Synthesis and Characterisation of Pyridinium-Based Ionic Liquid as Activating Agent in Rubber Seed Shell Activated Carbon Production for CO2 Capture

The use of an activating agent in chemical activation of activated carbon (AC) production is very important as it will help to open the pore structure of AC as adsorbents and could enhance its performance for adsorption capacity. In this study, a pyridinium-based ionic liquid (IL), 1-butylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, [C4Py][Tf2N] has been synthesized by using anion exchange reaction and was characterized using few analyses such as 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and FTIR. Low-cost AC was synthesized by chemical activation process in which rubber seed shell (RSS) and ionic liquid [C4Py][Tf2N] were employed as the precursor and activating agent, respectively. AC has been prepared with different IL concentration (1% and 10%) at 500°C and 800°C for 2 hours. Sample AC2 shows the highest SBET and VT which are 392.8927 m2/g and 0.2059 cm3/g respectively. The surface morphology of synthesized AC can be clearly seen through FESEM analysis. A high concentration of IL in sample AC10 contributed to blockage of pores by the IL. On the other hand, the performance of synthesized AC for CO2 adsorption capacity also studied by using static volumetric technique at 1 bar and 25°C. Sample AC2 contributed the highest CO2 uptakes which is 50.783 cm3/g. This current work shows that the use of low concentration IL as an activating agent has the potential to produce porous AC, which offers low-cost, green technology as well as promising application towards CO2 capture.

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Development of Rubber Seed Shell–Activated Carbon Using Impregnated Pyridinium-Based Ionic Liquid for Enhanced CO2 Adsorption

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr9071161 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 1161

Author(s):

Nawwarah Mokti ◽

Azry Borhan ◽

Siti Zaine ◽

Hayyiratul Mohd Zaid

Keyword(s):

Ionic Liquid ◽

Activated Carbon ◽

Adsorption Capacity ◽

Co2 Adsorption ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Total Pore Volume ◽

Isosteric Heat ◽

Rubber Seed ◽

Study Results ◽

Co2 Adsorption Capacity

In this study, rubber seed shell was used for the production of activated carbon by chemical activation using an ionic liquid, [C4Py][Tf2N] as an activating agent. Sample RSS-IL 800 shows the highest specific surface area of 393.99 m2/g, a total pore volume of 0.206 cm3/g, and a micropore volume of 0.172 cm3/g. The performance of AC samples as an adsorbent for CO2 was also studied using a static volumetric technique evaluated at a temperature of 25 °C and 1 bar pressure. The CO2 adsorption capacity for sample RSS-IL 800 was 2.436 mmol/g, comparable with reported data from the previous study. Results also show that the CO2 adsorption capacity decreased at a higher temperature between 50 and 100 °C and increased at elevated pressure due to its exothermic behavior. The Langmuir model fits the adsorption data well, and the isosteric heat of adsorption proved that the physisorption process and exothermic behavior occur.

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Adsorptive Removal of Pb(II) Ion from Aqueous Solution Using Rice Husk-Based Activated Carbon

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.875-877.196 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 875-877 ◽

pp. 196-201 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mohd Faisal Taha ◽

Ahmad S. Rosman ◽

Maizatul S. Shaharun

Keyword(s):

Aqueous Solution ◽

Activated Carbon ◽

Rice Husk ◽

Low Cost ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Textural Properties ◽

Activation Process ◽

Adsorption Studies ◽

Three Samples ◽

Equilibrium Data

The potential of rice husk-based activated carbon as an alternative low-cost adsorbent for the removal of Pb (II) ion from aqueous solution was investigated. Rice husk-based activated carbon was preparedviachemical activation process using NaOH followed by the carbonization process at 500°C. Morphological analysis was conducted using field-emission scanning electron microscope /energy dispersive X-ray (FESEM/EDX) on three samples, i.e. raw rice husk, rice husk treated with NaOH and rice husk-based activated carbon. These three samples were also analyzed for their C, H, N, O and Si contents using CHN elemental analyzer and FESEM/EDX. The textural properties of rice husk-based activated carbon, i.e. surface area (253 m2/g) and pore volume (0.17 cm2/g), were determined by N2adsorption. The adsorption studies using rice husk-based activated carbon as an adsorbent to remove Pb (II) ion from aqueous solution were carried out at a fixed initial concentration of Pb (II) ion (150 ppm) with varying adsorbent dose as a function of contact time at room temperature. The concentration of Pb (II) ion was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The removal of Pb (II) ion from aqueous solution increased from 35 % to 82 % when the amount of rice husk-based activated carbon was increased from 0.05 g to 0.30 g. The equilibrium data obtained from adsorption studies was found to fit both Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms.

