly journals Intermittent Irrigation Enhances Morphological and Physiological Efficiency of Rice Plants

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 121-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abha Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Root Length Density ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Water Condition ◽  
Matter Production

Abstract The response of rice roots and shoots and their causal relationships affecting yield under varying soil water condition are important related subjects of research. To understand the mechanism of response, studies were conducted using four water treatments: a) intermittent flooding through the vegetative stage (IF-V); b) intermittent flooding extended into the reproductive stage (IF-R); c) no standing water (NSW), maintaining soil at field capacity; and d) continuous flooding (CF) condition at the Asian Institute of Technology in Thailand. It was observed that the senescence of lower leaf and flag leaf was delayed under IF-V compared to CF water condition. This delay was associated with higher root oxidizing activity (ROA) rate (50% higher than CF), higher root length density (RLD) (52% higher than CF), higher biomass production (14% higher than CF) along with higher grain yield (25% higher than CF). The plants grown under NSW conditions had better growth at later growth stage and better yield performance compared to IF-R because of higher nitrogen availability and higher uptake rate under NSW water conditions (73% higher N uptake). However, under CF water condition the nitrogen availability was not a limiting factor but due to decreased root activity rate the dry matter production and grain yield significantly reduced compared to IF-V water condition. The results suggested that ROA and RLD are linked to shoot response and to dry matter production. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms should assist in achieving improvements in crop productivity through improved crop management practices in water-limiting environment.

Yield performance of late-maturing winter canola (Brassica napus L.) types in the High Rainfall Zone of southern Australia

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penny Riffkin ◽  
Trent Potter ◽  
Gavin Kearney
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
High Rainfall ◽  
Matter Production

Area and production of canola (Brassica napus L.) in the High Rainfall Zone (HRZ) of southern Australia has increased significantly over the past decade. Varieties available to growers have not been bred specifically for the HRZ and are generally adapted to the drier regions of the cropping belt. Field experiments were conducted at Hamilton in south-west Victoria in 2005, 2006 and 2008 to identify canola traits and management suited to the HRZ of southern Australia. Nine varieties with different reported maturities (winter and spring types) were sown at either two times of sowing and/or under different nitrogen (N) fertiliser regimes. Dates of key phenological development were recorded, dry matter was determined at bud, flowering and maturity and grain yield and yield components were determined at harvest. Plant traits and climate data were assessed in relation to grain yield. Yields of the winter types were either significantly (P < 0.05) greater or not significantly less than the spring types in all 3 years and similar to those reported under experimental conditions in Europe. This was despite the winter types flowering up to 35 days later than the spring types and spring rainfall being approximately half that of the long-term average. In general, the winter types had greater early vigour, greater dry matter production at the bud, flowering and maturity stages and were taller than the spring types. Regression analysis showed positive relationships between grain yield and pod density and plant size (dry matter and plant height). Plant size was influenced by variety, time of sowing and N fertiliser application rates. Crops in the HRZ were able to sustain more seeds per pod at larger canopy sizes and pod densities than those achieved in the northern hemisphere. Despite the number of pods per g of dry matter at flowering being nearly double that reported in the UK, there was little apparent reduction in the number of seeds per pod. It is possible that higher solar radiation and warmer minimum temperatures in the HRZ of Australia provide conditions more favourable for growth before, and during grainfill. This indicates that different dry matter production and yield component targets may be appropriate for canola in this environment especially in more typical seasons. It is likely that growers will need to sow new, later maturing varieties earlier and with higher rates of N fertiliser than is current practice in Australia. This study indicates that winter types may have the potential to provide improvements to the yield of canola in the HRZ either through the direct importation of varieties from overseas or through the identification and incorporation of desired traits into existing material. It is recommended that a wider range of germplasm be assessed over a greater geographical area to identify traits and management practices to optimise phenology and canopy structure. This information can be used to help inform breeders on crop improvement priorities as well providing tailored management practices to maximise grain yields for this environment.

scholarly journals Influence of integrated nutrient management practices on dry matter production, yield and NPK uptake of transplanted rice (Oryza sativa)

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 574-578
Author(s):  
R. Jeyajothi ◽  
S. Nalliah Durairaj
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Production Yield ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Integrated Nutrient Management ◽  
Transplanted Rice ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Npk Uptake

A field investigation was carried out during Rabi season (Pishanam rice) of 2012-2013 at wetland of Central Farm, Agricultural College and Research Institute, TNAU, Killikulam, to study the effect of integrated nutrient management practices on dry matter production, yield and NPK uptake of transplanted rice. The treatments were laid out in a Randomized Block Design and replicated thrice using the rice variety ADT(R) 45. Among the different integrated nutrient management practices, application of GLM @ 6.25 t ha-1 + Azophosmet + 100 % NPK registered significantly the highest (P<0.01) dry matter production at all the stages (Active tillering; 1690, flowering; 9100 and harvest;14490 kg ha-1). The grain yield was increased, when GLM was integrated with 100 % NPK application (6030 kg ha-1). The grain yield was further increased, when Azophosmet was applied through seed and soil application along with GLM and 100 % NPK (6617 kg ha-1). However, it was on par with application of FYM + Azophosmet + 100 % NPK. The same trend was noticed in straw yield also. The uptake of N, P and K nutrients by rice crop at har-vest stages (95.6, 37.7 and 118 kg ha-1) of crop growth was remarkably increased by the application of GLM + Azophosmet + 100 % NPK. Among the various nutrient management practices, application of GLM + Azophosmet + 100 % NPK registered superior growth indicators due to the effective utilization of various nutrients and subsequent accumulation of more assimilates which inturn led to improved vegetative growth and higher yield of transplanted rice.

