scholarly journals DAMPAK CHANGE ORDER PADA PROYEK PERKERASAN JALAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 199
Author(s):  
Alexander Junius ◽  
Mega Waty
Keyword(s):  
Construction Projects ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Change Orders ◽  
Importance Index ◽  
Change Order ◽  
Order Change ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

In a construction project, changes during the construction period are common. This change can be in the form of an increase or decrease in volume and type of work, changes in work specifications, or changes in the schedule for implementation. Changes in projects are often known as change orders. Change orders must be approved by all parties in a project namely, contractors, owners, and consultants. Change orders are caused by several factors such as changes in design, delays in procurement of goods, differences in field conditions, and others. The impact of this change order is felt by all parties involved in a project, but the change order has a different impact on each party involved. This study aims to determine the biggest impact of change orders from the contractor. In the questionnaire submitted the impact of change order is divided into several variables namely, the cost of quality, time, organization, and others. From the responses of respondents regarding the impact of change orders on road construction projects, an analysis was performed with the calculation of the Relative Importance Index (RII), and the biggest impact was obtained. Before the data is processed with RII, the validity and reliability tests are performed first. The biggest impact of change orders caused by change orders is that change orders increase the budget for contractors, change orders increase overhead costs, increase project duration, cause project costs overruns, and change orders cause a decrease in project profits. AbstrakPada suatu proyek konstruksi, perubahan selama masa konstruksi merupakan hal yang umum terjadi. Perubahan ini bisa berupa penambahan atau pengurangan volume dan jenis pekerjaan, perubahan spesifikasi pekerjaan, maupun perubahan jadwal pelakasnaan. Perubahan dalam proyek sering dikenal change order. Change order harus disetujui oleh semua pihak yang ada dalam suatu proyek, yaitu kontraktor, pemilik, dan konsultan. Change order disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor seperti perubahan desain, keterlambatan pengadaan barang, perbedaan kondisi lapangan, dan lain-lain. Dampak dari change order ini dirasakan seluruh pihak yang terlibat dalam suatu proyek, namun change order menimbulkan dampak yang berbeda pada tiap pihak yang terlibat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dampak change order terbesar dari pihak kontraktor. Dalam kuesioner yang diajukan dampak change order dibagi menjadi beberapa variabel yaitu, biaya mutu, waktu, organisasi, dan lainnya. Dari hasil tanggapan responden mengenai dampak change order pada proyek konstruksi jalan, dilakukan analisis dengan perhitungan Relative Importance Index (RII), dan didapat dampak terbesar. Sebelum data diolah dengan RII dilakukan uji validitas dan uji reliabilitas terlebih dahulu. Dampak change order terbesar yang ditimbulkan oleh change order adalah change order menambah anggaran untuk kontraktor, change order meningkatkan biaya overhead, menambah durasi proyek, menyebabkan biaya proyek membengkak, dan change order menyebabkan penurunan keuntungan proyek.

scholarly journals IDENTIFIKASI RISIKO CHANGE ORDER PROYEK KONSTRUKSI JALAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 225
Author(s):  
Mega Waty ◽  
Hendrik Sulistio
Keyword(s):  
Construction Projects ◽  
Construction Project ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Intermediate Frequency ◽  
Risk Identification ◽  
Construction Work ◽  
Change Orders ◽  
Change Order ◽  
The Cost

