scholarly journals ANALISIS FAKTOR PENYEBAB CONTRACT CHANGE ORDER DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP KINERJA KONTRAKTOR PADA PROYEK KONSTRUKSI PEMERINTAH

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Yuni Yuni Martanti
Keyword(s):  
Relative Importance ◽  
Importance Index ◽  
Change Order ◽  
Order Change ◽  
Bill Of Quantity

Pada proyek yang diselenggarakan oleh Pemerintah, variation order atau lebih sering dikenal Contract Change Order (CCO) sudah diatur pada Paragraf Pertama, Perubahan Kontrak pasal 87 Peraturan Presiden Nomor 4 Tahun 2015 Tentang Perubahan Keempat Atas Peraturan Presiden Nomor 54 Tahun 2010 ayat 1.  Seringkali adanya instruksi variation order/change order pada proyek pemerintah dibatasi dengan tidak adanya penambahan total harga kontrak sehingga apabila ada perintah penambahan pekerjaan harus juga ada pengurangan beberapa pekerjaan sehingga total harga kontrak bersifat tetap, hal itu menyebabkan pihak kontraktor/penyedia jasa mengalami masalah dalam pembiayaan proyeknya. Dari hasil tanggapan dari koresponden mengenai faktor-faktor penyebab terjadinya contract change order (CCO )dan pengaruhmya terhadap kinerja kontraktor  pada proyek gedung di lingkungan Pemerintah Kabupaten Bogor untuk model kontrak harga satuan maka dilakukan analisis perhitungan Relative Importance Index (RII) dan didapatkan 5 (lima) faktor dominan penyebab terjadinya CCO adalah permintaan pemilik proyek untuk optimalisasi fungsi bangunan, ketidaksesuaian antara gambar dan kondisi lapangan, adanya kesalahan desain/gambar dari konsultan perencana, perbedaan volume yang cukup signifikan antara gambar, kondisi lapangan dan  bill of quantity, pasal tentang change order tidak dituangkan pada kontrak konstruksi secara jelas. Untuk pengaruh dominan dari CCO terhadap kinerja kontraktor adalah tersedianya material, terganggunya cashflow,ketersediaan tenaga kerja, pendanaan / modal yang harus dikeluarkan penyedia jasa /kontraktor dan ketersediaan peralatan kerja.

scholarly journals DAMPAK CHANGE ORDER PADA PROYEK PERKERASAN JALAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 199
Author(s):  
Alexander Junius ◽  
Mega Waty
Keyword(s):  
Construction Projects ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Change Orders ◽  
Importance Index ◽  
Change Order ◽  
Order Change ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

In a construction project, changes during the construction period are common. This change can be in the form of an increase or decrease in volume and type of work, changes in work specifications, or changes in the schedule for implementation. Changes in projects are often known as change orders. Change orders must be approved by all parties in a project namely, contractors, owners, and consultants. Change orders are caused by several factors such as changes in design, delays in procurement of goods, differences in field conditions, and others. The impact of this change order is felt by all parties involved in a project, but the change order has a different impact on each party involved. This study aims to determine the biggest impact of change orders from the contractor. In the questionnaire submitted the impact of change order is divided into several variables namely, the cost of quality, time, organization, and others. From the responses of respondents regarding the impact of change orders on road construction projects, an analysis was performed with the calculation of the Relative Importance Index (RII), and the biggest impact was obtained. Before the data is processed with RII, the validity and reliability tests are performed first. The biggest impact of change orders caused by change orders is that change orders increase the budget for contractors, change orders increase overhead costs, increase project duration, cause project costs overruns, and change orders cause a decrease in project profits. AbstrakPada suatu proyek konstruksi, perubahan selama masa konstruksi merupakan hal yang umum terjadi. Perubahan ini bisa berupa penambahan atau pengurangan volume dan jenis pekerjaan, perubahan spesifikasi pekerjaan, maupun perubahan jadwal pelakasnaan. Perubahan dalam proyek sering dikenal change order. Change order harus disetujui oleh semua pihak yang ada dalam suatu proyek, yaitu kontraktor, pemilik, dan konsultan. Change order disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor seperti perubahan desain, keterlambatan pengadaan barang, perbedaan kondisi lapangan, dan lain-lain. Dampak dari change order ini dirasakan seluruh pihak yang terlibat dalam suatu proyek, namun change order menimbulkan dampak yang berbeda pada tiap pihak yang terlibat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dampak change order terbesar dari pihak kontraktor. Dalam kuesioner yang diajukan dampak change order dibagi menjadi beberapa variabel yaitu, biaya mutu, waktu, organisasi, dan lainnya. Dari hasil tanggapan responden mengenai dampak change order pada proyek konstruksi jalan, dilakukan analisis dengan perhitungan Relative Importance Index (RII), dan didapat dampak terbesar. Sebelum data diolah dengan RII dilakukan uji validitas dan uji reliabilitas terlebih dahulu. Dampak change order terbesar yang ditimbulkan oleh change order adalah change order menambah anggaran untuk kontraktor, change order meningkatkan biaya overhead, menambah durasi proyek, menyebabkan biaya proyek membengkak, dan change order menyebabkan penurunan keuntungan proyek.

