scholarly journals Current trends in the development of dry cargo carriers for coastal, mixed and inland navigation

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (394) ◽  
pp. 158-168
Author(s):  
Gennady V. Egorov ◽  
Alexander G. Egorov
Keyword(s):  
Technical Condition ◽  
Inland Navigation ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Fleet Composition ◽  
Cargo Capacity ◽  
Steel Weight ◽  
Marine Engineering ◽  
Year 2000 ◽  
Shallow Water Depth

Object and purpose of research. This paper discusses characteristics and technical condition of dry cargo ships of limited sea, mixed and inland navigation in order to describe a methodology that allows predicting the composition of the fleet in the medium term. Materials and methods. This study relied on the database of Marine Engineering Bureau (MEB), register books of classification societies, as well as on initial drawings for baseline designs of ships under consideration. The work followed common methods of ship theory and ship design, as well as of naval structural mechanics, analysis and statistics. Main results. A prediction is given for fleet composition and structure until the year 2030, including the ships built after the year 2000, including the newbuilding orders for years 2020–2022. Conclusion. Today, there are about 1,052 dry cargo vessels in operation, 79 % of which are "old", and 21 % were built after the year 2000. Dry-cargo vessels of Volgodonmax class are still the most popular. Due to shallow water depth, these ships cannot be made bigger, so the only way to increase their cargo capacity is to increase their block coefficient and reduce lightship displacement. The first challenge is fully solved by "super-ample" lines currently adopted by MEB for mixed-navigation vessels like RSD59, RSD62, RSD79. As for the reduction of lightship displacement, i.e. steel weight, all the attempts to improve MEB solutions on ships of other designs have so far led to the opposite result, i.e. greater metal consumption and accordingly lower cargo capacity. Thus, it has been practically established that the only way to reduce lightship weight is to apply lighter materials.

scholarly journals Stepfamilies

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-16
Author(s):  
Gill Gorell Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
If Current ◽  
Children And Young Adults ◽  
The One ◽  
Year 2000

Family life in Britain is changing daily to include more stepfamilies, which have widely differing structures with varying histories, losses, transitions and economic circumstances. Of the one in five children who currently experience separation before they are 16, over half will live in a stepfamily at some point in their lives. Of the 150 000 couples with children who divorced each year at the end of the 1980s, a further 35 000 had a subsequent divorce. For some children we need to think of step-parenting within wider processes of transition, which include relationship changes of many kinds. The National Stepfamily Association have calculated that if current trends of divorce, cohabitation, remarriage and birth continue, there will be around 2.5 million children and young adults growing up in a stepfamily by the year 2000. The true pattern of re-ordering of partnership and family life is hard to chart, since many couples second or third time around prefer to cohabit rather than to marry.

Polysaccharides from new zealand native plants: A review of their structure, properties, and potential applications

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Carnachan ◽  
Tracey Bell ◽  
Simon Hinkley ◽  
Ian Sims
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Structures And Properties ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Food Applications ◽  
Year 2000 ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Structure Properties

© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Water-soluble, non-starch polysaccharides fromplants are used commercially in a wide range of food and non-food applications. The increasing range of applications for natural polysaccharides means that there is growing demand for plant-derived polysaccharides with different functionalities. The geographical isolation of New Zealand and its unique flora presents opportunities to discover new polysaccharides with novel properties for a range of applications. This review brings together data published since the year 2000 on the composition and structure of exudate gums, mucilages, and storage polysaccharides extracted from New Zealand endemic land plants. The structures and properties of these polysaccharides are compared with the structures of similar polysaccharides from other plants. The current commercial use of these polysaccharides is reviewed and their potential for further exploitation discussed.

Polysaccharides from new zealand native plants: A review of their structure, properties, and potential applications

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Carnachan ◽  
Tracey Bell ◽  
Simon Hinkley ◽  
Ian Sims
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Structures And Properties ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Food Applications ◽  
Year 2000 ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Structure Properties

© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Water-soluble, non-starch polysaccharides fromplants are used commercially in a wide range of food and non-food applications. The increasing range of applications for natural polysaccharides means that there is growing demand for plant-derived polysaccharides with different functionalities. The geographical isolation of New Zealand and its unique flora presents opportunities to discover new polysaccharides with novel properties for a range of applications. This review brings together data published since the year 2000 on the composition and structure of exudate gums, mucilages, and storage polysaccharides extracted from New Zealand endemic land plants. The structures and properties of these polysaccharides are compared with the structures of similar polysaccharides from other plants. The current commercial use of these polysaccharides is reviewed and their potential for further exploitation discussed.

