scholarly journals Boatbuilding Technology Analysis of the Seventh Century Boat Remains from Bongal Site on the West Coast of North Sumatera

KALPATARU ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-112
Author(s):  
Stanov Purnawibowo ◽  
Agni Sesaria Mochtar
Keyword(s):  
West Coast ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
The West ◽  
Site Analysis ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
International Trading ◽  
Trade Route ◽  
And Function

Abstract. The west coast of North Sumatera was a famous sea trade route since the ninth century, according to the research conducted in the Barus Site, the international trading ports in the region. However, the study of the maritime technology in the region is still scarcely done. Boat timbers finding from Bongal Site is the first, as well as the oldest, shipwreck remains found in the west coast of North Sumatera. This paper aims to study the boatbuilding technology, as one of the maritime technologies, of the boat remains found in Bongal Site. Analysis on form and function of the timbers, along with the radiocarbon-dating result of timber and Arenga pinnata rope show that the vessel was built in the Southeast Asian lashed-lugs technique in the seventh century, two centuries older than Barus. Analysis on the artefacts found near the timbers indicates that this type of vessel was used for trade activities on the west coast of North Sumatera.

Cities-Before-Cities

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel W. Berman
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
The West ◽  
Central Greece ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
South Italy ◽  
Crucial Component ◽  
And Function ◽  
The City

Foundation myths are a crucial component of many Greek cities’ identities. But the mythic tradition also represents many cities and their spaces before they were cities at all. This study examines three of these ‘prefoundational’ narratives: stories of cities-before-cities that prepare, configure, or reconfigure, in a conceptual sense, the mythic ground for foundation. ‘Prefoundational’ myths vary in both form and function. Thebes, before it was Thebes, is represented as a trackless and unfortified backwater. Croton, like many Greek cities in south Italy, credited Heracles with a kind of ‘prefounding’, accomplished on his journey from the West back to central Greece. And the Athenian acropolis was the object of a quarrel between Athena and Poseidon, the results of which gave the city its name and permanently marked its topography. In each case, ‘prefoundational’ myth plays a crucial role in representing ideology, identity, and civic topography.

scholarly journals The iron-responsive genome of the chiton Acanthopleura granulata

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca M. Varney ◽  
Daniel I. Speiser ◽  
Carmel McDougall ◽  
Bernard M. Degnan ◽  
Kevin M. Kocot
Keyword(s):  
Iron Transport ◽  
West Indian ◽  
The Other ◽  
The West ◽  
Major Clade ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Molluscan Evolution ◽  
And Function

ABSTRACTMolluscs biomineralize structures that vary in composition, form, and function, prompting questions about the genetic mechanisms responsible for their production and the evolution of these mechanisms. Chitons (Mollusca, Polyplacophora) are a promising system for studies of biomineralization because they build a range of calcified structures including shell plates and spine- or scale-like sclerites. Chitons also harden the calcified teeth of their rasp-like radula with a coat of iron (as magnetite). Here we present the genome of the West Indian fuzzy chiton Acanthopleura granulata, the first from any aculiferan mollusc. The A. granulata genome contains homologs of many biomineralization genes identified previously in conchiferan molluscs. We expected chitons to lack genes previously identified from pathways conchiferans use to make biominerals like calcite and nacre because chitons do not use these materials in their shells. Surprisingly, the A. granulata genome has homologs of many of these genes, suggesting that the ancestral mollusc had a more diverse biomineralization toolkit than expected. The A. granulata genome has features that may be specialized for iron biomineralization, including a higher proportion of genes regulated directly by iron than other molluscs. A. granulata also produces two isoforms of soma-like ferritin: one is regulated by iron and similar in sequence to the soma-like ferritins of other molluscs, and the other is constitutively translated and is not found in other molluscs. The A. granulata genome is a resource for future studies of molluscan evolution and biomineralization.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTChitons are molluscs that make shell plates, spine- or scale-like sclerites, and iron-coated teeth. Currently, all molluscs with sequenced genomes lie within one major clade (Conchifera). Sequencing the genome of a representative from the other major clade (Aculifera) helps us learn about the origins and evolution of molluscan traits. The genome of the West Indian Fuzzy Chiton, Acanthopleura granulata, reveals chitons have homologs of many genes other molluscs use to make shells, suggesting all molluscs share some shell-making pathways. The genome of A. granulata has more genes that may be regulated directly by iron than other molluscs, and chitons produce a unique isoform of a major iron-transport protein (ferritin), suggesting that chitons have genomic specializations that contribute to their production of iron-coated teeth.