scholarly journals PENYEBAB CHANGE ORDER PADA PROYEK PERKERASAN JALAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 207
Author(s):  
Philander Edward ◽  
Mega Waty
Keyword(s):  
Construction Projects ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
The Road ◽  
Importance Index ◽  
Road Project ◽  
Change Order ◽  
Order Change ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Ranking Technique

In the implementation of construction projects, there are several important elements that must be done well. so that the essential elements can be carried out well, then agreement regarding certain matters is agreed upon by the parties concerned which is called contract. Almost construction projects in Indonesia have experienced contract changes or can be called Change Order. Change Order is an event due to changes in a job that results in changes in time and cost during implementation. To solve the problem of Change order this contract can be finalized and anticipated by knowing the factors causing it in advance. The causal factors are arranged into a questionnaire to find out the main causes of Change Order. The questionnaire was distributed to contractors on the road project. Validity and reliability testing is done on the data obtained from the results of the questionnaire to obtain the consistency and stability of each question in the questionnaire. Valid and reliable question items are further analyzed using the RII method. To find out the main cause, the data is calculated using the RII. The results of the RII ranking technique show that the order acceleration schedule is the main cause of Change Order. AbstrakDalam pelaksanaan proyek konstruksi, terdapat beberapa unsur penting yang harus dilakukan dengan baik. agar unsur unsur penting dapat terlaksana dengan baik maka dibuatlah perjanjian/ kesepakatan antara dua orang atau lebih mengenai hal tertentu yang disetujui oleh pihak pihak yang bersangkutan yang terikat yang disebut kontrak. Hampir seluruh proyek konstruksi di Indonesia mengalami terjadinya perubahan kontrak atau dapat disebut Change Order. Change Order merupakan suatu kejadian akibat perubahan suatu pekerjaan yang mengakibatkan perubahan waktu dan biaya saat pelaksanaan. Untuk mengatasi masalah Change order/ addendum kontrak ini dapat diminalisir dan diantisipasi dengan mengetahui faktor penyebabnya terlebih dahulu. Faktor-faktor penyebab tersebut disusun menjadi sebuah kuesioner untuk mengetahui penyebab utama dari Change Order. Penyebaran kuesioner tersebut dilakukan terhadap kontraktor pada proyek jalan. Pengujian uji validitas dan uji reliabilitas dilakukan terhadap data yang diperoleh dari hasil kuesioner untuk memperoleh keakuratan konsistensi dan kestabilan setiap pertanyaan dalam kuesioner. Butir pertanyaan yang valid dan reliabel dianalisis lebih lanjut menggunakan metode RII. Untuk mengetahui penyebab utama, data dihitung menggunakan teknik ranking RII (Relative Importance Index). Hasil dari teknik ranking RII menunjukan bahwa perintah percepatan jadwal merupakan faktor penyebab utama terjadinya Change Order.

