Retinoic Acid–inducible Gene 1–like Receptors in the Upper Respiratory Tract

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. e262-e267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesper Bogefors ◽  
Anne Månsson Kvarnhammar ◽  
Leith Latif ◽  
Terese Petterson ◽  
Rolf Uddman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Nasal Mucosa ◽  
Nasal Polyps ◽  
Poly I:C ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Airways ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Inducible Gene

Background Retinoic acid–inducible gene 1–like receptors (RLRs) are a novel family of pattern recognition receptors that include retinoic acid–inducible gene 1 (RIG-1), melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA-5), and laboratory of genomics and physiology 2 (LGP-2). The knowledge of RLRs and their function in the human airway is limited. This study explores the role of RLRs in the upper respiratory tract. Methods Tonsils, adenoids, nasal polyps, and biopsy specimens from the nasal mucosa were examined for the occurrence of the RIG-1, MDA-5, and LGP-2 using real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. The nasopharyngeal epithelial cell line FaDu was cultured with the RIG-1/MDA-5 ligand poly(I:C)/LyoVec (Invivogen, San Diego, CA) and analyzed for cytokine release using ELISA. Results RIG-1, MDA-5, and LGP-2 mRNA were found in all tissues tested. The airway epithelium appeared to be their most prominent location. The RIG-1 and MDA-5 mRNA levels were higher in nasal polyps than in normal nasal mucosa, a state that seemed to be reversed by local steroid treatment. Culture of FaDu with poly(I:C)/LyoVec resulted in IL-6 and IL-8 release. No alteration in RLR expression in tonsils was seen on infection. Conclusion This study shows the presence and functional activity of RLRs in the human upper airways. It also suggests a role for RLRs in nasal polyposis.

Effect of sulfur baths on the upper respiratory tract and hearing organ

1927 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 856-856
Author(s):  
N. Bobrovsky
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Airways ◽  
Hearing Organ ◽  
Upper Respiratory

The question of the effect of H2S on the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract and the hearing organ is currently not yet sufficiently developed. Observations of Dr. Mogilnitsky on patients with sulfur baths suggest that H2S acts directly on the mucosa of the upper airways, causing its hyperaemia, increased secretion and reduction of atrophic phenomena; long-term action of H2S, on the contrary, increases atrophic phenomena.

Evaluation of morphological relations between lower craniofacial skeletal structures and dimensions of upper respiratory tract in skeletal Classes I and III

2016 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 647-658
Author(s):  
Karolina Stelmańska ◽  
Zbigniew Paluch ◽  
Marta Twardokęs ◽  
Katarzyna Ura-Sabat ◽  
Hanna Frelich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Spine ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Facial Skeleton ◽  
Upper Airways ◽  
Skeletal Class ◽  
The Face ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Cephalometric Measurements

Introduction. Review of the literature indicates the relationship between upper airways patency and lower jaw morphology. Aim of the study. To design multidimensional models to describe morphological relations of the linear and angular dimensions of hard tissues of the lower facial skeleton and the cervical spine (independent variables) with the linear dimensions of the upper respiratory tract (dependent variables). The obtained models took into consideration the age, gender and the skeletal Class I and III of the evaluated individuals. Material and method. The patients represented two skeletal classes: I (n = 97; 42.4%) and III (n = 53; 23.1%). Prior to orthodontic treatment, lateral cephalometric radiography (LCR) was performed in all patients. The obtained cephalometric measurements were evaluated statistically. Results. The statistical analysis pointed to significant differences between variables of the URT and dimensions of the facial skeleton and the cervical spine. It also revealed significant differences between variables of the URT and dimensions of the facial skeleton and the cervical spine. The independent variable Co-Gn emerged as an important predictor in regression of the nasopharynx. The anteroinferior height of the face and mandibular inclination were the factors relevant for oropharynx. Variables of the cervical spine were significant predictors in laryngopharyngeal models. Conclusions. The results illustrating morphological interrelations between the lower face and dimensions of the URT air space may prove helpful in planning orthodontic treatment, with or without teeth extraction, as well as orthognathic surgeries.

scholarly journals Anterior Nares Diversity and Pathobionts Represent Sinus Microbiome in Chronic Rhinosinusitis

mSphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilke De Boeck ◽  
Stijn Wittouck ◽  
Katleen Martens ◽  
Jos Claes ◽  
Mark Jorissen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Chronic Rhinosinusitis ◽  
Nasal Polyps ◽  
Sinus Surgery ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Upper Respiratory

