The Organization and Spread Process of Camping by the North American YMCA in the 19th Century

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-81
Author(s):  
Ka-Ram Lee ◽  
Seung-Ho Woo ◽  
Woo-Suk Kim
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
North American ◽  
The North ◽  
The 19Th Century

A history of early household economics: Improving the family’s contribution to industrial production and rationalizing family consumption

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 985-1005
Author(s):  
Miriam Bankovsky
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
North American ◽  
Industrial Production ◽  
Household Economics ◽  
Social Good ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
American Consumer ◽  
Family Consumption ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract This article contributes to our knowledge of two early phases in the history of household economics. The first is represented by the 19th-century theory of Alfred Marshall and the second by the interwar theories of several North American consumer economists (Hazel Kyrk, Elizabeth Hoyt, and Margaret Reid). The aim is to present the analytical focus and accounts of social good that animated these phases. Since Marshall’s focus was on improving industrial production, his family economics explained how the Victorian family could improve the labour it contributed to industry. But the North American consumer economists sought to improve family consumption. Regarding ethics, 19th-century families were to cultivate an industrious and altruistic character. But the consumer economists thought families needed protection from producer fraud, along with living standards that expressed their individuality. Early household economics also accepted the gendered family form that had accompanied these developments, rejecting more ‘activist’ conceptions.

Conspecificity of Plantago fastigiata of North America with P. ovata of the Old World

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 1865-1868 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. J. Bassett ◽  
B. R. Baum
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
North American ◽  
New World ◽  
Old World ◽  
The North ◽  
The 19Th Century

Comparative morphological and palynological studies have been carried out on Plantago fastigiata (P. insularis) of the New World and P. ovata, including some closely allied species of section Leucopsyllium, of the Old World. As a result, P. fastigiata is regarded as conspecific with P. ovata. It is postulated that the North American populations known as P. fastigiata are introductions of P. ovata dating from the late 18th and the beginning of the 19th century by early settlers in California.

scholarly journals Piśmiennictwo religijne Tatarów Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego jako oryginalne źródło do badań polszczyzny północnokresowej

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-110
Author(s):  
Joanna Kulwicka-Kamińska
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
The North ◽  
Religious Writings ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Linguistic Analyses ◽  
The 19Th Century

The religious writings of the Tatars constitute a valuable source for philological research due to the presence of heretofore unexplored grammatical and lexical layers of the north borderland Polish language of the 16th-20th centuries and due to the interference-related and transfer-related processes in the context of Slavic languages and Slavic-Oriental contacts. Therefore the basis for linguistic analyses is constituted by one of the most valuable monuments of this body of writing – the first translation of the Quran into a Slavic language in the world (probably representing the north borderland Polish language), which assumed the form of a tefsir. The source of linguistic analyses is constituted by the Olita tefsir, which dates back to 1723 (supplemented and corrected in the 19th century). On the basis of the material that was excerpted from this work the author presents both borderland features described in the subject literature and tries to point the new or only sparsely confirmed facts in the history of the Polish language, including the formation of the north borderland Polish language on the Belarusian substrate. Research involves all levels of language – the phonetic-phonological, morphological, syntactic and the lexical-semantic levels.

Kisikongo (Bantu, H16a) present-future isomorphism

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-288
Author(s):  
Sebastian Dom ◽  
Gilles-Maurice de Schryver ◽  
Koen Bostoen
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Future Tense ◽  
Future Time ◽  
Semantic Extension ◽  
The North ◽  
Bantu Language ◽  
The Future ◽  
Identical Construction ◽  
Present Tense ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract The North-Angolan Bantu language Kisikongo has a present tense (Ø-R-ang-a; R = root) that is morphologically more marked than the future tense (Ø-R-a). We reconstruct how this typologically uncommon tense-marking feature came about by drawing on both historical and comparative evidence. Our diachronic corpus covers four centuries that can be subdivided in three periods, viz. (1) mid-17th, (2) late-19th/early-20th, and (3) late-20th/​early-21st centuries. The comparative data stem from several present-day languages of the “Kikongo Language Cluster.” We show that mid-17th century Kisikongo had three distinct constructions: Ø-R-a (with present progressive, habitual and generic meaning), Ø-R-ang-a (with present habitual meaning), and ku-R-a (with future meaning). By the end of the 19th century the last construction is no longer attested, and both present and future time reference are expressed by a segmentally identical construction, namely Ø-R-a. We argue that two seemingly independent but possibly interacting diachronic evolutions conspired towards such present-future isomorphism: (1) the semantic extension of an original present-tense construction from present to future leading to polysemy, and (2) the loss of the future prefix ku-, as part of a broader phenomenon of prefix reduction, inducing homonymy. To resolve the ambiguity, the Ø-R-ang-a construction evolved into the main present-tense construction.