scholarly journals Revisiting the Bujang Valley: A Southeast Asian entrepôt complex on the maritime trade route

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-389
Author(s):  
STEPHEN A. MURPHY
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
West Coast ◽  
River System ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
Malay Peninsula ◽  
World War ◽  
The West ◽  
South And Southeast Asia ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
Trade Route

AbstractIn the early 1830s and 1840s, a British colonial official by the name of Colonel James Low uncovered evidence for an early culture with Indic traits in a river system known as the Bujang Valley. On the west coast of the Thai-Malay peninsula, the Bujang Valley is today located in the Malaysian state of Kedah. However, it wasn't until just before World War II that excavations took place, conducted by H. G. Quaritch Wales and his wife Dorothy. Their discoveries and subsequent publications led to the first real attempts to explain the origins and extent of this civilisation and its place within the larger South and Southeast Asian world. In the intervening years between Quaritch Wales's excavations and the present day, considerably more research has taken place within the Bujang Valley, though this has not been without controversy. Recently claims and counter-claims regarding the antiquity of Hinduism and Buddhism at the site have arisen in some quarters within Malaysia. It therefore seems pertinent that this material be re-evaluated in light of new scholarship and discoveries as well as the prevailing paradigms of interactions between South and Southeast Asia. This paper presents an updated reading of this material and argues that the Bujang Valley should be seen as a cosmopolitan trading port with substantive evidence for the presence of Hinduism and Buddhism.

scholarly journals The meaning of the relationship between bale nyungcung roof and inner room in architectural design of Mosques at Sunda Tatar

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-34
Author(s):  
Roza Rahmadjasa Mintaredja ◽  
Purnama Salura ◽  
Bachtiar Fauzy
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Vernacular Architecture ◽  
The West ◽  
West Java ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Basic Reference ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

There has been a decline in the form and function of Sundanese vernacular architecture for large buildings due to the absence of artifacts in village houses. The data on palace or keraton and terraced roofs are only found in lontar and from outside observers in the XVI century. Meanwhile, the phenomenon of the bale nyungcung roof emerged on the mosque in the XVI-XIX centuries at West Java after disappearing for more or less two centuries. The reappearance makes it interesting to study this concept, especially with the focus on its relationship with the inner room of the mosque. This research was conducted on the Great Mosque spread in Sunda Tatar such as the West Java and Banten Provinces with buildings of Majalaya, Manonjaya, and Banten used as case studies. It was conducted qualitatively and interpretatively using the building anatomical theory to analyze the scope of shape and the Bale Nyungcung roof. The results showed the relationship between the roof and the inner space is a reflection of the adjustment in the mosque's basic reference with the Bale Nyungcung roof used as one of the Sundanese local building features.

scholarly journals PAWON JELAMBAR SEBAGAI TEMPAT KULINER DAN THIRD PLACE DI JELAMBAR DENGAN PENDEKATAN PERANCANGAN GREEN CONTEMPORARY DESIGN

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 1245
Author(s):  
Charles Darwin ◽  
Rudy Trisno
Keyword(s):  
Interior Design ◽  
Building Design ◽  
High Density ◽  
Concept Design ◽  
Third Place ◽  
Site Analysis ◽  
Design Concepts ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Residential Population ◽  
And Function