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Comparison of Surface and Structural Properties of Carbonaceous Materials Prepared by Chemical Activation of Tomato Paste Waste: The Effects of Activator Type and Impregnation Ratio

Journal of Applied Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2016/8236238 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Nurgul Ozbay ◽

Adife Seyda Yargic

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Low Cost ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Nitrogen Adsorption ◽

Xrd Analysis ◽

Point Of Zero Charge ◽

Activation Process ◽

X Ray ◽

Tomato Paste

Activated carbons were prepared by carbonization of tomato paste processing industry waste at 500°C followed by chemical activation with KOH, K2CO3, and HCl in N2 atmosphere at low temperature (500°C). The effects of different activating agents and impregnation ratios (25, 50, and 100 wt.%) on the materials’ characteristics were examined. Precursor, carbonized tomato waste (CTW), and activated carbons were characterized by using ultimate and proximate analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG), Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, point of zero charge measurements (pHPZC), particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Activation process improved pore formation and changed activated carbons’ surface characteristics. Activated carbon with the highest surface area (283 m3/g) was prepared by using 50 wt.% KOH as an activator. According to the experimental results, tomato paste waste could be used as an alternative precursor to produce low-cost activated carbon.

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Highly Selective CO2 Capture on Waste Polyurethane Foam-Based Activated Carbon

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr7090592 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (9) ◽

pp. 592 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Chao Ge ◽

Dandan Lian ◽

Shaopeng Cui ◽

Jie Gao ◽

Jianjun Lu

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Polyurethane Foam ◽

Co2 Capture ◽

Carbon Materials ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Physical Activation ◽

Activation Process ◽

Co2 Uptake ◽

High Co2

Low-cost activated carbons were prepared from waste polyurethane foam by physical activation with CO2 for the first time and chemical activation with Ca(OH)2, NaOH, or KOH. The activation conditions were optimized to produce microporous carbons with high CO2 adsorption capacity and CO2/N2 selectivity. The sample prepared by physical activation showed CO2/N2 selectivity of up to 24, much higher than that of chemical activation. This is mainly due to the narrower microporosity and the rich N content produced during the physical activation process. However, physical activation samples showed inferior textural properties compared to chemical activation samples and led to a lower CO2 uptake of 3.37 mmol·g−1 at 273 K. Porous carbons obtained by chemical activation showed a high CO2 uptake of 5.85 mmol·g−1 at 273 K, comparable to the optimum activated carbon materials prepared from other wastes. This is mainly attributed to large volumes of ultra-micropores (<1 nm) up to 0.212 cm3·g−1 and a high surface area of 1360 m2·g−1. Furthermore, in consideration of the presence of fewer contaminants, lower weight losses of physical activation samples, and the excellent recyclability of both physical- and chemical-activated samples, the waste polyurethane foam-based carbon materials exhibited potential application prospects in CO2 capture.

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Novel Low-Cost Activated Carbon from Coconut Shell and its Adsorptive Characteristics for Carbon Dioxide

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.594-595.240 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 594-595 ◽

pp. 240-244

Author(s):

Nor Adilla Rashidi ◽

Suzana Yusup ◽

Azry Borhan

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Activated Carbon ◽

Adsorption Capacity ◽

Gas Adsorption ◽

Low Cost ◽

Operating Cost ◽

Combustion Process ◽

Coconut Shell ◽

Physical Activation ◽

Activation Process

The objective of this research is to synthesize the microporous activated carbon and test its applicability for CO2gas capture. In this study, coconut shell-based and commercial activated carbon is used as the solid adsorbent. Based on the findings, it shows that the gas adsorption capacity is correlated to the total surface area of the materials. In addition, reduction in the adsorption capacity with respect to temperature proves that the physisorption process is dominant. Higher carbon dioxide (CO2) adsorption capacity in comparison to nitrogen (N2) capacity contributes to higher CO2/N2selectivity, and confirms its applicability in the post-combustion process. Utilization of abundance agricultural wastes and one-step physical activation process is attractive as it promotes a cleaner pathway for activated carbon production, and simultaneously, reduces the total operating cost.

