scholarly journals Post-Soviet Belarus: The Transformation of National Identity

2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larissa Titarenko
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
National Culture ◽  
Major Research ◽  
Independent State ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Western Model ◽  
Identity Based ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Republic

The paper deals with the formation of a new national identity in Belarus under conditions of post-Soviet transformation. Under the term of “national identity” the author means the identity of the population of the Republic of Belarus that will be adequate to its status of a newly independent state acquired after 1991. Special attention is paid to the existing major research approaches to the problem of constructing this national identity. According to the author’s view, both major approaches are inadequate; the author puts forward a new (third) approach that goes beyond discussions on language and national culture, and corresponds to the concept of plurality of identities. The author describes some paradoxes of national identity based on the opposition of “nation” and “people”. These correspond to the Western model of the “creation of modern nations”, which is not fully applicable to post-Soviet Belarus. All attempts to apply this model to contemporary Belarus lead scholars to several “cultural paradoxes” that can, however, be explained within a new approach.

Development of Commercial Law in the Slovak Republic - Outline of problems

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-90
Author(s):  
Mojmír Mamojka ◽  
Jacek Dworzecki
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Independent State ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Trade Law ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government

The article concerns the issue of trade law in the context of its evolution and the current realities of its being in force in Republic of Slovakia. In the paper the authors present an historical view of the creation of legal regulations about trade from ancient times to present days. In the first part of the paper the political system and its components are discussed. The reader will be able to acquaint themselves with the functioning of the apparatus of executive power (the government and ministries), legislative power (the parliament consisting of 150 members) and judiciary (independent courts and prosecutors) in the Republic of Slovakia. Moreover, this part of the article provides information about practical aspects of the creation of selected components of the constitutional legal order (e.g. parliamentary elections). In the second part, the paper covers the evolution of trade law over the centuries, approaches to regulations in Mesopotamia, based on, inter alia, the Code of Hammurabi, and also in ancient Egypt and Greece. Tracing the development of trade law over the centuries, the authors also present the evolution of legal regulations in this field in the XIX century, with particular reference to France, Germany and Austria-Hungary (especially the territory which today forms the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic). In the last part of the article, the forming of regulations of trade law in Czechoslovakia from 1918 and during subsequent periods which created the history of that country, to the overthrow communism and the peaceful division of the state in 1993 into two separate, independent state organisms – the Czech Republic and Slovakia - is approached.

A Nation on Paper: Making a State in the Republic of Biafra

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 868-894
Author(s):  
Samuel Fury Childs Daly
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Civil War ◽  
National Culture ◽  
Legal Process ◽  
Paper Making ◽  
Nigerian Civil War ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Postcolonial Africa ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
State Form

AbstractWhat role did law play in articulating sovereignty and citizenship in postcolonial Africa? Using legal records from the secessionist Republic of Biafra, this article analyzes the relationship between law and national identity in an extreme context—that of the Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970). Ideas about order, discipline, and legal process were at the heart of Biafra's sense of itself as a nation, and they served as the rhetorical justification for its secession from Nigeria. But they were not only rhetoric. In the turmoil of the ensuing civil war, Biafra's courts became the center of its national culture, and law became its most important administrative implement. In court, Biafrans argued over what behaviors were permissible in wartime, and judges used law to draw the boundaries of the new country's national identity. That law played this role in Biafra shows something broader about African politics: law, bureaucracy, and paperwork meant more to state-making than declensionist views of postcolonial Africa usually allow. Biafra failed as a political project, but it has important implications for the study of law in postcolonial Africa, and for the nation-state form in general.

scholarly journals ¿Guerra anticolonial o guerra civil? Análisis historiográfico sobre el protagonismo étnico en la independencia del Ecuador según los textos escolares de Historia (1915-2015).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Víctor H. Silva Guijarro
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
History Textbooks ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
Identidad Nacional ◽  
Identity Based ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Siglo Xx

