scholarly journals Pertumbuhan dan Tingkat Kelangsungan Hidup Transplan Karang Lunak Menggunakan Metode Gantung Pada Lokasi Budidaya yang Berbeda

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
I Gusti Ngurah Bagus Sukertha Diputra ◽  
I Wayan Nuarsa ◽  
Widiastuti Widiastuti
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Coral Species ◽  
Soft Coral ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Soft Corals ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Average Survival ◽  
The Difference

Besides the second largest community in the coral reef ecosystem, the attractive shapes and colors of soft corals establish it an export commodity for the marine ornamental aquarium. The transplantation methods in soft coral are limited. Commonly method for soft coral transplantation is attached to the artificial substrate followed by placed at table frame. However, this method is easily covered by algae and costly. One of the alternative methods is vertically hanging that this method commonly applied in hard corals transplantation. This study aimed to examine the average differences of growth rates among different transplanted soft coral species, different location, and the presence of interaction between soft coral species and location towards the difference of growth rates. Moreover, it determined the average survival rates among different transplanted soft coral species at different location. There were three soft coral species,  Lobophytum strictum, Sinularia polydactyla and S. asterolobata. They were fragmented at initial size ± 25 cm2, hanging vertically in 1.5 m length, and 0.03 m diameter followed by located inside and outside the Pegametan bay, Sumberkima village, Buleleng Regency. The increased size of each transplanted soft coral species and the number of survivals and environmental parameters were observed every two weeks for 12 weeks. The average in growth rates among species, location, and interaction was analysed using two ways Anova, whereas the survival rates were tested using Log-Rank. Results showed that the average growth rates of transplanted soft coral inside the bay were significantly higher (4.53 cm2) than outside the bay (1.64 cm2). Moreover, the average growth rates of transplanted S. polydactyla were significantly higher than others (5.22 cm2), (respectively; 2.35 cm2 and 1.7 cm2). It was also indicated that different location and species did not differentiate the transplanted soft corals' average growth rate. The survival rates of the transplanted soft corals in different location were not significantly different as well.  

scholarly journals Laju Pertumbuhan dan Tingkat Kelangsungan Hidup Transplan Karang Lunak Lobophytum strictum, Sinularia polydactyla dan S. asterolobata Pada Lokasi Budidaya Berbeda

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Putu Agus Arisudana ◽  
I Wayan Arthana ◽  
Widiastuti Widiastuti
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Coral Species ◽  
Soft Coral ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Soft Corals ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Average Survival

Soft corals are the second-largest group of biotas that consist of coral reef ecosystem other than hard corals. The ecology function of soft coral such as a place to live and shelter various types of fish, soft coral also has a high economic value as an export commodity for the ornamental aquarium and the potency in pharmacology. The great economy potency can urge to uncontrolled natural taken. One of the alternatives is by culturing with transplantation method. Environment and different growth responses among soft coral species are the factors that shows the success method research used. The aims of this research were to examine the average growth rates of different transplanted soft coral species, culturing location, and the presence of interaction between different species of transplanted soft coral and culturing location towards growth rates. The average survival rates of different species of transplanted soft corals that cultured in a different location. Culturing location was located inside and outside of Pegametan bay, Buleleng regency. There were three soft coral species Lobophytum strictum, Sinularia polydactyla and S. asterolobata with five replicates each. The soft corals were fragmented with initial size ± 25 cm2 then sewed to the cement substrate. It was placed randomly to the transplant table at different culturing locations. The increased size of each transplanted soft coral species, the number of survivals and environmental parameters were observed in every two weeks for 12 weeks. Results showed that the average growth rates of soft corals significantly differed among species (P<0.05), whereas the average growth rates of transplanted L. strictum were the lowest among others. In contrast, the average growth rates of transplanted S. polydactyla, and S. asterolobata were not significantly different (P = 0.100) at all locations. The average growth rates of all transplanted soft corals were significantly lower when cultured inside the bay (P<0.05). It is found that the different average growth rates of transplanted soft corals were due to the interaction between soft coral species and location. The results also demonstrated that the average survival rates were significantly varied among transplanted soft coral species (P<0.05). All transplanted soft corals cultured outside of the bay reached 100% survival rates. It is suggested that the morphology and anatomy of each soft coral species and environmental conditions contribute to the success of soft corals transplantation.   

