scholarly journals Characterization of Physical Properties for Activated Carbon from Garlic Skin

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 102-106
Author(s):  
Miftah Ainul Mardiah ◽  
Awitdrus Awitdrus ◽  
Rakhmawati Farma ◽  
Erman Taer
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Basic Material ◽  
Carbon Electrode ◽  
High Porosity ◽  
Nitrogen Gas ◽  
Carbonization Process ◽  
Wave Numbers

Abstrak. Karbon aktif yang berasal dari biomassa telah menjadi bahan material dasar yang sudah digunakan secara luas untuk berbagai aplikasi eperti penyerapan, absorben, elektroda, penyimpan energi, dan aplikasi lainnya. Oleh karena itu perlu untuk pengoptimalkan sumber mentah karbon aktif berbiaya rendah dan memiliki porositas yang tinggi.  Biomassa kulit bawang putih sebagai bahan dasar pembuatan karbon aktif melalui proses pra-karbonisasi, aktivasi kimia dengan aktivator KOH dan ZnCl2 dengan masing-masing kosentrasi sebesar 0,25 M, 0,5 M, dan 0,75 M dan tanpa aktivator kimia. Proses karbonisasi dengan suhu 600°C dialiri gas nitrogen dan diaktivasi fisika dengan suhu 850°C. Penyusutan massa karbon sebesar 29,4%. Nilai densitas dari elektroda karbon untuk aktivator KOH dengan kosentrasi 0,5M yaitu 0,64 g.cm-3dan untuk aktivator ZnCl2 dengan kosentrasi 0,5M yaitu 0,71 g.cm-3. Gugus fungsi yang dimiliki elektroda kulit bawang putih diidentifikasi sebagai C-C, C C (alkuna), C-H (alkana), dan (O-H) yaitu pada bilangan gelombang 1600 cm-1, 1500 cm-1, 2950 cm-1 dan 2900-3600 cm-1. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada aktivator KOH dan ZnCl2 dengan kosentrasi 0,5 M kondisi terbaik untuk variasi guna menunjang pengoptimalkan sumber mentah karbon aktif dan bisa digunakan dalam berbagai apliasi yang lebih luas. Abstract. Activated carbon derived from biomass has become a basic material that has been used widely for various applications such as absorption, absorbent, electrodes, energy storage, and other applications. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the raw source of activated carbon which is low cost and has high porosity. Garlic skin biomass as a basic material for making activated carbon through a pre-carbonization process, chemical activation with KOH and ZnCl2 activators with concentrations of 0,25 M, 0,5 M, and 0,75 M respectively and without chemical activators. The carbonization process with a temperature of 600°C is flowed with nitrogen gas and is physically activated at a temperature of 850°C. Shrinkage of carbon by 29.4%. The density value of the carbon electrode for the KOH activator with a concentration of 0.5M is 0.64 g.cm-3 and for the ZnCl2 activator with a concentration of 0,5M is 0,71 g.cm-3. The functional groups possessed by the garlic skin electrode were identified as C-C, C = C (alkynes), C-H (alkanes), and (O-H), namely at the wave numbers 1600 cm-1, 1500 cm-1, 2950 cm-1 and 2900-3600 cm-1. The results showed that the KOH and ZnCl2 activators with a concentration of 0.5 M were the best conditions for variation in order to optimize the raw source of activated carbon and could be used in a wider variety of applications.

scholarly journals Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from Amygdalus Scoparia shell by chemical activation and its application for removal of lead from aqueous solutions

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 1273-1280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sayed Mohammadi ◽  
Mohammad Karimi ◽  
Daryoush Afzali ◽  
Fatemeh Mansouri
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Maximum Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Batch Tests ◽  
Amygdalus Scoparia ◽  
Langmuir And Freundlich Equations ◽  
Characterization Of Activated Carbon

