scholarly journals Personal respiratory protective equipment: development of patenting and structure of inventions in the world (2000–2019)

2021 ◽  
pp. 66-81
Author(s):  
V. I. Evdokimov
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Liquid Oxygen ◽  
European Patent ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Patent Classification ◽  
International Patent ◽  
The World ◽  
Equipment Development ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Patented Inventions

Relevance. When working in hazardous conditions, eliminating accidents, fires and emergencies, personal respiratory protective equipment (RPE) helps optimize working capacity and preserve the health of workers and the population. The use of RPE is especially important in epidemics spreading by airborne droplets, i.e. in the pandemic of the coronavirus infection SARS-CoV-2. Intention. To analyze the development of patenting and types of inventions in the field of RPE in the world over 20 years from 2000 to 2019.Methodology. The object of the research was patents for inventions, in which headings included the types of respirators and gas masks according to the International Patent Classification (IPC). It should be noted that this classification is somewhat different from that adopted in Russia. Clarivate Analytics’ Derwent Innovations patent database was searched.Results and Discussion. The created search mode made it possible to find 5006 responses to patents for inventions, in which IPC headings were presented by types of respirators and gas masks. Annually, (250 ± 11) inventions with IPC headings by RPE type were paternted worldwide. The dynamics of patenting inventions resembles an inverted U-curve with maximum rates in 2014–2015 and some decrease in the last observation period. The largest contribution to the total array of inventions by RPE type was made by patent families affiliated with the United States (43.9 %), South Korea (22 %), Japan (21.2 %), China (19 %) and the European Patent Office (18.7 %). The structure of the analyzed inventions in the world included RPEs with compressed oxygen or air (7.5 %), with breathing-controlled valves dosing the supply of oxygen or air (4.4 %), with liquid oxygen (0.9 %), with oxygen-releasing chemicals (11.3 %), with filtering elements (20.6 %), hose (2.4 %), for high-altitude aircrafts (4.8%). RPE masks and RPE helmets accounted for 44.1 % and 4 %, respectively. There were regional differences in the patenting of inventions by RPE types.Conclusion. There were quite many domestic inventions on RPE with oxygen-releasing chemicals and with filter elements; the overall contribution of patented inventions in Russia for all RPE types was 6% of the total array.

scholarly journals Technological prospection: the genus Mikania in therapeutic use

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (14) ◽  
pp. e333101422076
Author(s):  
Nathália Andrezza Carvalho de Souza ◽  
Victória Laysna dos Anjos Santos ◽  
Tarcísio Cícero de Lima Araújo ◽  
Pedrita Alves Sampaio ◽  
Renata Rivelli Menezes de Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activities ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Intellectual Property Organization ◽  
European Patent ◽  
Industrial Property ◽  
Patent Classification ◽  
Innovation Research ◽  
Technological Potential ◽  
International Patent

The genus Mikania (Asteraceae) comprises about 450 species of these, 203 are found in Brazil and present several chemical and biological activities. Considering the variety of species and their therapeutic properties, the present study aimed to perform technological prospecting of this genus, since this approach aims to contribute to technological, scientific and innovation research. For this purpose, the patent documents were analyzed, regarding the applicant countries, year of filing and the international classification of patents of the genus Mikania. The search was conducted in the databases World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), European Patent Office (EPO) and the National Institute of Industrial Property (INPI) in October 2020, using the descriptor “Mikania”; present in the title and/or abstract in addition, documents that included medicinal approaches were selected. Thus, taking into consideration the filing countries, Japan, Brazil and the United States led the patent deposits, with the first document filed in 1991 and the largest number of applications in the years 2000 and 2010. The data concerning the international patent classification are concentrated in subclass A61K, which deals with preparations for medical, dental or hygienic purposes. These results demonstrated the therapeutic and technological potential of the Mikania species and thus which can be evidenced the potential of this study.

scholarly journals Clay and Polymer-Based Composites Applied to Drug Release: A Scientific and Technological Prospection

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyghia Maria Araújo Meirelles ◽  
Fernanda Nervo Raffin
Keyword(s):  
Drug Release ◽  
Hybrid Materials ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Body ◽  
European Patent ◽  
Patent Office ◽  
Industrial Property ◽  
Controlled Drugs ◽  
International Patent ◽  
The World

There has been a growing trend in recent years for the development of hybrid materials, called composites, based on clay and polymers, whose innovative properties render them attractive for drug release. The objective of this manuscript was to conduct a review of original articles on this topic published over the last decade and of the body of patents related to these carriers. A scientific prospection was carried out spanning the period from 2005 to 2015 on the Web of Science database. The technological prospection encompassed the United States Patent and Trademark Office, the European Patent Office, the World International Patent Office and the National Institute of Industrial Property databases, filtering patents with the code A61K. The survey revealed a rise in the number of publications over the past decade, confirming the potential of these hybrids for use in pharmaceutical technology. Through interaction between polymer and clay, the mechanical and thermal properties of composites are enhanced, promoting stable, controlled drugs release in biological media. The most cited clays analyzed in the articles was montmorillonite, owing to its high surface area and capacity for ion exchange. The polymeric part is commonly obtained by copolymerization, particularly using acrylate derivatives. The hybrid materials are obtained mainly in particulate form on a nanometric scale, attaining a modified release profile often sensitive to stimuli in the media. A low number of patents related to the topic were found. The World International Patent Office had the highest number of lodged patents, while Japan was the country which published the most patents. A need to broaden the application of this technology to include more therapeutic classes was identified. Moreover, the absence of regulation of nanomaterials might explain the disparity between scientific and technological output. This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see “For Readers”) may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue’s contents page.