Crop rotation and soil N amendment effects on maize production in eastern Canada

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (5) ◽  
pp. 483-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. Ma ◽  
J. Ying ◽  
L. M. Dwyer ◽  
E. G. Gregorich ◽  
M. J. Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Crop Growth Rate ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Continuous Maize

Relying less on fertilizer N and more on crop residual and biological N2 fixation by legume crops has been suggested as an effective way to meet the challenge of maximizing economic return while minimizing environmental pollution. A field study was conducted on a Brandon loam soil (Orthic Humic Gleysol) to determine the effects of crop rotation and N amendments on grain yield, crop growth, N uptake and use efficiency (NUE) of maize ( Zea mays L.) and fertilizer replacement values of legume. The rotations included maize in annual rotation with soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill], alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) or continuous maize. The soil N amendments included no amendment, NH4NO3 at 100 kg N ha-1, stockpiled or rotted dairy manure at 50 Mg ha-1 (wet weight). Averaged across 4 yr, increases in maize grain yield, total plant N uptake, and NUE ranged from 13 to 35% in the maize-soybean and maize-alfalfa rotations compared to continuous maize monoculture. During the study, total dry matter production was 15 to 35% higher and crop growth rate was 13 to 23% higher for maize following alfalfa than for continuous maize monoculture. The effect of legumes on the subsequent growth of maize (i.e., total dry matter production a n d crop growth rate) was most apparent during the grain filling period. Total maize dry matter production was similar up to silking stage for all three rotation systems; however, the difference in total dry matter between maize monoculture and maize in rotation with legume continued to increase after this stage so that the greatest differences were observed at physiological maturity. Grain yield was 19% higher in the 100 kg N ha-1 treatment and 23% higher in the repeated manure amendment than in the unfertilized treatment. Fertilizer N replacement values were on average, 68 kg ha-1 for soybean and 133 kg ha-1 for alfalfa. Our results indicate that maize in annual rotation with legume crops could increase the maize yields by as much as 20% and reduce the amount of chemical fertilizer N by as much as 180 kg N ha-1. The effect of legume preceding crop on maize dry matter production and N uptake is expressed mostly in the later stages of crop growth in this mid- to short-growing- season region. Key words: Rotation, Zea mays, dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate, manure, nitrogen use efficiency

Growth and yield studies of Lupinus angustifolius and L. albus in Victoria

1982 ◽  
Vol 22 (115) ◽  
pp. 76 ◽  
Author(s):  
KA Boundy ◽  
TG Reeves ◽  
HD Brooke
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Matter Production

The effect of serial planting on dry matter production, leaf area, grain yield and yield components cf Lupinus angustifoiius (cvv. Uniwhite, Uniharvest and Unicrop) and L. albus (cv. Ultra) was investigated in field plots at Rutherglen in 1973 and 1974. Delayed planting reduced dry matter production of all cultivars, and leaf area for Ultra. Differences in dry matter partitioning were observed between the late flowering Uniharvest, and the early flowering Unicrop and Ultra. In Uniharvest, delayed plantings resulted in a greater proportion of total dry matter being produced during the flowering phase, whereas the reverse was true for Unicrop and Ultra. The later flowering cultivars showed marked grain yield and yield component reduction with later sowing. Yields were reduced by 160.6 kg/ha and 222.5 kg/ha for each week's delay in sowing Uniharvest and Uniwhite, respectively. This effect was offset in the early flowering cultivars by greater development of lateral branches. In addition, when Unicrop and Ultra were planted in April, pod and flower abortion on the main stem resulted from low temperatures at flowering time. Optimum sowing time was early April for Uniwhite and Uniharvest, and early May for Unicrop and Ultra. Excellent vegetative growth under ideal moisture conditions highlighted the poor harvest indices of lupins and the scope for genetic improvement in the genus.