AbstractTwo series of activated carbon have been prepared by chemical activation of Amygdalus Scoparia shell with phosphoric acid or zinc chloride for the removal of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions. Several methods were employed to characterize the active carbon produced. The surface area was calculated using the standard Brunauer-Emmet-Teller method. The microstructures of the resultant activated carbon were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The chemical composition of the surface resultant activated carbon was determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In the batch tests, the effect of pH, initial concentration, and contact time on the adsorption were studied. The data were fitted with Langmuir and Freundlich equations to describe the equilibrium isotherms. The maximum adsorption capacity of Pb(II) on the resultant activated carbon was 36.63 mg g−1 with H3PO4 and 28.74 mg g−1 with ZnCl2. To regenerate the spent adsorbents, desorption experiments were performed using 0.25 mol L−1 HCl. Here we propose that the activated carbon produced from Amygdalus Scoparia shell is an alternative low-cost adsorbent for Pb(II) adsorption.

scholarly journals Effect of carbonized temperature to supercapacitor electrode from palm midrib biomass

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-25
Author(s):  
Rakhmawati Farma ◽  
Melda Oktaviandari ◽  
Vepy Asyana
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Hydraulic Press ◽  
Microstructure Characterization ◽  
Carbon Powder ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Carbon Electrode ◽  
Supercapacitor Electrode ◽  
Carbonization Process ◽  
Initial Preparation

Abstrak. Elektroda merupakan salah satu komponen yang dapat meningkatkan kinerja sel superkapasitor. Pada penelitian ini elektroda karbon berasal dari limbah biomassa pelepah nipah. Persiapan awal dimulai dari proses prakarbonisasi pada suhu 200˚C dan selanjutnya diaktivasi secara kimia menggunakan KOH sebagai aktivator dengan konsentrasi 1M. Serbuk karbon aktif diubah menjadi bentuk monolit menggunakan Hydrolic press dan kemudian diikuti oleh proses karbonisasi pada suhu 650, 700 dan 750˚C, kemudian diaktivasi fisika dengan mengalirkan gas CO2 pada suhu 900˚C. Karakterisasi sifat fisis elektroda karbon menunjukkan bahwa densitas sampel PN650 yang dikarbonisasi pada suhu 650˚C memiliki nilai densitas paling rendah. Karakterisasi struktur mikro menunjukkan bahwa elektroda karbon memiliki struktur semikristalin yang ditandai dengan kehadiran puncak (002) dan (100) pada sudut 2θ sekitar 24˚ dan 43˚. Hasil karakterisasi struktur mikro juga menunjukkan bahwa sampel PN650 memiliki nilai Lc tertinggi yaitu sebesar 7,947 nm. Analisa sifat elektrokimia menunjukkan bahwa sampel PN650 mempunyai nilai kapasitansi terbesar yaitu 223,55 F/g. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa suhu 650˚C merupakan suhu terbaik dalam proses pembuatan elektroda karbon dari pelepah nipah untuk diaplikasikan sebagai elektroda sel superkapasitor.Abstract. The electrode is one of the components that can increase the supercapacitor cell performance. In this research, the carbon electrode derives from waste of palm midrib biomass. Initial preparation was started from the pre carbonization process at 200˚C and then was chemically activated using KOH as an activator with a concentration of 1M. The activated carbon powder was converted into a monolith form using a hydraulic press and then was followed by carbonization process at 650, 700 and 750˚C, then physical activation by flowing CO2 at 900˚C. Characterization of the physical properties of the carbon electrode showed that the density of the PN650 sample carbonized at 650°C had the lowest density value. Microstructure characterization indicated that the carbon electrode had a semi crystalline structure, it was characterized by the presence of peaks (002) and (100) at an angle of 2θ around 24˚ and 43˚. The results of the microstructure characterization also showed that the PN650 sample had the highest Lc value of 7.947 nm. Analysis of electrochemical properties showed that the PN650 sample had the largest capacitance value of 223.55 F/g. It can be concluded that 650˚C was the best temperature in the process of making carbon electrodes from palm leaf midrib to be applied as supercapacitor cell electrodes.Keywords: Ketaping, Activated Carbon, Supercapacitor, Activator, Capacitance.

scholarly journals The Production and Characterization of Activated Carbon Electrodes from Pineapple Leaf Fibers for Supercapacitor Application