Czech economy on a way back to growth

2000 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamil Janáček ◽  
Martin Čihák ◽  
Marie Frýdmanová ◽  
Tomáš Holub ◽  
Eva Zamrazilová
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Capital ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Domestic Demand ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Government Consumption ◽  
Financial Barriers ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Year 2000 ◽  
Fast Removal

The paper contains an analysis of the current trends in the Czech economy, and a short-term outlook for 2000. The authors claim that the economy is going through a gradual turn from recession to stagnation and to a slight recovery. The main factors of the turn toward revival are exports, followed by private household consumption, while government consumption contributed only slightly to the increase of domestic demand. The authors see the main potential risk for the year 2000 in the need to stabilise economic growth and achieve its further acceleration. The success will mainly depend on a fast removal of financial barriers which the majority of Czech firms is now facing. Further inflow of foreign capital, growing competition pressures in the financial sector, the growth of exports, and a gradual increase of domestic demand are likely to help to overcome these barriers.

scholarly journals Measurement and Diagnostic System for Marine Engines

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 33-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Charchalis
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Measuring Equipment ◽  
Diagnostic System ◽  
Technical Condition ◽  
Development Work ◽  
Maintenance And Repair ◽  
Maintenance System ◽  
Marine Engines ◽  
Marine Engineering ◽  
Ship Operation

Abstract The Scheduled Maintenance System allows ship-owners and operators to plan, carry out and document the maintenance and repair of equipment and mechanisms on board the ship at intervals in accordance with the class requirements imposed by the Classification Societies and the manufacturer of the equipment. In order to develop the research capabilities of the Faculty of Marine Engineering of Gdynia Maritime University, a Measurement and Diagnostic System has been developed to assess the technical condition of machinery and equipment in operation on board the ship. Modernization of measuring equipment, significantly expanded the research capabilities, which resulted in increasing the scope, improving quality, and speeding up the research and development work in the field of safety of operation and diagnostics of engine rooms and ship operation.

Continuing fertility transitions in a plural society: ethnic trends and differentials in Peninsular Malaysia

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Lean Lim ◽  
Gavin W. Jones ◽  
Charles Hirschman
Keyword(s):  
Marital Fertility ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Moderate Pace ◽  
Replacement Level ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Plural Society ◽  
Year 2000 ◽  
Malaysian Chinese ◽  
Effect Of Age

SummaryFertility in Peninsular Malaysia has declined continuously from the late 1950s, reaching a TFR of 3735 in 1983. All ethnic groups in Malaysia have contributed to this modern demographic transition but the rate of change has been most rapid for Chinese and Indians, Malay fertility having reached a plateau in the early 1980s. The effect of age structure, marital patterns and marital fertility (by parity) on the fertility declines for each ethnic community are analysed. Continuation of current trends would lead to replacement-level fertility for Malaysian Chinese and Indians by the year 2000. Malay fertility is likely to continue to decline but at a more moderate pace.

scholarly journals Polysaccharides from New Zealand Native Plants: A Review of Their Structure, Properties, and Potential Applications

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan M. Carnachan ◽  
Tracey J. Bell ◽  
Simon F. R. Hinkley ◽  
Ian M. Sims
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Structures And Properties ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Food Applications ◽  
Year 2000 ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Structure Properties

Water-soluble, non-starch polysaccharides from plants are used commercially in a wide range of food and non-food applications. The increasing range of applications for natural polysaccharides means that there is growing demand for plant-derived polysaccharides with different functionalities. The geographical isolation of New Zealand and its unique flora presents opportunities to discover new polysaccharides with novel properties for a range of applications. This review brings together data published since the year 2000 on the composition and structure of exudate gums, mucilages, and storage polysaccharides extracted from New Zealand endemic land plants. The structures and properties of these polysaccharides are compared with the structures of similar polysaccharides from other plants. The current commercial use of these polysaccharides is reviewed and their potential for further exploitation discussed.