scholarly journals Pertumbuhan Transplan Karang Lunak Sinularia polydactyla dan S. asterolobata Berdasarkan Metode Tebar Dasar dan Penempelan Substrat Pada Lokasi yang Berbeda

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
I Dewa Anom Agung Dwi Putra Jayantika ◽  
IGB Sila Dharma ◽  
Widiastuti Widiastuti
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Coral Species ◽  
Soft Coral ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Soft Corals ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Average Survival ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Coral Reef Ecosystems

Soft coral transplantations are widely used for rehabilitation of coral reef ecosystems and commercial needs with common method are substrated-attached and placed on the metal table frame. These methods are considered as costly. This study aimed to examine the difference in the average growth of transplanted soft corals Sinularia polydactyla and S. asterolobata, spreading on the seabed and substrate-attached methods at different location. Transplantation was conducted inside and outside Pegametan Bay, Buleleng. Soft coral fragments were spread on the seabed and attached with cement. The increased sizes and survival rates of the transplanted soft corals were observed every two weeks. The differences in the average growth rates among soft coral species, transplantation methods and locations were analyzed by three-factor ANOVA and survival rates were analyzed by using the Log-Rank test. The results showed no significant difference in the average growth rates between S. polydactyla and S. asterolobata (P =0,104) and transplantation methods (P=0,141). The average growth rate of transplanted soft corals outside was significantly higher (P=0,025) than those inside the bay. This study indicated that the interaction between soft coral species, methods, and location significantly differed the average growth rates of the transplanted soft corals. The average survival rates demonstrated that there was no significant difference among transplanted soft coral species within similar locations in both methods. In contrast, the average survival rates of transplanted soft coral outside were significantly higher than those inside the bay in both methods that reached >80%.

scholarly journals Growth of transplanted soft corals Lobophytum strictum on recirculation system with different light conditions

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-39
Author(s):  
DYAH ISNAINI PRASTIWI ◽  
DEDI SOEDHARMA ◽  
BEGINER SUBHAN
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Soft Coral ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Soft Corals ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Average Width ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Recirculation System

Prastiwi DI, Soedharma D, Subhan B. 2012. Growth of transplanted soft corals Lobophytum strictum on recirculation system with different light conditions. Bonorowo Wetlands 2: 31-39. The study was conducted from August 2010 to January 2011 at the Laboratory of the Marine Science Research Center, Bogor Agricultural University, Ancol, North Jakarta using different lighting treatment at the observation pond. The first pond opened and the second pond closed using a tarpaulin. The total data of soft coral Lobophytum strictum growth was analyzed using Completely Randomized Design method. Measurements of soft coral include absolute growth, growth rate, and survival rates. In open ponds, survival rates of soft coral reached 100% until the end of the study, whereas in closed ponds (without light) only survived for 8 weeks. The average growth rate of soft coral ranged from 5.95 ± 0.31cm to 10.04 ± 0.6 cm. At the start of the study, the average width of soft coral fragments in open ponds was 5.27 ± 0.51 cm and by the end of 12 weeks, the study increased to 6.84 ± 0.72 cm. The average growth of the length and width of the soft corals in closed pond decreases every week. At the end of the study, the soft coral length was reduced by 3.55 cm, while the width was reduced by 4.28 cm. Sunlight plays an important role in the life of soft corals; this is due to the presence of zooxanthellae microsimulation that requires sunlight to photosynthesize. The results show that the survival rate of soft corals in open ponds is better than closed ponds. Analysis of variance shows that the growth of soft corals is significantly affected by light.