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Agustino Agustino ◽  
Rakhmawati Farma ◽  
Erman Taer
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Total Pore Volume ◽  
Amorphous Structure ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Carbon Electrode ◽  
Average Pore ◽  
Average Pore Radius ◽  
Supercapacitor Application

Elektroda karbon aktif berbasis serat daun nanas (SDN) telah berhasil diproduksi dengan proses tiga langkah berikut ini, yaitu: (i) aktivasi kimia, (ii) karbonisasi, dan (iii) aktivasi fisika. Aktivasi kimia dilakukan dengan menggunakan agen pengaktif KOH dengan konsetrasi 0,3 M. Karbonisasi dilakukan dalam lingkungan gas N2 pada temperatur 600oC dan diikuti oleh aktivasi fisika pada temperatur 850oC menggunakan gas CO2 selama 2,5 jam. Luas permukaan spesifik elektroda 512,211 m2×g-1 dengan volume total pori sebesar 0,093 cm3×g–1, dan jari-jari pori rata-rata 1,199 nm. Morfologi permukaan elektroda karbon aktif menunjukkan adanya serat karbon dengan diameter serat dalam kisaran 101 - 185 nm dan memliki kandungan karbon dengan massa atomik sebesar 84,33%. Elektroda karbon aktif memiliki struktur amorf, yang ditunjukkan oleh dua puncak difraksi yang lebar pada sudut hamburan 24,64 dan 43,77o yang bersesuaian dengan bidang (002) dan (100). Kapasitansi spesifik, energi spesifik dan daya spesifik sel superkapasitor yang dihasilkan masing-masing sebesar 110 F×g-1, 15,28 Wh×kg-1 dan 36,69 W×kg-1. Pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) based activated carbon electrode has been successfully produced using three-step process, i.e. (i) chemical activation, (ii) carbonization, and (iii) physical activation. The chemical activation was carried out using KOH activating agent with a concentration of 0.3 M. The carbonization process is conducted out in N2 gas environment at 600oC and followed by physical activation at a temperature of 850oC by using CO2 gas for 2.5 h. The specific surface area of the electrode is 512.211 m2×g-1 with a total pore volume of 0.093 cm3×g-1, and average pore radius of 1.199 nm. The surface morphology of the electrode shown the carbon fibers with diameter in the range of 101 - 185 nm and carbon content with 84.33% of atomic mass. The activated carbon electrode has an amorphous structure, which is shown by two wide diffraction peaks at scattering angles of 24.64 and 43.77o which correspond to the plane (002) and (100), respectively. The specific capacitance, energy and power of the electrode are 110 F×g-1, 15.28 Wh×kg-1 and 36.69 W×kg-1, respectively.Keywords: Serat daun nanas, Kalium hidroksida, Elektroda karbon aktif, Kapasitansi spesifik, Superkapasitor 

scholarly journals Synthesis of activated carbon electrodes from date seeds with a variety of separators for supercapacitor cell applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 53-59
Author(s):  
Desmagrini Desmagrini ◽  
Awitdrus Awitdrus ◽  
Erman Taer ◽  
Rakhmawati Farma
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Specific Capacitance ◽  
Electrode Material ◽  
Basic Material ◽  
Carbon Electrodes ◽  
Carbon Electrode ◽  
Carbonization Process ◽  
Cyclic Voltametry ◽  
Date Seed ◽  
Whatman Paper