Jelambar, Grogol Petamburan, with Jelambar Baru and Wijaya Kusuma, are one united district with a high density of residential population, that have hobby and habit on culinary business, that form many culinary centers and spread unevenly until Jelambar that caused Jelambar to have no culinary center like other districts have. Pawon Jelambar is designed to resolve issues of Jelambar that has no third place that needed by the district with a high density of population; also the low intensity of culinary. However, there are so many neglected small culinary businesses, because of many factors, one of them is a less strategic location. Pawon Jelambar wants to realize Jelambar’s unconsciously need of forming a place of culinary that integrated and has a clarity, by substitute all the small culinary businesses with Pawon Jelambar, with the purpose to increase culinary needs quality of Jelambar. This project is designed through designing stages as a method of design, such as understanding the district segment of Grogol Petamburan; arranging a diagram of issues of Jelambar and issues solving concept; design concept as the result of questionnaire answers analysis; zoning and space programs; analysis of project’s site determination; site analysis. All these analyses form building mass concepts; exterior and interior design; architectural details. The design result is Pawon Jelambar that uses the design concepts, such as green contemporary design, form and function runs together, and contextualism in responding site; with variants of culinary, mini market, culinary workshops, temporary exhibition, and food gallery, as the main architectural programs. Keywords: Architecture; Culinary; Jelambar; Pawon Jelambar; Third place AbstrakJelambar, Grogol Petamburan, bersama Jelambar Baru dan Wijaya Kusuma adalah satu-kesatuan kawasan padat penduduk hunian yang memiliki hobi dan kebiasaan berdagang kuliner, sehingga muncul beberapa pusat-pusat kuliner, namun penyebarannya tidak merata sampai Jelambar, sehingga Jelambar tidak memiliki sebuah pusat kuliner layaknya di titik kawasan lain. Proyek Pawon Jelambar dirancang untuk mengatasi isu-isu yang diangkat, yaitu tidak adanya third place yang menjadi kebutuhan padat penduduk Jelambar; dan intensitas rendah kuliner, namun banyak usaha kuliner kecil yang dibangun warga, tetapi banyak yang mati karena faktor tertentu, seperti lokasi yang kurang strategis. Pawon Jelambar ingin mengwujudkan keinginan tidak sadar Jelambar dalam membentuk sebuah tempat kuliner yang terintegrasi dan jelas, salah satunya dengan cara mensubstitusikan usaha-usaha kecil kuliner tersebut dengan Pawon Jelambar, yaitu untuk meningkatkan kualitas kebutuhan kuliner di kawasannya. Metode perancangan menggunakan serangkaian tahapan perancangan, yaitu pemahaman segmen kawasan Grogol Petamburan; penyusunan diagram isu kawasan dan konsep penyelesaian isu; konsep perancangan hasil analisis jawaban kuisioner; zoning dan program ruang; analisis pemilihan tapak; analisis tapak; menghasilkan konsep massa bangunan; desain eksterior, interior, dan detail arsitektur. Kesimpulan hasil perancangan adalah Pawon Jelambar yang menerapkan konsep green contemporary building design (sustainable architecture), form and function runs together, dan contextualism in responding site; dengan program utama tempat varian kuliner, mini market, pelatihan kuliner, eksibisi temporer dan food gallery.

Kata Ganti Orang dalam Bahasa Pagu (Isam)

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elsye Jesti Mutji
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Personal Pronoun ◽  
Possessive Pronoun ◽  
The West ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Local Languages

Pagu (Isam) language is a member of the NorthHalmaheran family of the West Papuan phylum. Pagu (Isam) Language is  the language is almost extinctbecauseitsspeakers are less. Because of that problem the author hopes this research willbe motivate the other writersto preserve local languages in a study.This research is a description about personal pronounin Pagu (Isam) language. Personal pronounrefers to a specific person or thing and changes its form to indicate person, number, gender, and function.The problems of this research are what are the form and function used in the sentence of Pagu (Isam)language.The result of this research will be concluded not only descriptionaboutpersonal pronoun in Pagu (Isam) language but also one aspect of personal pronounthatnot yet known there are third personal pronoun with neutral gender andthenat possessive pronoun we just need to add“to”as a marker that it is possessive pronoun.Key word: Description, Personal Pronoun, Pagu (Isam) Language

Expressions of the Elites

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Hinton
Keyword(s):  
Olive Oil ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Similar Distribution ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
The West ◽  
Loire Valley

Because both Gildas and Bede wrote of mutual antipathy between Britons and Anglo-Saxons, it used to be thought self-evident that their hostility was expressed by the cultural differences that appear so obvious in the formers’ Christianity, Celtic speech, hillforts, and unfurnished graves, and the latters’ cremations, furnished inhumations, sunken-featured buildings, great squareheaded brooches, and the like. Different ideas about the adaptations that had to be made to meet changing circumstances have led to reappraisals of extreme positions about racial exclusiveness, however, and emphasis is now placed on the ways that people created new identities rather than on how they inherited one of two alternative dichotomies. The spread of furnished graves westwards and northwards in the second half of the sixth century could be taken as evidence of further waves of immigrants from the continent, but at least as likely is that existing populations were changing their practices as new conditions developed. In the west and north, the most visible change in the archaeological record after the middle of the sixth century is the disappearance of Mediterranean imported pottery from hillforts and other sites, replaced by southern French wares, implying that wine and olive oil shipped in wooden casks from the Loire valley and Bordeaux replaced Greek and African supplies sent in clay amphoras. As with the earlier bowls and dishes, the assumption is that much of the pottery was ‘associative’, sought after because it was seen as appropriate to use at feasts when luxuries were offered by a host. Unlike the earlier imports, however, in the seventh century there were also open-topped jars that seem to have been used as containers, presumably for dry goods as liquids would have slopped out. Some were used for cooking. The French seventh-century pottery, now called E-ware, is a little more often found than are the earlier wares; its absence from South Cadbury is good evidence that that site went out of use c.600, despite its former importance—a sign of the continued instability of the period. Just as none of the Mediterranean imported pottery had reached places far from the west coast, so too the French wares did not pass inland, or up the English Channel. Imports of glass have a broadly similar distribution, although dating is more difficult.