ABSTRACT It is generally believed that the microbiome plays a role in the pathophysiology of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), though its exact contribution to disease development and severity remains unclear. Here, samples were collected from the anterior nares, nasopharynx, and maxillary and ethmoid sinuses of 190 CRS patients and from the anterior nares and nasopharynx of 100 controls. Microbial communities were analyzed by Illumina sequencing of the V4 region of 16S rRNA. The phenotype and patient characteristics were documented, and several serum inflammatory markers were measured. Our data indicate a rather strong continuity for the microbiome in the different upper respiratory tract (URT) niches in CRS patients, with the microbiome in the anterior nares being most similar to the sinus microbiome. Bacterial diversity was reduced in CRS patients without nasal polyps compared to that in the controls but not in CRS patients with nasal polyps. Statistically significant differences in the presence/absence or relative abundance of several taxa were found between the CRS patients and the healthy controls. Of these, Dolosigranulum pigrum was clearly more associated with URT samples from healthy subjects, while the Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum, Haemophilus influenzae/H. aegyptius, and Staphylococcus taxa were found to be potential pathobionts in CRS patients. However, CRS versus health as a predictor explained only 1 to 2% of the variance in the microbiome profiles in an adonis model. A history of functional endoscopic sinus surgery, age, and sex also showed a minor association. This study thus indicates that functional studies on the potential beneficial versus pathogenic activity of the different indicator taxa found here are needed to further understand the pathology of CRS and its different phenotypes. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under identifier NCT02933983.) IMPORTANCE There is a clear need to better understand the pathology and specific microbiome features in chronic rhinosinusitis patients, but little is known about the bacterial topography and continuity between the different niches of the upper respiratory tract. Our work showed that the anterior nares could be an important reservoir for potential sinus pathobionts. This has implications for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of CRS. In addition, we found a potential pathogenic role for the Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum, Haemophilus influenzae/H. aegyptius, and Staphylococcus taxa and a potential beneficial role for Dolosigranulum. Finally, a decreased microbiome diversity was observed in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps compared to that in healthy controls but not in chronic rhinosinusitis patients with nasal polyps. This suggests a potential role for the microbiome in disease development or progression of mainly this phenotype.

Protective role of the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract in terms of local immunity

1926 ◽  
Vol 22 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 750
Author(s):  
O. Vasil'yeva
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Mucous Membrane ◽  
Nasal Mucosa ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Local Immunity ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Prof. IP Voloshin (West. Rhinolaryngo-otiatry. 1925, No. 1), taking into account the well-known works of Bezredk on local immunity, finds that the protective role of the nasal mucosa and upper respiratory tract is reduced to the development of natural local immunity of these organs than the general immunity of the whole organism is acquired from all microorganisms inhabiting the mucous membrane of these pathways.

scholarly journals Peculiarities of the upper airways condition in patients with snoring and obstructive apnea during sleeping

2021 ◽  
pp. 12-18
Author(s):  
Yuriy V. Minin ◽  
Tetiana I. Kucherenko ◽  
Ganna Y. Minina
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Sleep Disordered Breathing ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Airways ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Severe Manifestation ◽  
Analysis Of Results ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Aim: study the anatomical features of the upper respiratory tract in patients with ronchopathy of varying degrees of clinical manifestations. Materials and methods: 60 patients with persistent snoring were under supervision. They were divided into four clinical groups depending on the degree of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. All patients underwent clinical and instrumental examination, which included cardio-respiratory monitoring and MRI examination of the upper respiratory tract. Results: In the comparative analysis of results of clinical studies of the upper respiratory tract of patients with and without obstructive sleeping apnea, there was a statistically significant narrowing of the retroglossal space in 45,7% and 16%, respectively. In the analysis of morphometric parameters of the upper respiratory tract in patients with sleep-disordered breathing of varying severity, there was a narrowing of the retropalatinal and retroglossal lumens of the pharynx due to the increase in the soft palate and tongue with its dislocation posteriorly. It is stated that more pronounced narrowing of the lumen of the upper respiratory tract leads to respiratory disorders during sleeping. The most severe manifestation of respiration deterioration during sleeping were observed in the narrowing of the upper respiratory tract at several levels.

scholarly journals Unnecessary antimicrobial prescribing for upper respiratory tract infections in children in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 1133-1142
Author(s):  
Lehlohonolo John Mathibe ◽  
Nonhle Perseverance Zwane
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Airways ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

Background: Acute upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) are contagious diseases of the upper airways, but they are self-limiting in nature. Therefore, antimicrobial-use for the majority of the URTIs is considered inappropriate. Unfortu- nately, globally, antimicrobials are still being prescribed for the treatment of URTIs, especially in children. However, there is insufficient evidence on the causes of this phenomenon in South Africa. Objective: To investigate whether the parents/guardians accompanying children with URTIs expected/influenced physi- cians and/or nurses to prescribe antibiotics. Methods: This was a prospective descriptive and explorative questionnaire-based study. Participants were guardians who accompanied children aged five years and below, diagnosed with acute URTIs. Findings: Three hundred and six parents/guardians participated in this study. Seventy six percent (n=233) of participants received antibiotics for URTIs for their children, and 67% (n=156) of these did not make requests for antimicrobial therapy. On overall, there was a statistically significant (p < 0.0001) chance (with OR of 5.9; 95% CI, 2.4 – 14.2) for receiving antibi- otics for URTIs without a request. Conclusion: Physicians and other healthcare providers need education on rational prescribing of antimicrobials, and to implement evidence-based standard treatment guidelines, to reduce inappropriate use of antibiotics in children with self-lim- iting URTIs. Keywords: Antibiotics; antimicrobials; prescribing; upper respiratory tract infections; children.

