Kisikongo (Bantu, H16a) present-future isomorphism

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-288
Author(s):  
Sebastian Dom ◽  
Gilles-Maurice de Schryver ◽  
Koen Bostoen
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Future Tense ◽  
Future Time ◽  
Semantic Extension ◽  
The North ◽  
Bantu Language ◽  
The Future ◽  
Identical Construction ◽  
Present Tense ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract The North-Angolan Bantu language Kisikongo has a present tense (Ø-R-ang-a; R = root) that is morphologically more marked than the future tense (Ø-R-a). We reconstruct how this typologically uncommon tense-marking feature came about by drawing on both historical and comparative evidence. Our diachronic corpus covers four centuries that can be subdivided in three periods, viz. (1) mid-17th, (2) late-19th/early-20th, and (3) late-20th/​early-21st centuries. The comparative data stem from several present-day languages of the “Kikongo Language Cluster.” We show that mid-17th century Kisikongo had three distinct constructions: Ø-R-a (with present progressive, habitual and generic meaning), Ø-R-ang-a (with present habitual meaning), and ku-R-a (with future meaning). By the end of the 19th century the last construction is no longer attested, and both present and future time reference are expressed by a segmentally identical construction, namely Ø-R-a. We argue that two seemingly independent but possibly interacting diachronic evolutions conspired towards such present-future isomorphism: (1) the semantic extension of an original present-tense construction from present to future leading to polysemy, and (2) the loss of the future prefix ku-, as part of a broader phenomenon of prefix reduction, inducing homonymy. To resolve the ambiguity, the Ø-R-ang-a construction evolved into the main present-tense construction.

Zum Aufstieg und Niedergang des Normalarbeitsverhältnisses in Deutschland 1800-2010 - ein Forschungsprojekt

2009 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Toni Pierenkemper ◽  
Klaus F. Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Modern Concept ◽  
Employment Contract ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
The Future ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Welfare State

AbstractThis paper attempts to trace the construction of the standard employment contract in Germany from the beginning of the 19th century onwards. In 20th century Germany, it was reinforced alongside with the consolidation of the welfare state and developed into the modern concept of the standard employment contract. Due to globalization forces and dynamics of capitalist market economies, the standard employment contract has turned into an obstacle in the way of modern economy’s progress. The future might be determined by increasing work flexibility, rising working hours, falling income and increasing unemployment rates, rendering the standard employment contract anachronistic and obsolete.

scholarly journals Back in time for utopia: Neo-Victorian utopianism and the return to William Morris

2020 ◽  
pp. 136754942098000
Author(s):  
Joe PL Davidson
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Reality Television ◽  
Interesting Case ◽  
Arts And Crafts ◽  
William Morris ◽  
Victorian Studies ◽  
Victorian Era ◽  
Cultural Imaginary ◽  
The Future ◽  
The 19Th Century

When we think of the Victorian era, images of shrouded piano legs, dismal factories and smoggy streets often come to mind. However, the 19th century has been rediscovered in recent years as the home of something quite different: bold utopian visions of the future. William Morris’ great literary utopia News from Nowhere, first published in 1890, is an interesting case study in this context. Morris’ text is the point of departure for a number of recent returns to Victorian utopianism, including Sarah Woods’ updated radio adaptation of News from Nowhere (2016) and the BBC’s historical reality television series The Victorian House of Arts and Crafts (2019). In this article, I analyse these Morris-inspired texts with the aim of exploring the place of old visions of the future in the contemporary cultural imaginary. Building on previous work in neo-Victorian studies and utopian studies, the claim is made that the return to 19th-century dreams is a plural phenomenon that has a number of divergent effects. More specifically, neo-Victorian utopianism can function to demonstrate the obsolescence of old visions of utopia, prompt a longing for the clarity and radicality of the utopias of the Victorian moment, or encourage a process of rejuvenating the utopian impulse in the present via a detour through the past.