A Change Order is a written and legal work order that changes the scope of the original contract, with compensation that has been agreed upon by the owner and the contractor. Changes can be in the form of adding or reducing the scope of work, changing materials, or changing schedules. Change Order causes the cost of contract items to swell, planning errors and negligence as well as changes in scope that can be reduced by sharpening planning results. The scope of research on road construction in Indonesia, especially in DKI Jakarta and Banten provinces. This study aims to determine the identification of change orders in road construction projects. Data obtained from real data on road construction projects from 2013-2018 on 16 road construction project packages in the form of road construction project addendum contracts. Based on the addendum contract, added work, less work, addition of new items and removal of work items are determined. The identification of change order risk is seen from three aspects, namely the addition and reduction of work items, the removal of items and the addition of new items and the wishes of the owner, thereby increasing the cost of the change order contract. This study found 732 changes in construction work items. Risk identification is obtained from the frequency of changes above 35% which is an intermediate frequency that tends to increase the occurrence of change orders. The results of risk identification were obtained for 31 construction work items, the highest percentage was for Thermoplastic Road Marking work, followed by 30 other construction work items. Keywords: risk identification; change orders; road construction projects  AbstrakChange Order adalah perintah kerja tertulis dan sah  yang mengubah lingkup kontrak semula, dengan kompensasi  yang sudah disetujui oleh pemilik dan  kontraktor.  Perubahan dapat berupa penambahan atau pengurangan lingkup pekerjaan, perubahan material, atau perubahan jadwal. Change Order menyebabkan biaya  item kontrak membengkak, kesalahan perencanaan dan kelalaian serta perubahan ruang lingkup yang dapat dikurangi dengan mempertajam hasil perencanaan.. Lingkup penelitian pada konstruksi jalan di Indonesia khususnya  provinsi DKI Jakarta dan Banten. Penelitian  bertujuan untuk  mengetahui  identifikasi change order proyek konstruksi jalan. Data didapat dari data riil proyek konstruksi jalan dari tahun 2013- 2018 pada 16 paket proyek konstruksi jalan berupa kontrak addendum proyek konstruksi jalan. Berdasarkan kontrak addendum maka ditentukan pekerjaan tambah, pekerjaan kurang, penambahan item baru dan penghilangan item pekerjaan. Identifikasi risiko change order dilihat dari tiga aspek yakni penambahan dan pengurangan item pekerjaan, penghilangan item dan penambahan item baru dan keinginan dari pihak owner sehingga meningkatkan biaya kontrak change order.  Penelitian ini mendapatkan 732 perubahan  item pekerjaan konstruksi.  Identifikasi risiko didapat dari  frekuensi perubahan diatas 35% yang merupakan frekuensi menengah yang cenderung meningkatkan terjadinya change order. Hasil identifikasi risiko didapat pada  31 item pekerjaan konstruksi, yang tertinggi persentase pada pekerjaan  Marka Jalan Termoplastik, diikuti 30 item pekerjaan konstruksi lainnya.

scholarly journals PENYEBAB CHANGE ORDER PADA PROYEK PERKERASAN JALAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 207
Author(s):  
Philander Edward ◽  
Mega Waty
Keyword(s):  
Construction Projects ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
The Road ◽  
Importance Index ◽  
Road Project ◽  
Change Order ◽  
Order Change ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Ranking Technique