scholarly journals Bronchial asthma in combination with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: epidemiology, prevalence and peculiarities of their relationship

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-25
Author(s):  
M E Dyneva ◽  
O M Kurbacheva ◽  
E L Savlevich
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Chronic Rhinosinusitis ◽  
Nasal Polyps ◽  
Allergic Inflammation ◽  
Asthma Severity ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Mucous Membranes ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Asthma in most cases is under control due to the success of modern pharmacotherapy. At the same time questions concerning the treatment of asthma and comorbidities like chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) remain unresolved. Among the causes of СRSwNP formation a microbial aggression or an inadequate immune response (allergy) to various types of antigens (allergens) are considered. Congenital, individual characteristics and abnormalities of the corresponding anatomical structures are also cited as factors contributing to the development of CRSwNP. A functional integrated immunity system - the lymphoid tissue associated with the mucous membranes (MALT), infectious and allergic inflammation in the upper respiratory tract can significantly affect the lower respiratory tract and vice versa. Inflammation is the cornerstone of CRSwNP pathogenesis, that’s why understanding of inflammatory response will reveal the mechanisms of asthma severity in combination with CRSwNP.

Assessment of the upper respiratory tract in patients eligible for treatment with transverse maxillary expansion

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-13
Author(s):  
Ewelina Dargiewicz ◽  
Izabela J. Szarmach ◽  
Magdalena Sawczuk
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Maxillary Expansion ◽  
Facial Skeleton ◽  
Upper Airways ◽  
Actual Length ◽  
Maxillary Hypoplasia ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Transverse maxillary hypoplasia may negatively affect respiration. Maxillary narrowing has to be treated early. An appliance for Rapid Maxillary Expansion (RME) is the most common method, and it aims to expand the skeletal base and maintain this width until a new bone has been formed to fill in the fissure. Aim. Comparison of the results of measurements of bone structures and of the upper airways on lateral teleroentgenograms of the head in patients with transverse maxillary hypoplasia and in patients with normal dimensions of the maxilla. Material and methods. The study was carried out in a group of 20 people with maxillary narrowing (10 girls and 10 boys) aged 7 to 10 years. The control group consisted of 20 lateral teleroentgenograms of patients (9 girls and 11 boys) of similar age treated for other malocclusions. The structures of the facial skeleton and the upper respiratory tract were assessed in teleroentgenograms after earlier determination of measurement points and planes according to selected parameters of the McNamara and Preston et al. methodology. The obtained results were analysed statistically using the Mann-Whitney's test. Results. Angular measurements showed statistically significantly smaller SNA and SNB angles in the study group compared to the control group. The analysis of linear measurements indicated a statistically significant larger dimension of the actual length of the midfacial segment (Co-A) and distance between the Sella point and the posterior nasal spine (PNS-S), and a smaller dimension of the posterior facial height (PFH) in the study group compared to the control group. The highest differences in upper respiratory tract measurements were noted in the Ba-ho-PNS angle, which was lower in the study group. The result was not statistically significant. Conclusions. No significant differences in cephalometric measurements of the upper airways were observed. There is a need to extend studies to include groups of patients with features of night apnoea and maxillary narrowing. <b>(Dargiewicz E, Szarmach IJ, Sawczuk M. Assessment of the upper respiratory tract in patients eligible for treatment with transverse maxillary expansion. Orthod Forum 2018; 14: 97-105)</b>

scholarly journals Protection of upper respiratory tract of patient in conditions of respiratory support: current state of issue

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (16) ◽  
pp. 30-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. V. Vlasenko ◽  
A. G. Koryakin ◽  
E. A. Evdokimov ◽  
D. A. Eryomin
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Acute Respiratory Failure ◽  
Respiratory Support ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Duration Of Treatment ◽  
Upper Airways ◽  
Current State ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Acute respiratory failure has been and remains one of the main problems of modern medicine. Among the large number of high-tech methods of treating acute respiratory failure, adequate moisture and warming of the upper respiratory tract of the patient at all stages of the respiratory therapy are important. It should be noted that ensuring optimal moistening and warming of the inhaled gas mixture allows to avoid the development of many pulmonary complications. On the other hand, even with the use of the most modern treatment methods, inadequate microclimate in the upper respiratory tract can significantly reduce the effectiveness of their use. Thus, maintaining an adequate microclimate in the upper airways is normal, with various bronchopulmonary diseases and in conditions of respiratory support will improve the functional state of the lungs, prevent the development of many complications, reduce material costs and duration of treatment, reduce the mortality of this patient population. Despite the existence of the large database, the question of choosing the most effective technology to ensure homeostasis and protection of the upper respiratory tract in different clinical situations with different methods of respiratory support is still relevant. This dictates the necessity of continuing the research in this direction. This review is devoted to the current state of the problem of moistening, warming and filtering the breathing mix under conditions of prosthetic respiratory function.

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