scholarly journals Eye-tracking based quantification of the safety of human-machine interfaces of complementary protective system functions

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Julian Zehetner ◽  
Ivo Häring ◽  
Ulrich Weber ◽  
Werner Riedel
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Preliminary Test ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Human Machine Interfaces ◽  
Test Parameters ◽  
Protective System ◽  
Visit Duration ◽  
Tracking Technology

Complementary protective measures are of increasing importance with rising degree of automation. As free robots become part of our daily life in industry, on shop floors and beyond, the overall safety of persons has to be ensured. However, assessing the reliability of complementary safety functions remains a challenge, particularly when humans are in the loop. The paper shows how to use the eye-tracking methodology to gain data for assessing the reliability of the human interaction with machine interfaces for complementary protective measures. The paper first identifies factors relevant for eye-tracking, then selects related eye tracking test parameters and finally provides a systematic procedure to assess both, in particular regarding visibility and susceptibility. The methodology is applied and the parameter selection is validated. It is found that in particular the identified and measured parameters fixation count for area of interest (AOI) and the associated average visit duration can be used to assess the factor perceptibility. The parameter deviation of fixation can thereby be used to assess usability. Based on this, a full-scale eye-tracking assessment is proposed for the reliability of the interaction of humans with the machine interfaces of supplementary protective measures. In summary, the preliminary test run execution shows that eye-tracking technology is a promising method for measuring and quantifying the human reliability when interacting with safety-related human-machine interfaces.

scholarly journals Visual Attention Patterns in Adults According to the Use of Things in Aided AAC VSDs: An Eye-tracking Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 718-726
Author(s):  
Jin Hui Lee ◽  
Ji Young Na ◽  
Su Hyang Lee ◽  
Bong Won Yi
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Target Object ◽  
Visual Scene ◽  
Partial Group ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Total Fixation ◽  
Object Usage ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Tracking Technology

Objectives: This study aims to investigate patterns of visual attention on a target object in VSDs (Visual Scene Displays) when they are designed with/without an action of usage of the object. We used eye-tracking technology to evaluate how the action of usage of an object in still photographs influenced the visual attention of adults without disabilities. We tried to examine visual attention on the contents of visual scene displays (VSDs).Methods: 25 college students participated in the study. Eye-tracking technology recorded point-of-gaze while participants viewed 20 photographs. Data from eye-tracking provided information on where participants were visually fixated and paid more attention on the presented VSDs including a target object.Results: Both total fixation duration and average fixation count were statistically significant. Participants visually fixated on the target object longer and more often when the object was being used in the presented VSDs. For AOI (Area Of Interest) time of the first fixation, after analyzing only a partial group that had the data match due to the difference in gaze pattern per subject, the average AOI time of the first fixation was shown to be faster when using an object in 6 out of 10 objects.Conclusion: This study supports the inclusion of an action of an object usage in VSDs suggesting that the act of object usage can partially influence the visual attention pattern of a user.

scholarly journals Emotional Expression Processing and Depressive Symptomatology: Eye-Tracking Reveals Differential Importance of Lower and Middle Facial Areas of Interest

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurie Hunter ◽  
Laralin Roland ◽  
Ayesha Ferozpuri
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Depressive Symptomatology ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Visit Duration ◽  
The Face ◽  
Areas Of Interest ◽  
Expression Processing

The current study explored the eye-tracking patterns of individuals with nonclinical levels of depressive symptomatology when processing emotional expressions. Fifty-three college undergraduates were asked to label 80 facial expressions of five emotions (anger, fear, happiness, neutral, and sadness) while an eye-tracker measured visit duration. We argue visit duration provides more detailed information for evaluating which features of the face are used more often for processing emotional faces. Our findings indicated individuals with nonclinical levels of depressive symptomatology process emotional expressions very similarly to individuals with little to no depressive symptoms, with one noteworthy exception. In general, individuals in our study visited the “T” region, lower and middle AOIs (Area of Interest), more often than upper and noncore areas, but the distinction between the lower and middle AOIs appears for happiness only when individuals are higher in depressive symptoms.