In the implementation of construction projects, there are several important elements that must be done well. so that the essential elements can be carried out well, then agreement regarding certain matters is agreed upon by the parties concerned which is called contract. Almost construction projects in Indonesia have experienced contract changes or can be called Change Order. Change Order is an event due to changes in a job that results in changes in time and cost during implementation. To solve the problem of Change order this contract can be finalized and anticipated by knowing the factors causing it in advance. The causal factors are arranged into a questionnaire to find out the main causes of Change Order. The questionnaire was distributed to contractors on the road project. Validity and reliability testing is done on the data obtained from the results of the questionnaire to obtain the consistency and stability of each question in the questionnaire. Valid and reliable question items are further analyzed using the RII method. To find out the main cause, the data is calculated using the RII. The results of the RII ranking technique show that the order acceleration schedule is the main cause of Change Order. AbstrakDalam pelaksanaan proyek konstruksi, terdapat beberapa unsur penting yang harus dilakukan dengan baik. agar unsur unsur penting dapat terlaksana dengan baik maka dibuatlah perjanjian/ kesepakatan antara dua orang atau lebih mengenai hal tertentu yang disetujui oleh pihak pihak yang bersangkutan yang terikat yang disebut kontrak. Hampir seluruh proyek konstruksi di Indonesia mengalami terjadinya perubahan kontrak atau dapat disebut Change Order. Change Order merupakan suatu kejadian akibat perubahan suatu pekerjaan yang mengakibatkan perubahan waktu dan biaya saat pelaksanaan. Untuk mengatasi masalah Change order/ addendum kontrak ini dapat diminalisir dan diantisipasi dengan mengetahui faktor penyebabnya terlebih dahulu. Faktor-faktor penyebab tersebut disusun menjadi sebuah kuesioner untuk mengetahui penyebab utama dari Change Order. Penyebaran kuesioner tersebut dilakukan terhadap kontraktor pada proyek jalan. Pengujian uji validitas dan uji reliabilitas dilakukan terhadap data yang diperoleh dari hasil kuesioner untuk memperoleh keakuratan konsistensi dan kestabilan setiap pertanyaan dalam kuesioner. Butir pertanyaan yang valid dan reliabel dianalisis lebih lanjut menggunakan metode RII. Untuk mengetahui penyebab utama, data dihitung menggunakan teknik ranking RII (Relative Importance Index). Hasil dari teknik ranking RII menunjukan bahwa perintah percepatan jadwal merupakan faktor penyebab utama terjadinya Change Order.

Cost Risk Management for Variation Orders in Road Projects in Iraq

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (2A) ◽  
pp. 166-172
Author(s):  
Abeer J. Hassana ◽  
Raid S. i Abd Al ◽  
Hassan H. Joni
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Change Orders ◽  
The Public ◽  
Importance Index ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Road Projects ◽  
Change Order ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Risk

This paper aims to develop appropriate solutions for each of the causes for the change orders, which help to manage the cost risk in road projects in Iraq. The literature was reviewed in detail, and the objectives were implemented by using a questionnaire that was distributed to specialists in the public sector to survey all possible causes for exceeding the cost of road projects. As a result, 35 causes were identified for a large number of change orders in road projects and their classification into four axes: design, implementation, financial, and other causes. The results of the questionnaire were analyzed using the relative importance index (RII). As a result, the main causes of the change orders were the variations in design and the quantities of work. The main effect was found to be an increase in the cost of the project. Finally, solutions were collected for each of the factors causing the change order through personal interviews with professionals and consultants.

scholarly journals PERHITUNGAN CHANGE ORDER PROYEK JALAN DI BANTEN

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 211
Author(s):  
Mega Waty ◽  
Hendrik Sulistio
Keyword(s):  
Road Construction ◽  
Material Design ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Actual Case ◽  
Cost Overruns ◽  
Change Orders ◽  
Importance Index ◽  
Road Project ◽  
Road Projects ◽  
Change Order

ABSTRACTChange orders include a number of variants in the scope of work namely the amount of material, design errors, and price changes. This paper discusses change orders in a road construction project in Banten by investigating the causes, studying their effects on the project, and identifying the beneficiaries. The study used five road projects as actual case studies and the questionnaire used a six-point Likert Scale. To determine the ranking of factors that influence the causes of change orders, the effect of change orders and the factors that benefit from change orders are used the Relative Importance Index (RII) calculation. The most important effects of change orders on projects are found to be schedule delays, cost overruns and disputes. The contractor as the party that benefits the most from the change order is followed by the consultant and then the owner. Keywords: change order; road project; Relative Importance Index (RII) ABSTRAK Change order mencakup sejumlah varian dalam ruang lingkup pekerjaan yakni jumlah material, kesalahan desain, dan perubahan harga. Makalah ini membahas change order dalam proyek konstruksi jalan di Banten dengan menyelidiki penyebab, mempelajari efeknya pada proyek, dan mengidentifikasi pihak-pihak yang diuntungkan. Penelitian menggunakan lima proyek jalan sebagai studi kasus aktual dan Kuisoner menggunakan Skala Likert Enam poin. Untuk mengetahui peringkat faktor yang mempengaruhi penyebab change order, efek change order dan faktor yang diuntungkan dari change order digunakan perhitungan Relative Importance Index (RII). Efek terpenting dari change order pada proyek ditemukan adalah penundaan jadwal, pembengkakan biaya dan perselisihan. Kontraktor selaku pihak yang paling diuntungkan dari change order diikuti oleh konsultan dan kemudian owner.