Cost Risk Management for Variation Orders in Road Projects in Iraq

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (2A) ◽  
pp. 166-172
Author(s):  
Abeer J. Hassana ◽  
Raid S. i Abd Al ◽  
Hassan H. Joni
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Change Orders ◽  
The Public ◽  
Importance Index ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Road Projects ◽  
Change Order ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Risk

This paper aims to develop appropriate solutions for each of the causes for the change orders, which help to manage the cost risk in road projects in Iraq. The literature was reviewed in detail, and the objectives were implemented by using a questionnaire that was distributed to specialists in the public sector to survey all possible causes for exceeding the cost of road projects. As a result, 35 causes were identified for a large number of change orders in road projects and their classification into four axes: design, implementation, financial, and other causes. The results of the questionnaire were analyzed using the relative importance index (RII). As a result, the main causes of the change orders were the variations in design and the quantities of work. The main effect was found to be an increase in the cost of the project. Finally, solutions were collected for each of the factors causing the change order through personal interviews with professionals and consultants.

scholarly journals PERHITUNGAN CHANGE ORDER PROYEK JALAN DI BANTEN

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 211
Author(s):  
Mega Waty ◽  
Hendrik Sulistio
Keyword(s):  
Road Construction ◽  
Material Design ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Actual Case ◽  
Cost Overruns ◽  
Change Orders ◽  
Importance Index ◽  
Road Project ◽  
Road Projects ◽  
Change Order

ABSTRACTChange orders include a number of variants in the scope of work namely the amount of material, design errors, and price changes. This paper discusses change orders in a road construction project in Banten by investigating the causes, studying their effects on the project, and identifying the beneficiaries. The study used five road projects as actual case studies and the questionnaire used a six-point Likert Scale. To determine the ranking of factors that influence the causes of change orders, the effect of change orders and the factors that benefit from change orders are used the Relative Importance Index (RII) calculation. The most important effects of change orders on projects are found to be schedule delays, cost overruns and disputes. The contractor as the party that benefits the most from the change order is followed by the consultant and then the owner. Keywords: change order; road project; Relative Importance Index (RII) ABSTRAK Change order mencakup sejumlah varian dalam ruang lingkup pekerjaan yakni jumlah material, kesalahan desain, dan perubahan harga. Makalah ini membahas change order dalam proyek konstruksi jalan di Banten dengan menyelidiki penyebab, mempelajari efeknya pada proyek, dan mengidentifikasi pihak-pihak yang diuntungkan. Penelitian menggunakan lima proyek jalan sebagai studi kasus aktual dan Kuisoner menggunakan Skala Likert Enam poin. Untuk mengetahui peringkat faktor yang mempengaruhi penyebab change order, efek change order dan faktor yang diuntungkan dari change order digunakan perhitungan Relative Importance Index (RII). Efek terpenting dari change order pada proyek ditemukan adalah penundaan jadwal, pembengkakan biaya dan perselisihan. Kontraktor selaku pihak yang paling diuntungkan dari change order diikuti oleh konsultan dan kemudian owner.

Causes of Delay in Budget Hotel Construction Projects

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 49-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milind T. Phadtare
Keyword(s):  
Construction Projects ◽  
Business Group ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Joint Effort ◽  
Indian Context ◽  
Importance Index ◽  
Project Participants ◽  
Causes Of Delays ◽  
Industry Training

Delay in construction projects is a universal phenomenon. However, the topic is not adequately studied in the Indian context. This paper attempts to identify the causes of delays in construction of budget hotels in India and suggest remedies to avoid some delays. A business group constructing budget hotels across the country is approached for this study. Forty causes of delay have been identified and Relative Importance Index was calculated. The contribution of each category of causes of delay to overall delay in the projects was computed. Remedies such as, joint effort of the participants of the industry, training, coordination between project participants and project timing and scheduling are suggested and validated.

A benchmarking approach to the progress of green materials and systems’ use in the UAE construction industry

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 315-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aly Elgayar ◽  
Salwa Mamoun Beheiry ◽  
Alaa Jabbar ◽  
Hamad Al Ansari
Keyword(s):  
Construction Industry ◽  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Past ◽  
Green Materials ◽  
Importance Index ◽  
Regulatory Guidelines