scholarly journals The Application of Flexible Areas of Interest to Pilot Mobile Eye Tracking

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 986
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Gomolka ◽  
Damian Kordos ◽  
Ewa Zeslawska
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Video Stream ◽  
Flight Training ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Human Machine Interfaces ◽  
Dynamic Tracking ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Areas Of Interest ◽  
Mobile Eye Tracking

Recent progress in the development of mobile Eye Tracking (ET) systems shows that there is a demand for modern flexible solutions that would allow for dynamic tracking of objects in the video stream. The paper describes a newly developed tool for work with ET glasses, and its advantages are outlined with the example of a pilot study. A flight task is performed on the FNTP II MCC simulator, and the pilots are equipped with the Mobile Tobii Glasses. The proposed Smart Trainer tool performs dynamic object tracking in a registered video stream, allowing for an interactive definition of Area of Interest (AOI) with blurred contours for the individual cockpit instruments and for the construction of corresponding histograms of pilot attention. The studies are carried out on a group of experienced pilots with a professional pilot CPL(A) license with instrumental flight (Instrument Rating (IR)) certification and a group of pilots without instrumental training. The experimental section shows the differences in the perception of the flight process between two distinct groups of pilots with varying levels in flight training for the ATPL(A) line pilot license. The proposed Smart Trainer tool might be exploited in order to assess and improve the process of training operators of advanced systems with human machine interfaces.

scholarly journals Visual attention on a respiratory function monitor during simulated neonatal resuscitation: an eye-tracking study

2018 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. F259-F264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trixie A Katz ◽  
Danielle D Weinberg ◽  
Claire E Fishman ◽  
Vinay Nadkarni ◽  
Patrice Tremoulet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Respiratory Function ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Neonatal Resuscitation ◽  
Positive Pressure ◽  
Qualitative Feedback ◽  
Visit Duration ◽  
Tracking Technology

ObjectiveA respiratory function monitor (RFM) may improve positive pressure ventilation (PPV) technique, but many providers do not use RFM data appropriately during delivery room resuscitation. We sought to use eye-tracking technology to identify RFM parameters that neonatal providers view most commonly during simulated PPV.DesignMixed methods study. Neonatal providers performed RFM-guided PPV on a neonatal manikin while wearing eye-tracking glasses to quantify visual attention on displayed RFM parameters (ie, exhaled tidal volume, flow, leak). Participants subsequently provided qualitative feedback on the eye-tracking glasses.SettingLevel 3 academic neonatal intensive care unit.ParticipantsTwenty neonatal resuscitation providers.Main outcome measuresVisual attention: overall gaze sample percentage; total gaze duration, visit count and average visit duration for each displayed RFM parameter. Qualitative feedback: willingness to wear eye-tracking glasses during clinical resuscitation.ResultsTwenty providers participated in this study. The mean gaze sample captured wa s 93% (SD 4%). Exhaled tidal volume waveform was the RFM parameter with the highest total gaze duration (median 23%, IQR 13–51%), highest visit count (median 5.17 per 10 s, IQR 2.82–6.16) and longest visit duration (median 0.48 s, IQR 0.38–0.81 s). All participants were willing to wear the glasses during clinical resuscitation.ConclusionWearable eye-tracking technology is feasible to identify gaze fixation on the RFM display and is well accepted by providers. Neonatal providers look at exhaled tidal volume more than any other RFM parameter. Future applications of eye-tracking technology include use during clinical resuscitation.