scholarly journals Delay and cost overrun in road construction projects in Jordan

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nabil Al-Hazim ◽  
Zaydoun Abusalem
Keyword(s):  
Construction Projects ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Fiscal Year ◽  
Cost Overrun ◽  
Construction Time ◽  
Change Orders ◽  
Critical Problems ◽  
The Cost

This study aims to identify the most important factors that cause delay in road construction projects in Jordan, which results in cost and time overrun allocated for this type of engineering projects and cause critical problems for both the developer and the contractor. The gap between the cost at completion and that originally estimated, known as cost overrun, can be regarded as one of the most important parameters reflecting the success of projects. In the public sector, money spent on project change orders results in increased construction time which in return reduces the number and size of the projects that can be completed during any given fiscal year. To achieve this goal, the documents and the final reports for several sample projects implemented over the years 2000 to 2008 were analyzed. All the projects were administered by the same organization taken from Jordan Ministry of Rural and Public Works. The results of this study can assist highway officials in their design, planning, scheduling and projects completions so that necessary actions can be taken to control these overruns in future projects. The study showed that 19 factors might cause delays of road construction projects as defined through a detailed literature review. The analysis of the study indicated that the top causes affecting time and cost overrun in road construction projects in Jordan are Terrain and Weather conditions.

A dynamic Modelling of Labor Productivity Impacts Arising from Change Orders in Road Projects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zain Ghazi Al-Kofahi ◽  
Amirsaman Mahdavian ◽  
Amr Oloufa
Keyword(s):  
Labor Productivity ◽  
Construction Projects ◽  
Productivity Loss ◽  
Dynamic Modelling ◽  
Change Orders ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Road Projects ◽  
Change Order ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Sd Model

It is vital to investigate the system dynamics (SD) between the change orders and labor productivity to identify the causes of the productivity loss of the construction projects. Most productivity loss studies were financed from the contractor’s part and rely on the contractor’s data. This research highlighted the problem of productivity loss resulting from issuance of a change order by utilizing a previously developed SD model. It conducted a sensitivity analysis to evaluate the impact of overtime, overmanning, temperature and learning on the behavior of the SD model quantifying change orders' impact on labor productivity. Based on the results, SD provides more reliable results comparing with the measured mile analysis (MMA) approach for the compensation request, considering the leading factors affecting the productivity loss other than the change order. The model developed in this study can accept or reject the responsibility of a change order for occurrence of productivity loss.

scholarly journals ANALISIS KORELASI BIAYA CHANGE ORDER TERHADAP BOBOT PEKERJAAN PADA DUA PROYEK JALAN ASPAL PROVINSI BANTEN

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 175
Author(s):  
Dominicus Edwin ◽  
Mega Waty
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Construction Projects ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Parameter Change ◽  
Change Orders ◽  
Change Order ◽  
Degree Of Confidence ◽  
Order Change