Purpose Over the past decade, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) introduced several green regulatory guidelines, federal decrees, and a considerable number of environmentally friendly initiatives. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the top green materials and systems used currently in the UAE construction industry as per the new laws dictate as well as see if professionals are switching over to incorporate more green materials, systems, and/or designs. Design/methodology/approach The work involved reviewing internationally popular green materials and systems for construction, developing a questionnaire based on the literature review, surveying professionals in the seven UAE emirates, and ranking the findings based on the relative importance index. Findings Findings found the top used green materials and system in the UAE’s construction industry. As well as identified that there is a communication gap between the design and implementation phases that is possibly hindering the use of more green materials and systems. Originality/value This study sets a baseline to measure the UAE’s progress over the coming years in terms of integrating more green construction materials, systems, methodologies, and trends.

scholarly journals Insights of project managers into the problems in project management

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Vincent Livesey
Keyword(s):  
Project Management ◽  
Delphi Study ◽  
Soft Skills ◽  
Project Managers ◽  
Delphi Panel ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Team Management ◽  
Management Skills ◽  
Hard Skills ◽  
Importance Index

A Delphi study using project managers who had managed projects in excess of $500 million was used to confirm the significance and frequency of problems resulting from the nature of projects. Using the results obtained from the Delphi study a ranking of the problems experienced in these projects was obtained by calculating a Relative Importance Index. Additionally, the Delphi panel members were asked their views concerning the need for traditional project management skills (hard skills) and team management skills (soft skills) as project size increased from below $50 million to over $500 million. A substantial increase in the need for both skills was indicated with the increase in the need for soft skills being the most significant.

scholarly journals Feeding habits of Cocobolo Andinoacara pulcher in the cienaga Grande de Lorica, Colombia

2016 ◽  
pp. 5189-5197
Author(s):  
Charles W Olaya-Nieto ◽  
Liquey Camargo-Herrera ◽  
Vanessa Díaz-Sajonero ◽  
Fredys F Segura-Guevara
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Stomach Content ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Length Relationship ◽  
Importance Index ◽  
Gut Length

ABSTRACTObjective. The feeding habits of Cocobolo (Andinoacara pulcher) in the cienaga Grande de Lorica, Sinu river basin, were studied. Materials and methods. The stomach content was analyzed using the Proportion of empty stomachs, Grade of digestion, Frequency of occurrence, numerical Frequency, Gravimetry, relative importance Index (RII) and the gut length-total length relationship. Results. 39.8% of stomachs were empty, 47.1% of preys were fresh and five food groups were identified. Vegetable remains was the most frequent group (63.8%) and the prey with greatest composition in weight (33.5%), while Rest of fishes was the most abundant group (34.7%). It was observed that in low and rising waters, fishes was the most consumed prey, while that in high and falling waters the most consumed prey was vegetable remains. Vegetable remains, detritus and fishes were food groups of secondary relative importance, while Insects and Others were circumstantial or incidental groups. Conclusions. The results achieved indicate that Cocobolo is a fish with omnivores feeding habits with a preference for fishes and vegetable remains. RESUMEN Objetivo. Se estudiaron los hábitos alimentarios de Cocobolo (Andinoacara pulcher) en la ciénaga Grande de Lorica, cuenca del río Sinú, Colombia. Materiales y Métodos. El contenido estomacal se evaluó con el Coeficiente de vacuidad, Grado de llenado, Grado de digestión, Frecuencia de ocurrencia, Frecuencia numérica, Gravimetría, Índice de importancia relativa y la relación longitud intestinal- longitud total. Resultados. El 39.8% de los estómagos se encontró vacío, el 47.1% de las presas en estado fresco y se identificaron cinco grupos alimentarios. Material vegetal fue el grupo más frecuente (63.8%) y con mayor composición por peso (33.5%), mientras que Restos de peces fue el más abundante (34.7%). Se observó que en aguas bajas y en aguas ascendentes, peces fue la presa más consumida, mientras que en aguas altas y aguas descendentes, fue material vegetal. Material vegetal, detritos y restos de peces fueron grupos alimentarios de importancia relativa secundaria, mientras que insectos y otros fueron circunstanciales o incidentales. Conclusiones. Los resultados alcanzados indican que Cocobolo es un pez de hábitos alimentarios omnívoros con preferencia por peces y material vegetal.

scholarly journals Faktor Penglibatan Pelajar dalam Aktiviti Bukan Akademik anjuran Universiti