El presente trabajo consiste en un análisis historiográfico sobre el protagonismo que tuvieron los distintos grupos étnicos en la Guerra de Independencia del Ecuador según los textos escolares de Historia publicados entre 1915 y 2015. Se han utilizado como fuentes historiográficas los textos escolares de Historia, debido a que desde el siglo XX las políticas educativas ecuatorianas los han utilizado como instrumentos ideológicos para llevar a cabo la construcción de una identidad nacional común cimentada a partir de los presupuestos de la Historia Patria del siglo XIX. El empleo de la enseñanza de la Historia a través de los textos escolares para consolidar esa identidad nacional del siglo XIX se hace patente en el análisis sobre el protagonismo étnico en la Independencia, donde dichos textos explican este acontecimiento como un proyecto de construcción nacional dirigido por las élites criollas cuyo supuesto objetivo principal era liberar a todos los “ecuatorianos” de una presunta opresión monárquica ejercida por un enemigo extranjero: el “español”. Pese a que hay autores que han manifestado que indígenas, negros, mestizos, zambos, pardos, mulatos, cholos, obtuvieron pocos beneficios de la Independencia, todos los textos escolares no dudan en confirmar que gracias a los esfuerzos de las élites criollas, héroes de la Patria a los que hay que venerar y ensalzar, la República del Ecuador pudo ser libre. The present work consists of a historiographic analysis of the protagonism that the different ethnic groups had in Ecuador's War of Independence according to the history textbooks published between 1915 and 2015. History school textbooks have been used as historiographic sources, because since the 20th century Ecuadorian educational policies have used them as ideological instruments to carry out the construction of a common national identity based on the assumptions of the 19th century Patriotic History. The use of the teaching of history through school texts to consolidate this 19th century national identity is evident in the analysis of the ethnic protagonism in the Independence, where these texts explain this event as a project of national construction directed by the Creole elites whose supposed main objective was to free all “Ecuadorians” from an alleged monarchical oppression exercised by a foreign enemy: the “Spanish”. Although some authors have stated that indigenous people, blacks, mestizos, zambos, pardos, mulatos and cholos obtained few benefits from Independence, all the school texts do not hesitate to confirm that thanks to the efforts of the Creole elites, heroes of the country who are to be venerated and praised, the Republic of Ecuador was able to be free.

scholarly journals The creation of objects of the Kazakh culture with the use of additive technologies

2020 ◽  
Vol 329 ◽  
pp. 03022
Author(s):  
Railya Mukhamadeyeva ◽  
Yerzhan Akinov
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
National Culture ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Additive Technologies ◽  
Additive Technology ◽  
New Production ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Gold Producer

The article presents material about the main prospects for the introduction and operation of new additive technology in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Additive technology (3D printing) is a global phenomenon that contributes to the development of new industries that use digital technologies. 3D printing is necessary for the production of quality products. Kazakhstan, the world’s fifteenth largest gold producer, does not actively promote the jewellery industry. Jewellery is an obligatory attribute of a family celebration and an element of the national culture of Kazakhstan. Jewellery products purchased in Kazakhstan are only 10% local; all the rest are from Russia, Turkey and Europe. New production of jewellery products using three-dimensional modelling and additive technologies should become an image industry in Kazakhstan, due to exclusivity and affordable cost

scholarly journals Cultivating College Students’ National Culture Identity Based on English Education

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 192
Author(s):  
Yang Yuan ◽  
Lu Fang
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
National Identity ◽  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Identity Construction ◽  
National Culture ◽  
English Education ◽  
Present Situation ◽  
Identity Based

<p>Our country is a multi-ethnic country with plentiful national culture achievements, and the development of the national culture shows a trend of diversity, so cultural identity construction is particularly important. Article analyzes the concept of national identity, the relation between cultural identity and ethnic identity, the present situation of national cultural identity in the English education in our country, and the English education and national culture identity education in surrounding neighbor countries, then proposes some suggestions of implementing national cultural identity education based on English Education.</p>

Modernisation and Political Disintegration: Nigeria and the Ibos

1967 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Anber
Keyword(s):  
Prime Minister ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Independent State ◽  
The North ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Break Up ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Military

On 30 May 1967, Lt.-Col. C. Odumegwu Ojukwu, Military Governor of Nigeria's Eastern Region, announced the secession of Eastern Nigeria from the Federation and the creation of the sovereign and independent state called the Republic of Biafra. The birth of Biafra was the product of a long and bitter blood feud between the conservative, Muslim, Hausa-Fulani people of the North and the progressive, Christian Ibos of the East. The roots of the hostility are deep, but the immediate impetus for the break-up began with the military coup d' état of I 5 January 1966, in which the civilian régime of Prime Minister Tafawa Balewa was overthrown and several leaders assassinated.