THE UNIFORM OF A MINING ENGINEER FROM THE BURIAL OF THE FORMER NAGORNY CEMETERY OF BARNAUL

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 36-41
Author(s):  
KALASHNIKOV D. ◽  
◽  
SITNIKOV S. ◽  
SEMIBRATOV V. ◽  
CHUDILIN I. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Work Study ◽  
Mining Engineer ◽  
The Future ◽  
General Rank ◽  
Specific Rank ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Dark Blue

The study of materials obtained during emergency work on the territory of the former Nagorny cemetery in Barnaul in 2015-2016 continues. This article attempts to determine the rank of the official whose burial was discovered in the autumn of 2015. The identification is carried out by the uniform of dark blue cloth preserved on the remains of the official with full gold embroidery on the collar and cuffs, indicating that he belongs to the Mining Department and general rank. The work is complicated by the incomplete preservation of the uniform and numerous changes in the uniform of the officials of the Mining Department throughout the 19th century. In the future, when determining the specific rank and time of existence of a uniform of this cut, it is possible to establish a fairly reliable identity. The number of employees of this rank in Barnaul was insignificant. The record of the official’s death was to be preserved in the metrical registers of one of the city’s most important churches. Keywords: Barnaul, Nagorny cemetery, emergency work, study of finds, uniform of the mining department, departmental gold embroidery, establishment of the rank of the buried engineer

scholarly journals Polemic in Russian Pro-Revolution Historiography about the Future of the Kazakh Court of BIYS (The Latter Half of the 19th Century)

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (44) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mazhitova Zhanna ◽  
Ibrayeva Akmaral ◽  
Kartova Zaure ◽  
Sugirbayeva Gulzhan ◽  
Barshagul Issabek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The Future ◽  
The 19Th Century

scholarly journals ВЪПРОСИ НА БЪЛГАРСКАТА ДИАЛЕКТНА ГЛАГОЛНА МОРФОЛОГИЯ В ИЗСЛЕДВАНИЯТА НА ТРИМА ЕВРОПЕЙСКИ СЛАВИСТИ ОТ ПЪРВАТА ПОЛОВИНА НА XIX ВЕК – ВУК КАРАДЖИЧ, ВИКТОР ГРИГОРОВИЧ, СТЕФАН ВЕРКОВИЧ / ISSUES IN THE VERB MORPHOLOGY OF BULGARIAN DIALECTS IN THE RESEARCH OF THREE EUROPEAN SLAVICISTS FROM THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY – VUК KARADŽIĆ, VICTOR GRIGOROVICH, STEFAN VERKOVIĆ

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (68.04) ◽  
pp. 89-100
Author(s):  
MARIA MITSKOVA
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Scientific Interest ◽  
Great Contribution ◽  
Verb Morphology ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Present Tense ◽  
The 19Th Century

As representatives of the first generation of European scholars to observe and describe the Bulgarian vernacular from the 19th century, Vuk Karadžić, Victor Grigorovich and Stefan Verković made a great contribution to the study of the verb morphology of Bulgarian dialects of that time. Their pioneering research mark the emergence of scientific interest to some of the most distinctive features and peculiarities of Bulgarian verbs such as: the loss of the Old Slavonic infinitive, the existence of aorist and past imperfect tense with a variety of dialect forms, the dialectal differences in the present tense conjugations and the large number of phonetic variants of the particle ще used in futuretense formation. Keywords: Bulgarian dialects, morphology of Bulgarian dialects, Bulgarian verbs

scholarly journals Between prophecies and prognoses: Januário da Cunha Barbosa, slavery, and the future of the nation (1830-1836)

Tempo ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Danilo José Zioni Ferretti
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The Future ◽  
Literate Culture ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Way

This article aims at understanding the role played by the discussions about slavery and slave trafficking in the literate culture of Brazil in the 19th century, especially regarding the forms of figuring out the future of the nation. The way Canon Januário da Cunha Barbosa, an important politician and an illustrated intellectual, related projections of the future of the nation and treated the slavery issue (from 1830 to 1836) is analyzed. We discuss the use of projection modalities: prophecy and prognosis. Through them, Januário was involved in political discussions regarding the end of slave trafficking, and made political use of the Malê Revolt and Haitianism. The constitution of a horizon of antislavery expectation is indicated by the Canon, which is seen as one of the reasons to create the Brazilian Historic and Geographic Institute (1838).

scholarly journals Piśmiennictwo religijne Tatarów Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego jako oryginalne źródło do badań polszczyzny północnokresowej

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-110
Author(s):  
Joanna Kulwicka-Kamińska
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
The North ◽  
Religious Writings ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Linguistic Analyses ◽  
The 19Th Century

The religious writings of the Tatars constitute a valuable source for philological research due to the presence of heretofore unexplored grammatical and lexical layers of the north borderland Polish language of the 16th-20th centuries and due to the interference-related and transfer-related processes in the context of Slavic languages and Slavic-Oriental contacts. Therefore the basis for linguistic analyses is constituted by one of the most valuable monuments of this body of writing – the first translation of the Quran into a Slavic language in the world (probably representing the north borderland Polish language), which assumed the form of a tefsir. The source of linguistic analyses is constituted by the Olita tefsir, which dates back to 1723 (supplemented and corrected in the 19th century). On the basis of the material that was excerpted from this work the author presents both borderland features described in the subject literature and tries to point the new or only sparsely confirmed facts in the history of the Polish language, including the formation of the north borderland Polish language on the Belarusian substrate. Research involves all levels of language – the phonetic-phonological, morphological, syntactic and the lexical-semantic levels.