scholarly journals The iron-responsive genome of the chiton Acanthopleura Granulata

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca M Varney ◽  
Daniel I Speiser ◽  
Carmel McDougall ◽  
Bernard M Degnan ◽  
Kevin M Kocot
Keyword(s):  
West Indian ◽  
The Other ◽  
The West ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Molluscan Evolution ◽  
And Function

Abstract Molluscs biomineralize structures that vary in composition, form, and function, prompting questions about the genetic mechanisms responsible for their production and the evolution of these mechanisms. Chitons (Mollusca, Polyplacophora) are a promising system for studies of biomineralization because they build a range of calcified structures including shell plates and spine- or scale-like sclerites. Chitons also harden the calcified teeth of their rasp-like radula with a coat of iron (as magnetite). Here we present the genome of the West Indian fuzzy chiton Acanthopleura granulata, the first from any aculiferan mollusc. The A. granulata genome contains homologs of many genes associated with biomineralization in conchiferan molluscs. We expected chitons to lack genes previously identified from pathways conchiferans use to make biominerals like calcite and nacre because chitons do not use these materials in their shells. Surprisingly, the A. granulata genome has homologs of many of these genes, suggesting that the ancestral mollusc may have had a more diverse biomineralization toolkit than expected. The A. granulata genome has features that may be specialized for iron biomineralization, including a higher proportion of genes regulated directly by iron than other molluscs. A. granulata also produces two isoforms of soma-like ferritin: one is regulated by iron and similar in sequence to the soma-like ferritins of other molluscs, and the other is constitutively translated and is not found in other molluscs. The A. granulata genome is a resource for future studies of molluscan evolution and biomineralization.

Ultrastructure and function Of the proboscis in Melanella alba (Gastropoda: Eulimidae)

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy B. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Hydrostatic Pressure ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Secretory Material ◽  
Coelomic Cavity ◽  
The West ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Ultrastructure And Function ◽  
And Function

The free living eulimid gastropod Melanella alba Bowdich, 1822 is a temporary ectoparasite on echinoderms and, in Kilkerrin Bay on the west coast of Ireland, this species is found exclusively associated with the holothuroid Neopentadactyla mixta (Östergren), 1898. Melanella utilizes a highly specialized acrembolic proboscis to penetrate the integument and ingest the internal tissues of this holothuroid. That portion of the proboscis which penetrates integument bears a highly developed secretory epithelium composed of granular and goblet secretory cells. As the proboscis is unfolded into the host's integument by a combination of increased hydrostatic pressure and muscular movements, secretory material is released from this epithelium and appears to bring about a rapid loosening of the connective tissue elements of the host. The possible mechanism by which the integumental connective tissue is altered to allow unfolding of the proboscis into the coelomic cavity of the host is discussed.

Working With Wilmsen: Paleoindian End Scraper Design and use at Nobles Pond

2013 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark F. Seeman ◽  
Thomas J. Loebel ◽  
Aaron Comstock ◽  
Garry L. Summers
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Tool Design ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
The West ◽  
Organization Of Work ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
The Many ◽  
And Function

AbstractThis study is an investigation of tool design and the organization of work. Here we further test Wilmsen’s (1970) conclusion that early Paleoindian tools—specifically, hafted end scrapers—were redesigned to facilitate the processing of a broader range of resources as colonizing populations moved into the forested environments of eastern North America from the west. We use a large sample from the Nobles Pond site, morphometic variables, and high-powered microwear to evaluate the effects of design and reduction as they bear on this generalization. Results do not support Wilmsen’s model, and, more generally, we conclude that an understanding of form and function in reductive technologies comes not only from an appreciation of the planned, stage-like change that is inherent in the design of reliable tools, but also from a consideration of the many contingencies and particular work situations that arise in the lives of mobile foragers.

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