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KOH Activation with Microwave Irradiation and its Effect on the Physical Properties of Orange Peel Activated Carbon

Journal of Physics Conference Series ◽

10.1088/1742-6596/2049/1/012025 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2049 (1) ◽

pp. 012025

Author(s):

Awitdrus ◽

Gladys May Grace Siregar ◽

Agustino ◽

Saktioto ◽

Iwantono ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Microwave Irradiation ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Orange Peel ◽

Interlayer Spacing ◽

Koh Activation ◽

Activation Process ◽

Orange Peel Waste ◽

Activating Agent

Abstract Chemical activation with assisted microwave irradiation was used to produced activated carbon from orange peel waste. The activating agent was potassium hydroxide (KOH) with concentrations of 2 M, 3 M, and 4 M. The microwave irradiation was done for 15 minutes with a 630 Watt output power. KOH concentration affected the physical properties of OP-ACxM. With increasing KOH concentration, the interlayer spacing (d002 and d100 ) grew, stack height (Lc ) increased, and stack width (La) dropped. The number of pores on the surface of OP-ACxM increased after the chemical activation process. In OP-ACxM, FTIR analysis reveals the presence of O-H, C-H, C-C, C=O, C=C, and C-O.

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Adsorption of methylene blue onto betel nut husk-based activated carbon prepared by sodium hydroxide activation process

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2020.451 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 82 (9) ◽

pp. 1932-1949

Author(s):

Mondira Bardhan ◽

Tamanna Mamun Novera ◽

Mumtahina Tabassum ◽

Md. Azharul Islam ◽

Ali H. Jawad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Methylene Blue ◽

Activated Carbon ◽

Adsorption Capacity ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Maximum Adsorption Capacity ◽

Activation Process ◽

Order Kinetic ◽

Betel Nut ◽

Non Linear ◽

Mb Adsorption

Abstract In this study, activated carbon (AC) was prepared from agro-waste betel nut husks (BNH) through the chemical activation method. Different characterization techniques described the physicochemical nature of betel nut husks activated carbon (BNH-AC) through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and pH point of zero charge. Later, the produced AC was used for methylene blue (MB) adsorption via numerous batch experimental parameters: initial concentrations of MB dye (25–250 mg/L), contact time (0.5–24 hours) and initial pH (2–12). Dye adsorption isotherms were also assessed at three temperatures where the maximum adsorption capacity (381.6 mg/g) was found at 30 °C. The adsorption equilibrium data were best suited to the non-linear form of the Freundlich isotherm model. Additionally, non-linear pseudo-second-order kinetic model was better fitted with the experimental value as well. Steady motion of solute particles from the boundary layer to the BNH-AC's surface was the possible reaction dynamics concerning MB adsorption. Thermodynamic study revealed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic in nature. Saline water emerged as an efficient eluent for the desorption of adsorbed dye on AC. Therefore, the BNH-AC is a very promising and cost-effective adsorbent for MB dye treatment and has high adsorption capacity.

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Production and Characterisation of Single and Mixed Activated Carbons from Coconut Shell and Rubber Seed Pericarp Using Microwave-Induced Chemical Activating Agent

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.889.209 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 889 ◽

pp. 209-214

Author(s):

Nurul Shazlinie Abdul Shukor ◽

Khudzir Ismail ◽

Raja Razuan Raja Deris ◽

Azil Bahari Alias ◽

Mohd Azlan Mohd Ishak

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Iodine Number ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Heating System ◽

Coconut Shell ◽

Adsorptive Capacity ◽

Activation Process ◽

Single Individual ◽

Rubber Seed ◽

Activating Agent

Activated carbon from biomass namely coconut shell (CS-AC), rubber seed pericarp(RSP-AC) and their mixed blend (50:50 w/w) coconut shell-rubber seed pericarp activated carbon(CSRSP-AC) were successfully produced by using ZnCl2 as chemical activating agent viamicrowave irradiation heating system. Activation process was performed in commercial microwaveoven at power of 600W for 20 min by using 30%, 40% and 50% of ZnCl2 concentrations. Theactivated carbon was characterized according to BET surface morphology, iodine number andpercentage of MB removal. The results showed that the mixed CSRSP-AC produced the highestsurface area of 584.68 mg2/g with comparison to single CS-AC and RSP-AC at 445.9 mg2/g and462.5 mg2/g respectively. Although CSRSP-AC has the highest surface area and pore volumedevelopment, RSP-AC was found to have the highest iodine number, with the opposite trend beingobserved with MB removal indicating that RSP-AC has the highest adsorptive capacity among thethree activated carbons. The iodine number value and percentages of MB removal increased as theZnCl2 concentration increase from 30% to 50%. These findings revealed that activated carbonproduced from mixed blend of coconut shell and rubber seed pericarp has almost similarcharacteristics to their respective activated carbon derived from single individual biomass.