In every project, one thing that often happens is a change order. Change order is a change of work after the contract is signed by the owner and contractor. These changes can occur at the beginning, middle, or in construction projects. To minimize change orders, a change order correlation analysis can be done using the original data, with the parameters change order ratio in addition (CORA) and change order ratio in substraction (CORS). The data used in this study uses two original change order contract data on projects in Banten Province. This study produced 4 correlation results obtained from Pearson correlation in the SPSS program. The results of the correlation of the weight of each work to CORA on project 1 did not show any correlation. The results of the correlation of weights for each work with CORA project 2 and the results of the correlation of weights with CORS project 2 showed a significant correlation at the 95% degree of confidence. The results of the correlation of the weight of each work with CORS project 1 showed a very significant correlation at the 99% degree of confidence.AbstrakDalam setiap proyek, salah satu hal yang sering terjadi ialah change order. Change order adalah perubahan pekerjaan setelah kontrak yang ditandatangani oleh pemilik dan kontraktor. Perubahan itu dapat terjadi pada awal, tengah, ataupun pada dalam proyek konstruksi. Untuk meminimalisir change order maka dapat dilakukan analisis korelasi change order menggunakan data asli, dengan parameter change order ratio in addition (CORA) dan change order ratio in substraction (CORS). Data yang digunakan pada studi ini menggunakan dua data asli kontrak change order pada proyek konstruksi jalan aspal di Provinsi Banten. Baik data proyek 1 maupun data proyek 2 memiliki data kontrak change order biaya awal dan data biaya setelah terjadinya change order. Studi ini menghasilkan 4 hasil korelasi yang di dapat dari korelasi pearson pada program SPSS. Hasil korelasi bobot tiap pekerjaan terhadap CORA pada proyek 1 tidak menunjukan adanya korelasi. Hasil korelasi bobot tiap pekerjaan dengan CORA proyek 2 dan hasil korelasi bobot dengan CORS proyek 2 menunjukan adanya korelasi yang signifikan pada tingkat derajat kepercayaan 95%. Hasil korelasi bobot tiap pekerjaan dengan CORS proyek 1 menunjukan adanya korelasi yang sangat signifikan pada tingkat derajat kepercayaan 99%.

scholarly journals ANALISIS FAKTOR PENYEBAB CONTRACT CHANGE ORDER DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP KINERJA KONTRAKTOR PADA PROYEK KONSTRUKSI PEMERINTAH

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Yuni Yuni Martanti
Keyword(s):  
Relative Importance ◽  
Importance Index ◽  
Change Order ◽  
Order Change ◽  
Bill Of Quantity

Pada proyek yang diselenggarakan oleh Pemerintah, variation order atau lebih sering dikenal Contract Change Order (CCO) sudah diatur pada Paragraf Pertama, Perubahan Kontrak pasal 87 Peraturan Presiden Nomor 4 Tahun 2015 Tentang Perubahan Keempat Atas Peraturan Presiden Nomor 54 Tahun 2010 ayat 1.  Seringkali adanya instruksi variation order/change order pada proyek pemerintah dibatasi dengan tidak adanya penambahan total harga kontrak sehingga apabila ada perintah penambahan pekerjaan harus juga ada pengurangan beberapa pekerjaan sehingga total harga kontrak bersifat tetap, hal itu menyebabkan pihak kontraktor/penyedia jasa mengalami masalah dalam pembiayaan proyeknya. Dari hasil tanggapan dari koresponden mengenai faktor-faktor penyebab terjadinya contract change order (CCO )dan pengaruhmya terhadap kinerja kontraktor  pada proyek gedung di lingkungan Pemerintah Kabupaten Bogor untuk model kontrak harga satuan maka dilakukan analisis perhitungan Relative Importance Index (RII) dan didapatkan 5 (lima) faktor dominan penyebab terjadinya CCO adalah permintaan pemilik proyek untuk optimalisasi fungsi bangunan, ketidaksesuaian antara gambar dan kondisi lapangan, adanya kesalahan desain/gambar dari konsultan perencana, perbedaan volume yang cukup signifikan antara gambar, kondisi lapangan dan  bill of quantity, pasal tentang change order tidak dituangkan pada kontrak konstruksi secara jelas. Untuk pengaruh dominan dari CCO terhadap kinerja kontraktor adalah tersedianya material, terganggunya cashflow,ketersediaan tenaga kerja, pendanaan / modal yang harus dikeluarkan penyedia jasa /kontraktor dan ketersediaan peralatan kerja.

scholarly journals PENYEBAB CHANGE ORDER PADA PROYEK KONSTRUKSI BANGUNAN AIR WILAYAH DKI JAKARTA