Abstrak. Karbon aktif yang berasal dari biomassa telah menjadi bahan elektroda paling kompetitif untuk superkapasitor karena sifatnya yang terbarukan dan berkelanjutan. Upaya optimalisasi dilakukan untuk proses pembuatan sel superkapasitor dengan memvariasikan separator agar dapat memperoleh kapasitansi spesifik yang tinggi. Biomassa biji kurma sebagai bahan dasar pembuatan elektroda karbon melalui proses prakarbonisasi, aktivasi kimia dengan aktivator KOH 0,3M, proses karbonisasi dengan suhu 650oC dialiri gas nitrogen. Penyusutan massa karbon sebesar 24,59%. Nilai densitas dari elektroda karbon setelah dilakukan proses karbonisasi adalah 0,852 g cm-3. Analisis struktur mikro menunjukkan bahwa elektroda karbon bersifat amorf ditunjukkan dengan adanya puncak pada sudut 2θ sekitar 24o dan 44o. Kapasitansi spesifik ditentukan dengan metode Cyclic Voltametry dan didapati sebesar 217,22; 176,18; dan 82,8 F/g masing-masing untuk variasi separator kertas whatman, kertas saring, dan membran telur ayam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada kertas whatman merupakan separator terbaik untuk elektroda karbon dari biji kurma. Oleh karena itu karbon aktif yang dibuat dari biji kurma dengan biaya rendah, ketersedian mudah, dan berkelanjutan dapat diaplikasikan sebagai bahan elektroda untuk superkapasitor.Abstract. Activated carbon derived from biomass has become the most competitive electrode material for supercapacitors due to its renewable and sustainable nature. Optimization efforts are made for the process of making supercapacitor cells by varying the separator in order to obtain a high specific capacitance. Date seed biomass as the basic material for making carbon electrodes through a pre-carbonization process, chemical activation with a KOH activator of 0.3M, the carbonization process at a temperature of 650oC flowed with nitrogen gas. Shrinkage of carbon by 24.59%. The density value of the carbon electrode that was carried out by the carbonization process was 0.852 g.cm-3. The microstructure analysis showed that the carbon electrode was amorphous indicated by the presence of a peak at an angle of 2θ around 24o and 44o. Specific capacitance was determined by the Cyclic Voltametry method and was found to be 217.22, 176.18, and 82.8 F/g respectively for the Whatman paper, filter paper, and chicken egg membrane separator variations. The results showed that whatman paper was the best separator for carbon electrodes from date palm seeds. Therefore, activated carbon made from date seeds with low cost, easy availability, and sustainability can be applied as an electrode material for supercapacitors.Keywords: Date seed, Activated Carbon, Supercapacitor, Carbon Electrode, Separator

scholarly journals Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Lapsi (Choerospondias axillaris) Seed Stone by Chemical Activation with Potassium Hydroxide

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahira Joshi ◽  
Bhadra Prasad Pokharel
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Monolayer Adsorption ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Characterization Of Activated Carbon

Activated carbon (AC) was prepared from Lapsi seed stone by chemical activation with Potassium hydroxide at 400°C. The AC was characterized by pH, moisture content, Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), methylene blue (MB) and iodine (I2) number. FT-IR spectra indicated the presence of various oxygen containing functional groups on the surface of AC. SEM images show the highly porous characteristics of AC with full of cavities. The Iodine number of AC revealed that the AC was found to be highly micro-porous. The adsorption of methylene blue by prepared AC was analyzed by the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. The data fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm with monolayer adsorption capacity 158 mg/g. The analysis showed that the AC prepared from Lapsi seed stone activated with potassium hydroxide could be a low-cost adsorbent with favorable surface properties. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v9i1.10673Journal of the Institute of Engineering, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 79–88

PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ACTIVATED CARBON FROM OIL PALM EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH WASTES USING ZINC CHLORIDE

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Riry Wirasnita ◽  
Tony Hadibarata ◽  
Abdull Rahim Mohd Yusoff ◽  
Zainab Mat Lazim
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Zinc Chloride ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Active Sites ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Infrared Spectrometry ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch

An oil palm empty fruit bunch-derived activated carbon has been successfully produced by chemical activation with zinc chloride and without chemical activation. The preparation was conducted in the tube furnace at 500oC for 1 h. The surface structure and active sites of activated carbons were characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The proximate analysis including moisture content, ash content, bulk density, pH, and pH at zero charge was conducted to identify the psychochemical properties of the adsorbent. The results showed that the zinc chloride-activated carbon has better characteristics compared to the carbon without chemical activation.  

scholarly journals Removal of Ni (II) from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption onto Activated Carbon Prepared from Lapsi (Choerospondias axillaris) Seed Stone