Putting Merino weaner management recommendations to the test

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
pp. 974 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Hocking Edwards ◽  
R. M. Gould ◽  
K. J. Copping
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Traditional Management ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Feeding Program ◽  
Estimated Breeding Values ◽  
Management Recommendations

Merino weaner survival is poor under normal traditional management practices. Data from four trials conducted between 2001 and 2005 were used to assess the effectiveness of current industry recommendations to achieve 95% survival rates of Merino weaners. There was very little difference between 2001 and 2003 in survival of Merino weaners despite average weaning weight ranging from 20 to 24 kg between years. The recommended target weaning weight of 23 kg does not always appear to be a good predictor of survival. However, a target of 45% mature liveweight at pasture senescence achieved the industry recommendation of 95% weaner survival. Merino weaners were fed over the summer–autumn period to reach 40 kg liveweight by the time green feed became available. Weaner survival reached 93% compared with 89% survival to hogget shearing in weaners managed under normal growth paths. Furthermore, twice as many ewe weaners died in the traditional feeding program compared with the well fed ewe weaners. Differences in mortality between feeding levels in the wether weaners was less than that observed in the ewe weaners. Flock average growth rates were not useful indicators of weaner survival and there was no relationship between Merino ram estimated breeding values for weaning weight and the survival of the progeny.

scholarly journals Comparison of Symbiotic Bacterial Community of Soft Corals Sarcophyton and Sinularia of the Hainan Province, (South China Sea, China)

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-28
Author(s):  
Hao Lu ◽  
Alireza Asem ◽  
Lu Wang ◽  
Weidong Li ◽  
PeiZheng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
South China ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Coral Species ◽  
Soft Coral ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Symbiotic Bacteria ◽  
Hainan Province ◽  
Soft Corals

Changes in the microbial community associated with environmental impacts can lead to opportunistic infections, coral disease and death. Diversity analysis and community comparison were performed on 23 collected soft Coral specimens from South China See surrounding Hainan Province (China) based on Illumina MiSeq sequencing. The results showed that Proteobacteria was the main symbiotic bacteria in soft corals. In the same geographical location, the diversity and abundance of symbiotic bacteria in the genus Sinularia are higher than genus Sarcophyton. Unlike Sinularia, the genus Sarcophyton is more inclined to Tenericutes. Furthermore, the same coral species has different bacterial community structure in different environments. The temperature difference between sampling points at 2 ℃ is the main factor affecting the results. A large number of Endozoicomonas found in stone corals have not become the dominant bacteria associated with soft corals. Coral-related pathogenic bacteria were not found in this investigation. This study provided a baseline for future studies of soft coral microbiomes, and assessment of functions of host metabolites and soft coral holobionts. Our result documented that same coral species in each locality represent identical pattern of bacterial diversity and community.

scholarly journals Assessing the lockdown effect from excess mortalities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexej Weber
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Average Growth Rate ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Reproduction Numbers ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

AbstractBackground and AimsThe reported case numbers of COVID-19 are often used to estimate the reproduction number or the growth rate. We use the excess mortality instead, showing the difference between most restrictive non-pharmaceutical interventions (mrNPIs) and less restrictive NPIs (lrNPIs) with respect to the growth rate and death counts.MethodsWe estimate the COVID-19 growth rate for Sweden, South Korea, Italy and Germany from the excess mortality. We use the average growth rate obtained for Sweden and South Korea, two countries with lrNPIs, to estimate additional death numbers in Germany and Italy (two countries with mrNPIs) in a hypothetic lrNPIs scenario.ResultsThe growth rate estimated from excess mortality decreased faster for Germany and Italy than for Sweden and South Korea, suggesting that the mrNPIs have a non-negligible effect. This is not visible when the growth rate is calculated using the reported case numbers of COVID-19. This results in approximately 4 500 and 12 000 more death numbers for Germany and Italy, respectively.ConclusionThe reproduction numbers or growth rates obtained from reported COVID-19 cases are most likely biased. Expanding testing capacity led to an overestimation of the growth rate across all countries analyzed, masking the true decrease already visible in the excess mortality. Using our method, a more realistic estimate of the growth rate is obtained. Conclusions made for the reproduction number derived from the reported case numbers like the insignificance of most restrictive non-pharmaceutical interventions (lockdowns) might be wrong and have to be reevaluated using the growth rates obtained with our method.