The growth and yield of uniculm and tillered barley over a range of sowing rates

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 449 ◽  
Author(s):  
GK McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Waite Agricultural Research Institute

The growth and yield of two lines of uniculm barley, WID-103 and WID-105, were compared over a range of sowing rates (50-400 kg/ha) with the commercial varieties Galleon and Schooner. The experiments were conducted at Strathalbyn, S.A., in 1986, 1987 and 1988 and at the Waite Agricultural Research Institute in 1987. A third tillered variety, Clipper, was included in the comparison in 1988. Over the three years plant populations measured early in the season ranged from 39/m2 to 709/m2, and grain yields from 97 to 41 1 g/m2. Dry matter production at ear emergence increased with greater plant density, and both the tillered varieties and the uniculm lines showed similar responses to higher sowing rates. At maturity, dry matter production of the tillered barleys was greater than or equal to that of the uniculms and the harvest indices (HIs) of the two types were similar. Consequently, grain yields of the tillered types were greater than or equal to the yields of the uniculms. Over the four experiments the tillered varieties had a 6% higher yield. The number of ears/m2 was the yield component most affected by plant density in both the tillered and uniculm barleys. The uniculm lines had more spikelets/ear, but tended to set fewer grains/spikelet and produce smaller kernels. The experiments failed to demonstrate any advantage of the uniculm habit to the grain yield of barley. These results differ from previous experiments that showed that a uniculm line, WID-101, had a higher yield than the tillered variety Clipper. It is suggested that the uniculm habit per se was not the cause of this higher yield, but its higher HI resulted in it outyielding Clipper. Current varieties, however, have HIs similar to the uniculm lines and yield equally to or more than the uniculm barleys examined. To further improve the grain yield of uniculm barley, greater dry matter production is necessary as the HIs of these lines are already high.

scholarly journals Role of salicylic acid as foliar spray on hydride rice (BRRI Hybrid dhan3) cultivation in Bangladesh

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-164
Author(s):  
Mohammad Issak ◽  
Most Moslama Khatun ◽  
Amena Sultana
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Matter Production

The experiment was conducted to study the effect of salicylic acid (SA) as foliar spray on yield and yield contributing characters of BRRI Hybrid dhan3.The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and six treatment combinations as, T1: 0 μM SA, T2: 200 μM SA, T3: 400 μM SA, T4: 600 μM SA, T5: 800 μM SA and T6: 1000 μM SA. The results revealed that biomass production, dry matter production and yield and yield contributing characters were significantly increased due to the foliar application of SA. At the maximum tillering (MT) stage, the highest biomass production (15.0 t/ha) and dry matter production was observed in T3 treatment. Treatments T4, T5 and T6 showed significant variation on the effective tillers/hill. The maximum effective tillers/hill were found in the treatment T6. The percentages of spikelet sterility were decreased with increasing the level of SA and the percentage of filled grains/panicle were increased with increasing level of SA. The insect infestation was reduced with increasing level of SA to up to 1000 μM. The maximum grain yield (9.21 t/ha) and straw yield (9.22 t/ha) was found in the treatment T6 which was identical to T5. On the other hand, in all cases the lowest results were found in the control treatment. The result showed that grain yield of rice increased with increasing level of SA to up to 1000 μM (T6 treatment). Our results suggest that foliar spray of SA might be applied to increase the yield of hybrid rice in Bangladesh.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.4(3): 157-164, December 2017

Effects of Time of Sowing and Phosphamidon (Dimecron) on Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)

1974 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. C. Enyi
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Area Development ◽  
Leaf Area Development

SUMMARYApplication of dimecron to cowpea plants increased grain yield, its effect being more pronounced in widely spaced plants and those planted in March. Dimecron increased grain yield by encouraging greater leaf area development, by increasing the number of flowering inflorescences and the number of pods set per inflorescence, and by decreasing the number of shrivelled pods. March planting encouraged greater dry matter production than January and May planting. Dimecron application decreased the number of Ootheca beningseni, reduced the proportion of leaf damaged by these insects, and reduced the number of plants infested with aphids and Acidodis larvae.

Effects of soil properties on variation in growth, grain yield and nutrient concentration of wheat and barley

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. K. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutrient Concentration ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Plant Nutrient ◽  
Matter Production

High spatial and temporal variability is an inherent feature of dryland cereal crops over much of the southern cereal zone. The potential limitations to crop growth and yield of the chemical properties of the subsoils in the region have been long recognised, but there is still an incomplete understanding of the relative importance of different traits and how they interact to affect grain yield. Measurements were taken in a paddock at the Minnipa Agriculture Centre, Upper Eyre Peninsula, South Australia, to describe the effects of properties in the topsoil and subsoil on plant dry matter production, grain yield and plant nutrient concentrations in two consecutive years. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Worrakatta) was grown in the first year and barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Barque) in the second. All soil properties except pH showed a high degree of spatial variability. Variability in plant nutrient concentration, plant growth and grain yield was also high, but less than that of most of the soil properties. Variation in grain yield was more closely related to variation in dry matter at maturity and in harvest index than to dry matter production at tillering and anthesis. Soil properties had a stronger relationship with dry matter production and grain yield in 1999, the drier of the two years. Colwell phosphorus concentration in the topsoil (0–0.15 m) was positively correlated with dry matter production at tillering but was not related to dry matter production at anthesis or with grain yield. Subsoil pH, extractable boron concentration and electrical conductivity (EC) were closely related. The importance of EC and soil extractable boron to grain yield variation increased with depth, but EC had a greater influence than the other soil properties. In a year with above-average rainfall, very little of the variation in yield could be described by any of the measured soil variables. The results suggest that variation in EC was more important to describing variation in yield than variation in pH, extractable boron or other chemical properties.

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