A Comment on the Windsor Site, Jamaica

1954 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-174
Author(s):  
C. S. Cotter
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Interesting Article ◽  
The North ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Hill ◽  
Local Research

In Marian DeWolf's recent interesting article on Jamaica archaeology she refers to an earthwork and trench as Windsor Fort, built by the British in 1803 (DeWolf 1953: 236), citing Cundall (1915) as her authority. Actually Cundall mentions the fort but makes no attempt to suggest that its site was on Windsor Hill, which trench has always been known as Spanish Fort. From my local research, Fort Windsor was built on the sea shore, 1000 yards north of the hill, where up to a few years ago stone foundations still existed.The Windsor Hill site presents one of the most curious mysteries of the north coast, and in 1951 I excavated the hole with a view to a solution and moved and sifted about three tons of earth which had been thrown in during the early part of the 19th century.

Turkish-Dagestan Relations in the Light of the Russian Policy of Deterring the Population of the Dagestan Region from Resettling in Turkey (II Half of the 19th - Early 20th Century)

2020 ◽  
pp. 50-54
Author(s):  
T.Ch. Dzhabaeva
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The North ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article analyzes Turkish-Dagestani relations in the light of the policy of the Russian administration in the province. The reasons for the growth of Pro-Turkish orientation among the population of Dagestan in the second half of the 19th century, the policy of the Porte in this matter, and its decline by the beginning of the 20th century are noted. The author examines the complex of actions of the Tsarist administration to restrain the Dagestani population from resettling in Turkey-from conducting explanatory conversations with those who wanted to relocate and monitoring the relocation “through their fingers”, to direct prohibitions. The features of the migration movement of representatives of the peoples of Dagestan that distinguished it from the migration movement among other peoples of the North Caucasus are revealed.

Archaeological Explorations in Southwestern Idaho

1965 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Earl H. Swanson
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Great Basin ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Snake River ◽  
Boundary Zone ◽  
The North ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

AbstractField work in southwestern Idaho in 1959 has led to definition of a boundary zone between the Great Basin and Plateau culture areas. Around A.D. 1300, this boundary lay along the Snake River in southwestern Idaho, but in the 19th century it lay nearly 100 miles to the north of the Snake River. It is suggested that the contemporary environment of southwestern Idaho was established about 1000 B.C.

scholarly journals Preliminary estimates of whaling-induced mortality in the 19th century North Pacific right whale (Eubalaena japonicus) fishery, adjusting for struck-but-lost whales and non-American whaling

2020 ◽  
pp. 261-268
Author(s):  
James E. Scarff
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Bering Sea ◽  
North Pacific ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Right Whale ◽  
The North ◽  
Right Whales ◽  
Adjustment Factors ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The North Pacific

This study develops preliminary estimates of total whaling-induced mortality of northern right whales in the 19th century North Pacificpelagic whale fishery. Best’s (1987) study of American whaling returns resulted in estimates of the total American catch of 14,480 and15,374 northern right whales during the period 1839-1909. The present study offers adjustment factors to estimate total mortality from thesecatch data. Quantitative data from 14 pelagic expeditions for northern right whales in the North Pacific from 1838-1860 and additionalanecdotal information about struck-but-lost animals is reviewed. On 12 voyages, 327 northern right whales were struck with harpoons, butonly 133 landed. Adjusted for the subsequent recovery of struck whales, this implies a ratio of 2.43 whales struck for each whale eventuallysecured and flensed by whaleships. Data from four voyages show that of 148 northern right whales struck with harpoons, 14 sank beforethey could be processed. From a sample of five voyages, 80 northern right whales were landed and 31 carcasses sank without being secured.During the height of pelagic whaling in the North Pacific, approximately 10% of the fleet was non-American, primarily French. Adjustingrecorded catch estimates for struck-but-lost mortality and non-American whaling yields preliminary estimates of total mortality in thisfishery in the range of 26,500-37,000 animals during the period 1839-1909. In the single decade of 1840-49, between 21,000-30,000northern right whales may have been killed in the North Pacific, Sea of Okhotsk and Bering Sea, representing about 80% of the northernright whales killed in this region during the period 1839-1909.