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Analisis Variasi Temperatur Aktivasi Terhadap Daya Serap Arang Aktif Tandan Aren (Arenga Pinnata Merr) Dengan Agen Aktivasi Potassium Silicate(K2SiO3)

Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Fisika ◽

10.36709/jipfi.v5i3.13803 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 221

Author(s):

Muhammad Azam ◽

Muhammad Anas ◽

Erniwati Erniwati

Keyword(s):

Methylene Blue ◽

Activated Carbon ◽

Adsorption Capacity ◽

Temperature Variation ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Weight Ratio ◽

Potassium Silicate ◽

Physical Activation ◽

Activation Temperature ◽

Pyrolysis Reactor

This study aims to determine the effect of variation of activation temperature of activated carbon from sugar palm bunches of chemically activatied with the activation agent of potassium silicate (K2SiO3) on the adsorption capacity of iodine and methylene blue. Activated carbon from bunches of sugar palmacquired in four steps: preparationsteps, carbonizationstepsusing the pyrolysis reactor with temperature of 300 oC - 400 oC for 8 hours and chemical activation using of potassium silicate (K2SiO3) activator in weight ratio of 2: 1 and physical activation using the electric furnace for 30 minutes with temperature variation of600 oC, 650 oC, 700 oC, 750 oC and 800 oC. The iodine and methyleneblue adsorption testedby Titrimetric method and Spectrophotometry methodrespectively. The results of the adsorption of iodine and methylene blue activated carbon from sugar palm bunches increased from 240.55 mg/g and 63.14 mg/g at a temperature of 600 oC to achieve the highest adsorption capacity of 325.80 mg/g and 73.59 mg/g at temperature of 700 oC and decreased by 257.54 mg/g and 52.03 mg/g at a temperature of 800 oCrespectively.However, it does not meet to Indonesia standard (Standard Nasional Indonesia/SNI), which is 750 mg/g and 120 mg/g respectively.

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Computer Analysis of the Effect of Activation Temperature on the Microporous Structure Development of Activated Carbon Derived from Common Polypody

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14112951 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (11) ◽

pp. 2951

Author(s):

Mirosław Kwiatkowski ◽

Jarosław Serafin ◽

Andy M. Booth ◽

Beata Michalkiewicz

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Porous Structure ◽

Computer Analysis ◽

Density Functional ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Geometrical Parameters ◽

Activation Process ◽

Microporous Structure ◽

Activation Temperature

This paper presents the results of a computer analysis of the effect of activation process temperature on the development of the microporous structure of activated carbon derived from the leaves of common polypody (Polypodium vulgare) via chemical activation with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) at activation temperatures of 700, 800, and 900 °C. An unconventional approach to porous structure analysis, using the new numerical clustering-based adsorption analysis (LBET) method together with the implemented unique gas state equation, was used in this study. The LBET method is based on unique mathematical models that take into account, in addition to surface heterogeneity, the possibility of molecule clusters branching and the geometric and energy limitations of adsorbate cluster formation. It enabled us to determine a set of parameters comprehensively and reliably describing the porous structure of carbon material on the basis of the determined adsorption isotherm. Porous structure analyses using the LBET method were based on nitrogen (N2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) adsorption isotherms determined for individual activated carbon. The analyses carried out showed the highest CO2 adsorption capacity for activated carbon obtained was at an activation temperature of 900 °C, a value only slightly higher than that obtained for activated carbon prepared at 700 °C, but the values of geometrical parameters determined for these activated carbons showed significant differences. The results of the analyses obtained with the LBET method were also compared with the results of iodine number analysis and the results obtained with the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Dubinin–Radushkevich (DR), and quenched solid density functional theory (QSDFT) methods, demonstrating their complementarity.

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