scholarly journals TEMPORAL SYSTEM OF THE OSSETIAN VERB COMPARED WITH OTHER IRANIAN LANGUAGES

Kavkaz-forum ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Э.Б. САТЦАЕВ
Keyword(s):  
Grammatical Category ◽  
Future Tense ◽  
Interesting Phenomenon ◽  
The Past ◽  
Persian Language ◽  
Temporal System ◽  
The Future ◽  
Present Tense ◽  
Almost All

Время – грамматическая категория глагола, служит временной состояния, либо события. В различных языках наличествует соответствующее количество временных форм. Индоевропейский глагол в историческом плане имел три временные системы – презенс, аорист и перфект. В Авесте засвидетельствованы формы всех индоевропейских времен, наклонений и залогов. В ней в изъявительном наклонении раз­личаются следующие времена: настоящее время, имперфект, перфект и плюсквамперфект. В презенсе авестийского глагола выделяются два типа основ. Эти основы делятся на классы, количество которых доходит до двадцати двух. Глагольная система, которая наличествует в среднеиранских языках, значительно изменилась по сравнению с древнеиранскими языками. Однако древнеиранская временная система практически во всех иранских языках данного периода сохранилась. В новоперсидском языке насчитывается восемь времен. Идентичное количество временных форм можно наблюдать также в афганском языке, представленном в восточноиранской языковой подгруппе. Среди иранских языков осетинский характеризуется скудостью временных форм. В осетинском языке можно выделить три глагольные основы, от которых образуются формы соответствующих времен. В осетинских глаголах обнаруживаются следы древнеарийских классов настоящего времени. В современных иранских языках основное противоположение лежит между прошлым и не прошлыми временами. В изъявительном наклонении осетинский язык знает три времени: настоящее, прошедшее и будущее. Наиболее интересным явлением в осетинском языке является образование будущего времени, аналогичная с осетинским языком модель образования будущего времени наблюдаются в согдийском и хорезмийском языках, ко­торые считаются наиболее близкими к осетинскому языку. Tense is a grammatical category of a verb that serves as a temporary localization of an event or state. Different languages have a different number of temporary forms. Historically, the Indo-European verb had three temporal systems – present, aorist and perfect. In the Avesta, forms of all Indo-European times, moods and pledges are attested. The following tenses are distinguished in it in the indicative mood: present, imperfect, perfect and pluperfect. There are two types of stems in the presence of the Avestan verb. These basics are divided into classes, the number of which reaches twenty-two. The verb system in the Middle Iranian languages has changed significantly compared to the ancient Iranian, however, the ancient Iranian temporal system in almost all Iranian languages of this period has been preserved. There are eight tenses in the New Persian language. Almost the same number of temporal forms is observed in Afghan, which is part of the Eastern Iranian subgroup. Among the Iranian languages, Ossetian is a scarcity of temporary forms. In the Ossetian language, three verbal stems can be distinguished, from which the forms of the corresponding tenses are formed. In Ossetian verbs, traces of the ancient Aryan classes of the present tense are found. In modern Iranian languages, the main opposition lies between the past and non-past times. In the indicative mood, the Ossetian language knows three tenses: present, past and future. The most interesting phenomenon in the Ossetian language is the formation of the future tense, a model of the formation of the future tense similar to the Ossetian language is observed in the Sogdian and Khorezm languages, which are considered the closest to the Ossetian language.

Visions of the Special Class

1998 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 229-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip L. Safford ◽  
Elizabeth J. Safford
Keyword(s):  
Public School ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Special Class ◽  
Children With Disabilities ◽  
Special Educators ◽  
Clearing House ◽  
Service Model ◽  
The Future ◽  
Major Shift ◽  
The 19Th Century

ABSTRACT Although the advent of public school special day classes for children with disabilities at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th marked a major shift in the service model, apparently in the direction of educational and societal inclusion, such classes had different meanings for different students. They reflected at least three different “visions,” which can be understood by the metaphors cluster, clinic, and clearing-house, though the last was not sustained for the students for whom it was intended, nor can it be today. The story of each may offer guidance for special educators today and in the future.

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