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 85-94
Author(s):  
Nazriah Rasul ◽  
Rafiza Mohamed ◽  
Siti Nurhuda Abd. Wahid ◽  
Yusmady Md. Junus ◽  
Rosmiza Awang Noh
Keyword(s):  
Relative Importance ◽  
Kuala Lumpur ◽  
Importance Index

Aktiviti-aktiviti yang dianjurkan di universiti tidak kira akademik atau bukan akademik haruslah boleh membentuk pelajar yang seimbang bukan sahaja dari aspek jasmani dan emosi, malah dari aspek rohani dan intelek juga. Walau bagaimanapun, trend terkini pelajar adalah kurang melibatkan diri dalam aktiviti-aktiviti anjuran universiti Oleh itu kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti faktor penglibatan pelajar dalam aktiviti bukan akademik anjuran universiti dan mengenal pasti langkah-langkah yang boleh diambil supaya lebih ramai pelajar melibatkan diri dalam aktiviti bukan akademik anjuran universiti. Ia dijalankan terhadap 888 orang responden daripada 5,534 pelajar diploma di Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Kuala Lumpur (UTMKL). Berdasarkan kepada keputusan analisa menggunakan kaedah Relative Importance Index (RII), faktor pengaruh rakan telah dikenal pasti sebagai faktor yang paling mempengaruhi penglibatan pelajar terhadap aktiviti bukan akademik anjuran universiti iaitu dengan nilai RII sebanyak 0.79. Manakala faktor yang paling kurang mempengaruhi pelajar menyertai aktiviti bukan akademik anjuran universiti ialah faktor personaliti pelajar dengan nilai RII sebanyak 0.59. Maklum balas daripada pelajar berkenaan dengan langkah-langkah yang boleh diambil supaya lebih ramai pelajar melibatkan diri dalam aktiviti bukan akademik anjuran universiti dianalisis menggunakan kaedah Analisa Bertema. Maklum balas pelajar telah dikelaskan kepada 6 tema iaitu penambahan aktiviti yang aktif dan menarik, penambahan infrastruktur oleh universiti, menambah baik saluran komunikasi pelaksanaan aktiviti, merancang pelaksanaan aktiviti, sokongan universiti dalam bentuk kewangan dan memberikan galakan dan motivasi. Hasil daripada kajian ini boleh diguna pakai dalam membuat perancangan aktiviti akademik di universiti bagi menarik lebih ramai pelajar melibatkan diri. Kajian seperti ini harus dijalankan pada masa akan datang. Perincian mengikut jenis aktiviti bukan akademik dan perbandingan mengikut jantina terhadap faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi penglibatan pelajar terhadap aktiviti bukan akademik dapat membantu dalam menjelaskan dan memperincikan lagi penglibatan para pelajar dengan lebih menyeluruh.

scholarly journals Seasonal variation on diet of juvenile Elops saurus Linnaeus, 1766 (Ladyfish) in the Parnaiba River Delta

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiane Araujo Santos ◽  
Thamires Souza Gonçalves ◽  
Patricia Silva do Nascimento ◽  
Cézar Augusto Freire Fernandes ◽  
Francisca Edna de Andrade Cunha
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Stomach Contents ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
River Delta ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Importance Index

Abstract: Aim Identify seasonal variations in the diet of juvenile living in the estuary of the Parnaíba River Delta. Methods Food items were identified through analysis of stomach contents, and later submitted to analysis by regular methods for Frequency of Occurrence (FO), Frequency Numerical (FN), Gravimetric Frequency (FW) and Relative Importance Index (IRI). Results Juvenile diet of Elops saurus that inhabit the lagoons in the Parnaíba delta was composed in order decreasing of importance by Osteichthyes (Teleostei), Insecta and Crustacea in addition to Polychaeta and Nematoda. It was also observed a high frequency of occurrence of fragments of plastics in the diet. In the rainy season, 17 items were recorded in the diet, whereas in the dry season only 7 items were present. Relative Importance Index showed high presence of the Teleostei fish (69.93%) on diet of E. saurus during the rainy season, whereas during the dry period the insects of the families Corixidae (43.25%) and Dysticidae (39.16%). Conclusions With the study it was possible to identify that juvenile are piscivorous in the rainy season when there is a higher availability of prey in the environment and insectivores in the dry season when it reduces the supply of food, indicating feeding flexibility to environmental alterations.

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