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajeshwar M. Shrestha ◽  
Margit Varga ◽  
Imre Varga ◽  
Amar P. Yadav ◽  
Bhadra P. Pokharel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Maximum Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Adsorption Data ◽  
Optimum Ph ◽  
Nickel Adsorption

Activated carbons were prepared from Lapsi seed stone by the treatment with H2SO4 and HNO3 for the removal of Ni (II) ions from aqueous solution. Two activated carbon have been prepared from Lapsi seed stones by treating with conc.H2SO4 and a mixture of H2SO4 and HNO3 in the ratio of 1:1 by weight for removal of Ni(II) ions. Chemical characterization of the resultant activated carbons was studied by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Boehm titration which revealed the presence of oxygen containing surface functional groups like carboxyl, lactones and phenols in the carbons. The optimum pH for nickel adsorption is found to be 5. The adsorption data were better fitted with the Langmuir equations than Freundlich adsorption equation to describe the equilibrium isotherms. The maximum adsorption capacity of Ni (II) on the resultant activated carbons was 28.25.8 mg g-1 with H2SO4 and 69.49 mg g-1 with a mixture of H2SO4 and HNO3. The waste material used in the preparation of the activated carbons is inexpensive and readily available. Hence the carbons prepared from Lapsi seed stones can act as potential low cost adsorbents for the removal of Ni (II) from water. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v9i1.10680Journal of the Institute of Engineering, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 166–174

scholarly journals Synthesis and Characterisation of Pyridinium-Based Ionic Liquid as Activating Agent in Rubber Seed Shell Activated Carbon Production for CO2 Capture

2021 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-95
Author(s):  
Nawwarah Mokti ◽  
Azry Borhan ◽  
Siti Nur Azella Zaine ◽  
Hayyiratul Fatimah Mohd Zaid
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Co2 Capture ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Green Technology ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Rubber Seed ◽  
Activating Agent

The use of an activating agent in chemical activation of activated carbon (AC) production is very important as it will help to open the pore structure of AC as adsorbents and could enhance its performance for adsorption capacity. In this study, a pyridinium-based ionic liquid (IL), 1-butylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, [C4Py][Tf2N] has been synthesized by using anion exchange reaction and was characterized using few analyses such as 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and FTIR. Low-cost AC was synthesized by chemical activation process in which rubber seed shell (RSS) and ionic liquid [C4Py][Tf2N] were employed as the precursor and activating agent, respectively. AC has been prepared with different IL concentration (1% and 10%) at 500°C and 800°C for 2 hours. Sample AC2 shows the highest SBET and VT which are 392.8927 m2/g and 0.2059 cm3/g respectively. The surface morphology of synthesized AC can be clearly seen through FESEM analysis. A high concentration of IL in sample AC10 contributed to blockage of pores by the IL. On the other hand, the performance of synthesized AC for CO2 adsorption capacity also studied by using static volumetric technique at 1 bar and 25°C. Sample AC2 contributed the highest CO2 uptakes which is 50.783 cm3/g. This current work shows that the use of low concentration IL as an activating agent has the potential to produce porous AC, which offers low-cost, green technology as well as promising application towards CO2 capture.

Preparation of Activated Carbon from Durian Shell and Seed

2012 ◽  
Vol 626 ◽  
pp. 887-891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Fikri Mokhtar ◽  
Erny Haslina Abd Latib ◽  
Suriati Sufian ◽  
Ku Zilati Ku Shaari
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Carbonization Temperature ◽  
Nitrogen Flow ◽  
Carbonization Process ◽  
Duration Time ◽  
Activating Agent ◽  
Durian Seed

This study presents the preparation of activated carbon from durian shell (DShAC) and durian seed (DSeAC) based by chemical activation with potassium hydroxide (KOH) as an activating agent under the nitrogen flow. In order to find the optimum physical characteristics, variation in concentration of KOH, carbonization temperature and duration time was employed. The result shows that activated carbon from durian waste is a promising activated carbon as the highest yield was obtained from the carbonization process that occurs at 400C for four hours with the KOH concentration is 0.6 M.

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