scholarly journals Energy modernization of housing stock

2020 ◽  
Vol 157 ◽  
pp. 06028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana Ovchinnikova ◽  
Michail Kalinichenko ◽  
Nina Markina ◽  
Elena Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Housing Stock ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Technical Condition ◽  
Housing Sector ◽  
Clear Definition ◽  
Crucial Importance ◽  
Residential Real Estate ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Modernization Process ◽  
Definition Of

The tasks of resource and energy saving in the housing and communal environment of districts, the search for the most favorable development in the control of the technical condition of the housing stock are the focus of many foreign and domestic studies. This paper presents a review of the problem of energy modernization of the housing stock. In the context of the research problem, the housing sector will be considered by analyzing several conditions. The identification of predominantly influencing factors that affect the transformation of changes in the housing stock is of crucial importance. A clear definition of these ratios within the system under study leads to accurate accounting and forecasting of the state of the housing stock. When studying the issue of energy modernization of residential real estate, it is important to differentiate and streamline, taking into account economic indicators, the composition and structure of works. A mathematical model for optimizing the modernization process using dynamic programming methods is presented. Based on the scheme of dynamic planning for the most appropriate allocation of funds for energysaving measures in general, a method for the most favorable regulation of the housing stock has been created. Energy modernization of the housing stock leads to a reduction in spending on housing and communal services, and contributes to improving comfortable living conditions for citizens.

scholarly journals Trends in qualitative research in language teaching since 2000

2009 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Richards
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Language Teaching ◽  
Research Practice ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Year 2000 ◽  
Published Research

This paper reviews developments in qualitative research in language teaching since the year 2000, focusing on its contributions to the field and identifying issues that emerge. Its aims are to identify those areas in language teaching where qualitative research has the greatest potential and indicate what needs to be done to further improve the quality of its contribution. The paper begins by highlighting current trends and debates in the general area of qualitative research and offering a working definition of the term. At its core is an overview of developments in the new millennium based on the analysis of papers published in 15 journals related to the field of language teaching and a more detailed description, drawn from a range of sources, of exemplary contributions during that period. Issues of quality are also considered, using illustrative cases to point to aspects of published research that deserve closer attention in future work, and key publications on qualitative research practice are reviewed.

Decommissioning Strategies Worldwide: A Re-Visited Overview of Relevant Factors

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Laraia
Keyword(s):  
Common Factors ◽  
Nuclear Industry ◽  
Spent Fuel ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Near Term ◽  
The Many ◽  
Year 2000 ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Relevant Factors

This paper highlights current trends and developments in selecting decommissioning strategies worldwide. Radiological conditions, spent fuel and radioactive waste management, funding, economics and the development of suitable technology are some common factors for taking decisions on the timing and circumstances of decommissioning. Although safe enclosure is the default option for many shut down facilities typically due to lack of ready cash, delay in dismantling may have serious disadvantages such as loss of expertise and long term uncertainties. Currently, of the many large nuclear installations permanently shut down, only a fraction have been or will be in the near term totally dismantled and decommissioned to unrestricted release state. A trend towards immediate dismantling seems to emerge in some countries, and is supported by IAEA positions, but this appears to be due to country-, site- or plant-specific conditions of limited generic applicability. In recent years, and often as the result of international efforts, the situation is evolving, and provisions and infrastructures including funding are being established to cope with decommissioning challenges. This factor seems in principle to encourage immediate, total dismantling. However, the worldwide overview of decommissioning strategies does not offer a clear pattern. New factors have come into being, such as stakeholder opinions, in particular those of local communities, and now play a significant role in decision-making. The conditions of the nuclear industry at large (e.g. the “nuclear renaissance”) considerably changed over the last few years and are going to affect decommissioning in the near future. Strategies such as restricted release (brownfields), incremental decommissioning or entombment seem to offer new prospects. The author reviewed first the worldwide situation around the year 2000, and offers in this paper some reflections about changed world’s conditions and how these affect the decommissioning scenarios.

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