scholarly journals Influence of Anthropogenic Pressures on the Bioactivity Potential of Sponges and Soft Corals in the Coral Reef Environment

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Hedi Indra Januar ◽  
Ekowati Chasanah ◽  
Dianne M. Tapiolas ◽  
Cherie A. Motti ◽  
Catherine H. Liptrot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
National Parks ◽  
Soft Coral ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Marine Sponges ◽  
Soft Corals ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressures ◽  
Reef Environment ◽  
Phosphate Nitrate ◽  
Coral Reef Environment

The wealth of marine sponges and soft corals in Indonesian waters represents a rich source of natural products. However, anthropogenic pressures potentially decrease diversity in coral reefs. Presented here are trends for tropical sponge and soft coral biodiversity and their bioactivity potential under the influence of increasing anthropogenic pressures. Samples were collected along transects (near, mid, and far) at Karimunjawa and Seribu Islands Marine National Parks and environmental parameters (salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), phosphate, nitrate, and ammonia), sponge and soft coral biodiversity, and the bioactivity potential of those organisms (50% Growth Inhibition (GI50) of cancer cell lines H460-Lung, MCF7-Breast, and SF268-CNS) are compared. The environmental conditions and biodiversity were found to be significantly different between groups of sampling sites (P<0.05). Canonical Discriminant Analysis (CDA) revealed DO was the discriminant factor driving the separation between groups (90.1%). Diversity tended to be higher in the Far group with strong and significant relation to DO (R= 0.611, P<0.05) and ammonia (R = -0.812, P<0.05). The CDA also showed that an increase in bioactivity (low % GI50) of sponge and soft coral extracts was related to a canonical function (57.21%) consisting of high DO, high pH, and low nutrients. These findings indicate the production of bioactive compounds is related to diversity and complexity of coral reef systems. Therefore, strategies for marine protection by mitigating the impacts of anthropogenic pressures needs to be optimized in order to conserve the overall environment and sustain its natural bioactivity potential indefinitely.

scholarly journals Phenotypic variation in two widespread Caribbean corals — Porites astreoides and P. divaricata — between mangrove and lagoon habitats

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karina Scavo Lord ◽  
Anna Barcala ◽  
Hannah E. Aichelman ◽  
Nicola G. Kriefall ◽  
Chloe Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coral Species ◽  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Coral Cover ◽  
Patch Reef ◽  
Reef Coral ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Porites Astreoides ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Tropics

ABSTRACTAs coral reefs experience dramatic declines in coral cover throughout the tropics, there is an urgent need to understand the role that non-reef habitats such as mangroves play in the ecological niche of corals. Mangrove habitats present a challenge to reef-dwelling corals as they can differ dramatically from adjacent reef habitats with respect to key environmental parameters such as temperature and light. As variation in temperature and light within reef habitats is known to drive intraspecific differences in coral phenotype, we hypothesized that coral species which can exploit both reef and mangrove habitats will exhibit predictable differences in phenotype between habitats. To investigate how intraspecific variation, driven by either local adaptation or phenotypic plasticity, might enable particular coral species to exploit these two qualitatively different habitat types, we compared the phenotypes of two widespread Caribbean corals — Porites divaricata and P. astreoides— in mangrove versus lagoon habitats on Turneffe Atoll, Belize. We document significant differences in colony size, color, structural complexity, and corallite morphology between habitats. In every instance, the difference between mangrove and lagoon corals was consistent in P. divaricata and P. astreoides. This study is the first to document intraspecific phenotypic diversity in corals occupying mangrove versus patch-reef habitats, and it provides a foundation for understanding why some “reef coral” species can exploit mangroves, while others cannot.