scholarly journals Radio Republik Indonesia Surakarta, 1945-1960s:
 Its Role in Efforts to Maintain Indonesian Independence and 
the Formation of National Culture

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dhanang Respati Puguh
Keyword(s):  
Popular Music ◽  
National Culture ◽  
The Creation ◽  
National Music ◽  
The Republic

This article discusses the role of Radio Republik Indonesia (RRI, The Radio of Republic of Indonesia) Surakarta in the period 1945-1960s. In that period RRI Surakarta had two roles in the context of decolonization. In the period 1945-1949, RRI Surakarta had a role in the effort to maintain the independence of Indonesia. The RRI Surakarta employees struggled to maintain the existence of RRI Surakarta with rescuing the station and transmitter so that the struggle of the Indonesian nation in defending the independence of Indonesia could be broadcasted to various parts. In the period 1950-1960s RRI Surakarta participated in efforts to the formation a national culture. When the discourse of national culture continued to be discussed by the elite of Indonesia, the Bureau of the Radio of the Republic of Indonesia had the establishment and set choice of ways to build a national culture since 1950. In this connection, RRI should be directed to build a national culture. Based on the policy of the Bureau of Radio of the Republic of Indonesia, RRI Surakarta realized that idea by organizing Javanese art broadcasts (gamelan, wayang wong, kethoprak, and shadow puppets), “local entertainment” and national music, and organizing Radio Star Competition. RRI Surakarta Radio Star made an important role in the creation of popular music in Indonesia. 

scholarly journals SYMBOLIC CAPITAL AND DIPLOMATIC INTERPRETING IN THE REPUBLIC OF ESTONIA (1918–1940)

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Karin Sibul
Keyword(s):  
Symbolic Capital ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Independent State ◽  
New Approach ◽  
History Of Interpretation ◽  
Peace Negotiations ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Definition Of

This article aims to expand on our knowledge of interpreting and interpreters in the early years of the Republic of Estonia’s creation of symbolic capital (1918–1940). The authors’ point of departure is the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu’s definition of symbolic capital. She has researched the evolution in interpreting in Estonia during three phases (1918–1940, 1944–1991 and 1991 to the present day) and, although the article is limited to diplomatic interpreting and the growth of the newly independent Republic of Estonia’s symbolic capital via interpreting in diplomatic intercourse, it represents a new approach in the descriptive history of interpretation in Estonia. During that period, diplomatic interpreting supported the Republic of Estonia’s aspirations to be recognised and accepted as an independent state in world politics. The years 1918–1940 were studied by analysing 36 memoirs, newspaper articles covering interpreting from the Estonian Literary Museum’s collection, diplomatic correspondence as well as the minutes of the Tartu Peace negotiations with Russia in 1919–1920, which are preserved in the State Archive of Estonia.

South Vietnamese Identity, American Intervention, and the Newspaper Chíính Luan [Political Discussion], 1965––1969

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 169-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nu-Anh Tran
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
National Identity ◽  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Discussion ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Dialogical Relationship ◽  
Identity Based ◽  
The Republic

This paper explores representations of political and cultural identity within journalistic discourse about the American presence in the South Vietnamese newspaper Chíính Luun [Political Discussion] from 1965 to 1969. The encounter with Americans prompted Vietnamese writers to highlight the distinctive nature of their own culture, to define their national identity based on an imagined history and the image of proper Vietnamese womanhood, and to delineate normative boundaries of group membership. These constructions of identity represent certain continuities with the colonial era but were clearly modified by the dialogical relationship and unequal alliance between the United States and the Republic of Vietnam.

scholarly journals Divided National Identity in Moldova

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimír Baar ◽  
Daniel Jakubek
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Political Discourse ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Archival Research ◽  
Republic Of Moldova ◽  
The People ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Republic

Abstract This paper discusses the competing processes between Moldovan and Romanian identities for the creation of a national identity in the Republic of Moldova. The issue of a common national identity for the people of the Republic of Moldova has been a problem since the beginning of this state’s independence. Throughout the 25 years of independence, different concepts of a Moldovan nation have competed in public, scientific, and political discourse. As a result of the historical context, the region has a linguistic specificity, which is based on the example of the Romanians, Moldovans, and Russians living in this region. Through archival research, field research, and interviews with Moldovan intellectuals and officials, this study recognizes the need for a national identity in the creation of unity and a sense of nationalism for Moldovan citizens.

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