Observer Gaze Patterns of Patient Photos Pre- and Post-Facial Feminization

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikita Gupta ◽  
Hannah White ◽  
Skylar Trott ◽  
Jeffrey H Spiegel
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Psychology Students ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Single Institution ◽  
Visual Evaluation ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
The Face ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Tracking Technology

Abstract Background Human interaction begins with the visual evaluation of others, and this often centers on the face. Objective measurement of this evaluation gives clues to social perception. Objectives The objective was to use eye-tracking technology to evaluate if there are scanpath differences when observers view faces of men, women, and transgender women pre- and post-facial feminization surgery (FFS) including when assigning tasks assessing femininity, attractiveness, and likability. Methods Undergraduate psychology students were prospectively recruited as observers at a single institution. Using eye-tracking technology, they were presented frontal images of prototypical male, prototypical female, and pre- and post-FFS face photos in a random order and then with prompting to assess femininity, attractiveness, and likability. Results Twenty-seven observers performed the tasks. Participants focused their attention more on the central triangle of post-operative and prototypical female images and forehead of pre-operative and prototypical male images. Higher femininity ratings were associated with longer proportional fixations to the central triangle and lower proportional fixations to the forehead. Conclusions This preliminary study implies the scanpath for viewing a post-FFS face is closer to that for viewing a prototypical female than a prototypical male based on differences viewing the forehead and brow versus the central triangle.

scholarly journals Effects of age on memory for pragmatic implications in advertising

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 183449092110004
Author(s):  
Jing Yu ◽  
Xue-Rui Peng ◽  
Ming Yan
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Time Processing ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Processing Strategies ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Advertising Content ◽  
Inferential Processing ◽  
Tracking Technology

People employ automatic inferential processing when confronting pragmatically implied claims in advertising. However, whether comprehension and memorization of pragmatic implications differ between young and older adults is unclear. In the present study, we used eye-tracking technology to investigate online cognitive processes during reading of misleading advertisements. We found an interaction between age and advertising content, manifested as our older participants generated higher misleading rates in health-related than in health-irrelevant products, whereas this content-bias did not appear in their younger counterparts. Eye movement data further showed that the older adults spent more time processing critical claims for the health-related products than for the health-irrelevant products. Moreover, the correlations between fixation duration on pragmatic implications and misleading rates showed opposite trends in the two groups. The eye-tracking evidence novelly suggests that young and older adults may adopt different information processing strategies to comprehend pragmatic implications in advertising: More reading possibly enhances young adults’ gist memory whereas it facilitates older adults’ verbatim memory instead.

Online ethnography: a study of software developers and software development

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Rodrigo Cordoba-Pachon ◽  
Cecilia Loureiro-Koechlin
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Software Developers ◽  
Online Data ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Online Ethnography ◽  
Area Of Interest

Purpose – Qualitative research has made important contributions to social science by enabling researchers to engage with people and get an in-depth understanding of their views, beliefs and perceptions about social phenomena. With new and electronically mediated forms of human interaction (e.g. the online world), there are new opportunities for researchers to gather data and participate with or observe people in online groups. The purpose of this paper is to present features, challenges and possibilities for online ethnography as an innovative form of qualitative research. Design/methodology/approach – Ethnography is about telling a story about what happens in a particular setting or settings. In order to do this online, it is important to revisit, adopt and adapt some ideas about traditional (offline) ethnography. The paper distinguishes online ethnography from other types of research. It draws some generic features of online ethnography and identifies challenges for it. With these ideas in mind the paper presents and provides a reflection of an online ethnography of software developers. Findings – Online ethnography can provide valuable insights about social phenomena. The paper identifies generic features of this approach and a number of challenges related to its practice. These challenges have to do with to the choice of settings, use of online data for research, representation of people and generation of valuable and useful knowledge. The paper also highlights issues for future consideration in research and practice. Practical implications – The ethnography helped the researcher to identify and address a number of methodological challenges in practice and position herself in relation to relevant audiences she wanted to speak to. The paper also suggests different orientations to online ethnography. Lessons learned highlight potential contributions as well as further possibilities for qualitative research in the online world. Originality/value – Online ethnography offers possibilities to engage with a global audience of research subjects. For academics and practitioners the paper opens up possibilities to use online tools for research and it shows that the use of these tools can help overcome difficulties in access and interaction with people and to study a diversity of research topics, not only those that exist online. The paper offers guidance for researchers about where to start and how to proceed if they want to conduct online ethnography and generate useful and valuable knowledge in their area of interest.

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