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 249
Author(s):  
Ivana Ramayanti Hendratno Putri ◽  
Mega Waty
Keyword(s):  
Construction Sector ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Index Method ◽  
Change Orders ◽  
Main Work ◽  
Utility Systems ◽  
Importance Index ◽  
Control Change ◽  
Causative Factors ◽  
Change Order

Change orders are proposals for additional / less work where the main work does not follow the initial design or there are new proposals for new work at all (Pusat Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Sumber Daya Air dan Konstruksi, 2017). A contract or agreement has been signed before implementing the project, but changes often occur after and greatly affect the project performance. This change is also needed to be known if it occurs in a water construction project. To control change orders and contract changes, it is necessary to know the causing factors. This study aims to determine these causative factors by compiling a questionnaire distributed to workers in the water construction sector in the area of DKI Jakarta. The questionnaire results were tested for validity and reliability and Ranked by RII (Relative Importance Index) method. With the acquisition of RII above 0.51, the results found that coordination with utility systems (RII 0, 6842), is the main contributing factor to the Change Order in the construction of DKI Jakarta water buildings. ABSTRAKChange order adalah usulan pekerjaan tambah/kurang dimana pekerjaan utama tidak mengikuti desain awal atau terdapat usulan pekerjaan baru sama sekali(Pusat Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Sumber Daya Air dan Konstruksi, 2017). Sebelum pelaksanaan proyek, pihak yang terlibat dalam konstruksi telah menandatangani kontrak atau kesepakatan. Dalam pelaksanaannya, setelah penandatanagnan kontrak seringkali terjadi perubahan-perubahan. Perubahan sangat berpengaruh pada kinerja proyek, perubahan ini juga perlu diketahui terjadi atau tidaknya dalam proyek konstruksi air. Jika perubahan dalam proyek terjadi pada proyek konstruksi air, untuk mengendalikan perintah perubahan maupun perubahan kontrak diperlukan pengetahuan faktor penyebab terjadinya perubahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor penyebab dengan penyusunan kuesioner yang disebarkan terhadap pekerja bidang konstruksi air wilayah cakupan DKI Jakarta. Setelah dilakukan uji validitas dan reliabilitas, hasil kuesioner akan diurutkan berdasar tingkat kepentingan dengan metode RII. Dengan perolehan RII diatas 0,51, hasil yang ditemukan bahwa pengkoordinasian dengan sistem utilitas (RII 0, 6842), merupakan faktor penyebab utama Change Order pada konstruksi bangunan air DKI Jakarta.

scholarly journals Change Orders in Iraqi Construction Projects

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 458-467
Author(s):  
Hafeth I. Naji ◽  
Wadhah Amer Hatem ◽  
Baydaa Hussain Maula
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Construction Projects ◽  
Good Faith ◽  
Behavior Changes ◽  
Change Orders ◽  
Data Mining Techniques ◽  
Change Order ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Cost

Introduction: Change orders in construction are considered to be one of the greatest controversial problems that must be handled and also considered to be difficult for project management to reasonably resolve as any variation leads to claims. Any construction contract is agreed under the concept of “good faith,” which include that the parties will have to trust each other in order to work on agreeing on a contract and that contract is considered to be reasonable when there is no purpose of taking benefit of the parties throughout the contract life. However, as soon as the contract wants to be changed by generating a change order, the parties behavior changes in relation to the initial “good faith” environment Objective: The aim of the paper is to find the causes of the change order and its effect on the projects and then analyze the causes using data mining techniques. Methods: The methodology of the paper includes the following steps. Several factors that lead to change orders were gathered from the literature review. A questionnaire was formed and then distributed to the managers, owners, contractors and engineers. A review of the project's documents was conducted to find the number of change orders in the project and analysis of the causes of the change orders was done using data mining techniques. Results and Conclusion: The change orders have a harmful impact on the cost and it must be minimized, the change order was analyzed using Adda Boost technique and the accuracy was about 95 which is considered a very good result.

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