scholarly journals Reindeer pastoralism in Sweden 1550-1950

Rangifer ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lennart Lundmark
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Reindeer Herding ◽  
The North ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The 19Th Century

In the middle of the 16th century we get the first opportunity to a more detailed knowledge of reindeerpastoralism in Sweden. At that time the Sami lived in a hunter-gatherer economy. A family had in average about 10-20 domesticated reindeer, mainly used for transport. They could also be milked and used as decoys when hunting wild reindeer. During late 16th century the Swedish state and merchants bought large amounts of fur from the Sami. The common payment was butter and flour. This created a new prosperity, which lead to a considerable increase in population in Swedish Lapland. The population became too large for a hunter-gatherer economy. A crisis in early 17th century was the starting point for the transition to a large-scale nomadic reindeer pastoralism. Up to the middle of the 18th century intensive reindeer pastoralism was successful. But the pastoralism became gradually too intensive and diseases started to spread when the herds were kept too densely crowded for milking in summertime. During the first decades of the 19th century reindeer pastoralism in Sweden went through a major crisis. The number of reindeer herding mountain-Sami decreased considerably, mainly because they went to live permanently along the Norwegian coastline. Intensive reindeer pastoralism started to give way for extensive herding towards the end of the 19th century. In the north of Sweden influences from the Kautokeino Sami were an important factor, in the south extensive reindeer herding started to expand when the market for meat came closer to the Sami. During the 1920s the milking of reindeer ceased in Sweden, except in a few families. At that time Sami families from the north had been removed southwards. They further demonstrated the superiority of extensive herding to the Sami in mid- and southern Lapland. Reindeer pastoralism is basically a system of interaction between man and animal, but it has been heavily influenced by market forces and state intervention during hundreds of years. To a large extent these long-term external influences have made reindeer pastoralism what it is today. That aspect should not be overlooked when assessing the future prospects of reindeer pastoralism in Scandinavia.Renskötseln i Sverige 1550-1950Abstract in Swedish / Sammanfattning: Först vid mitten av 1500-talet finns det källmaterial som ger oss en tämligen detaljerad bild av renskötseln i Sverige. Vid den tiden levde samerna i en jakt- , fiske- och samlarekonomi. En familj hade normalt 10-20 renar som främst utnyttjades vid transporter. Tamrenarna kunde också mjölkas och fungera som lockdjur vid vildrensjakt. Under senare delen av 1500-talet köpte svenska staten och handelsmän stora mängder pälsverk av samerna. Den vanligaste betalningen var smör och mjöl. Detta skapade ett välstånd som ledde till en betydande folkökning i svenska lappmarken. Befolkningen blev för stor för att rymmas inom ramarna för en jaktochfiskeekonomi. En kris i början av 1600-talet blev startpunkten för övergången till en storskalig rennomadism.Fram till mitten av 1700-talet var den intensiva renskötseln framgångsrik. Men renskötseln blev efterhand alltför intensiv. Under senare delen av 1700-talet började det spridas sjukdomar i de tätt sammanhållna hjordarna. De första decennierna av 1800-talet innebar en allvarlig kris i renskötseln. Antalet renskötande fjällsamer minskade kraftigt, främst genom utvandring till norska kusten. Den intensiva renskötseln med mjölkning av renarna började ersättas av en extensiv renskötsel inriktad på köttproduktion de sista decennierna av 1800-talet. I norr var naturförhållandena och influenser från Kautokeino-samerna en viktig faktor, i söder utvecklades renskötseln i extensiv riktning främst därför att marknaden för renkött kom närmare renskötarna. Under 1920-talet upphörde mjölkningen av renar i Sverige, utom i några enstaka familjer. Då hade förflyttningarna av samer från nordligaste Sverige söderut påskyndat utvecklingen och ytterligare markerat den extensiva renskötselteknikensöverlägsenhet. Tamrenskötsel är ett samspel mellan människa och djur, men det är inte bara en fråga om renskötaren och hans hjord. Externa marknadsfaktorer, beskattning och lagstiftning har haft ett betydandeinflytande på renskötselns utveckling under hundratals år. De har till stor del format renskötseln till vad den är idag. Detta bör beaktas när man gör bedömningar av renskötselns framtid. 

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