Distribution, diversity and abundance of coral communities in the coastal waters of Pakistan

2013 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amjad Ali ◽  
Rupert Ormond ◽  
Wera Leujak ◽  
Pirzada Jamal A. Siddiqui
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Coral Species ◽  
Soft Coral ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Pocillopora Damicornis ◽  
Soft Corals ◽  
Hard Coral ◽  
Black Coral ◽  
Coral Communities

We assessed the distribution, diversity and abundance of corals in Pakistani waters. A total of 29 hard coral species (eight families and 14 genera), one black coral species and eight soft coral species (three families and seven genera) were recorded from 18 dive sites at nine locations along the coastline. Distribution of hard corals was extremely poor at Mubarak Village and Sandspit, and corals were not found at Goth Abdul Rehman, Gadani (Kuchiani) and Buleji. Moderately rich coral communities were recorded at Churna Island and at more exposed sites around Astola Island. By contrast highly diverse hard coral communities, with up to 80% cover, were found only at the northern sheltered side of Astola Island where Favites complanata, Favites pentagona, Coscinaraea monile and Porites nodifera were the most abundant species. Favites complanata was recorded from most dive sites at Astola Island. Porites nodifera and Pocillopora damicornis, and to a lesser extent Porites harrisoni, Leptastrea pruinosa and Psammocora obtusangulata formed large single species stands. No ‘true’ coral reef was found at any dive site; however, the formation of proto-reefs was evident around Astola Island. Soft corals were dominant at most exposed sites, particularly at Ormara (Roadrigues Shoals) and Jiwani. By comparing diversity with other locations in the region, corals distribution and growth appear to be fairly poor in Pakistan.

scholarly journals The Development of Sunspot Groups

1993 ◽  
Vol 141 ◽  
pp. 492-494
Author(s):  
Robert F. Howard
Keyword(s):  
Tilt Angle ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Decay Rates ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Percentage Area ◽  
Flux Loops ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Sunspot Groups

AbstractIt is shown that the growth and decay rates of sunspot groups are both a function of the axial tilt angles of the groups. Both of these rates reach a maximum near the average tilt angle, which is around +5°, not 0°. (A positive tilt angle represents the situation where the leading spots are equatorward of the following spots). The fact that this peak angle is close to the average tilt and not 0° suggests that this may be the orientation of the subsurface toroidal flux tube(s) from which the sunspot groups form. In general, spot groups with positive tilt angles show faster average percentage growth rates for greater positive tilt angles. For negative tilt angles (following spots equatorward of leading spots) the situation is quite different. Within certain well-defined ranges of tilt angles the average group percentage area growth rates are quite high and the dispersion in this quantity is large. In other well-defined tilt angle ranges the percentage growth rates are uniformly (relatively) small. The difference between these average growth rates is more than a factor two. The reality of this result can be demonstrated by selecting for analysis various subsets of the data. It may be hypothesized that in general the dispersion measured in group tilt angles results from the random action of large-scale convection on the rising magnetic flux loops. Both growth and decay are facilitated in the case of flux loops that have a minimum twist. The percentage growth and decay rates are affected by the fact that groups with tilt angles near the average value tend to be larger than groups with different tilt angles. The ‘quantized’ behavior of the percentage growth rates for negative tilt angles is difficult to fit into any rough model of flux emergence. The more or less ‘quantized’ nature of the growth-tilt angle relationship for negative tilt angles is quite puzzling and may reflect some characteristic of the subsurface flux orientation or development which is at present unknown.

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