Searching bioremediation patents through Cooperative Patent Classification (CPC)

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajendra Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Classification System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Uniform Structure ◽  
European Patent ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Patent Classification ◽  
Prior Art ◽  
International Patent ◽  
Different Sources

AbstractPatent classification systems have traditionally evolved independently at each patent jurisdiction to classify patents handled by their examiners to be able to search previous patents while dealing with new patent applications. As patent databases maintained by them went online for free access to public as also for global search of prior art by examiners, the need arose for a common platform and uniform structure of patent databases. The diversity of different classification, however, posed problems of integrating and searching relevant patents across patent jurisdictions. To address this problem of comparability of data from different sources and searching patents, WIPO in the recent past developed what is known as International Patent Classification (IPC) system which most countries readily adopted to code their patents with IPC codes along with their own codes. The Cooperative Patent Classification (CPC) is the latest patent classification system based on IPC/European Classification (ECLA) system, developed by the European Patent Office (EPO) and the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) which is likely to become a global standard. This paper discusses this new classification system with reference to patents on bioremediation.

Evolution of World and Brazilian Markets for Enzymes Produced by Solid-state Fermentation: A Patent Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-120
Author(s):  
Heb C.S.R. Rodrigues ◽  
Andrea L. Carvalho ◽  
Carolina O. Souza ◽  
Marcelo A. Umsza-Guez
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Solid State Fermentation ◽  
European Patent ◽  
Patent Classification ◽  
Classification Code ◽  
Advanced Search ◽  
International Patent ◽  
The World ◽  
Pacific Asia ◽  
Patent Documents

Background: The use of enzymes in various industrial processes has become increasingly frequent. When added to productive processes, it can accelerate reactions and generate a number of new products. The solid state fermentation (SSF), among other applications, has been employed also to obtain enzymes. Objective: The purpose of this prospection was to map registered patent documents about enzymes production by this type of fermentation in the world, identify the most obtained enzymes with patent documents and compilate information about the world and Brazilian enzyme markets. Methods: The experimental design was carried out by the keyword-driven scope through the advanced search in the Espacenet database European Patent Office (EPO). The keywords selected were solid-state fermentation and the International Patent Classification code, C12N9 (enzymes; proenzymes), for prospecting of interest. Results: In 2012, there was the higher number of registered patents (12). China holds 84% of deposited patents. Among the types of depositors, 54% of the selected patent documents were deposited by universities and institutes, and 44% by companies. 76.5% of the evaluated patents used fungi as enzyme producer. Analyzing the enzymes obtained in the registered patents, it is verified that the majority belongs to the group of carbohydrases with 43%, followed by proteases (25%), which are also the two classes of enzymes most commercialized in the market. Conclusion: China holds the majority of the registered patents but North America gets the largest global enzyme market revenue followed by Europe and Pacific Asia. Carbohydrases were the most commercialized enzymes and with the highest number of patents registered. Among the carbohydrases, cellulases, xylanases and amylases are the most frequent in patent registration while being fungi produced.

scholarly journals Technological Advances to Reduce Apis mellifera Mortality: A Bibliometric Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8305
Author(s):  
Cristiano Ziegler ◽  
Tiago Sinigaglia ◽  
Mario Eduardo Santos Martins ◽  
Adriano Mendonça Souza
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
International Patent Classification ◽  
Patent Classification ◽  
Honey Production ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
International Patent ◽  
Technology Life Cycle

Bees play a fundamental role in the ecological balance of ecosystems, due to the pollination process they carry out on crops, including the production of honey. However, the mortality of bees is a significant concern; bee mortality can occur for several reasons, such as pesticides, mites, viruses, climate change, pathogens and a reduction in food resources and nests. The honey bee (Apis mellifera) is the most widely used bee for commercial pollination and honey production. Therefore, the main objective is to compare the development of patent families and article publications related to the reduction in A. meliífera mortality. Data on patent families were collected on the Orbit platform, while data on scientific articles were collected on the Scopus database, with a time interval of 1980–2019. Subsequently, the data were analyzed in order to show the main priority countries, main assignees, and main IPC (International Patent Classification) codes, an analysis of the technology life cycle and the correlation between the data of patent families and articles published. The technologies that help to decrease bee mortality showed a technological maturity rate of 27.15% for patent families data and 53.35% for data from articles published in journals. It was noticed that the principal interest regarding the reduction in A. mellifera mortality is focused on universities, mainly in the United States and China.

Towards a Pro-active Approach Concerning the Intersections between the Jordan Patents of Invention Law, United States Patent Law and European Patent Convention

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-87
Author(s):  
Zein J. Razem ◽  
Qais Ali Mahafzah
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Patent Law ◽  
European Patent ◽  
United States Patent ◽  
European Patent Convention ◽  
Active Approach ◽  
Patent Laws ◽  
The World ◽  
States Patent

AbstractAttempts to harmonize patent laws worldwide have increased, leaving bits of argumentative issues untouched in the patent systems under scrutiny. However, diversity can sometimes prove desirable since majority rule is not always right and the minority wrong. Sometimes a part is more righteous than the whole. This research focuses on areas where the Jordan Patents of Invention Law, United States Patent Law, and the European Patent Convention intersect. It concludes that although most countries, including Jordan, follow a different path than that taken by the United States, it may be unnecessary for the United States to change its system in order to be in sync with the rest of the world. Thus, it may prove advantageous to have two separate systems that can provide different patent protections where humanity achieves progression and development.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Appeal Procedures in the European, American and Brazilian Patent Offices

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Monteiro dos Santos ◽  
Heleno José Costa Bezerra Netto ◽  
Ricardo Carvalho Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
European Patent ◽  
European American ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Patent Office ◽  
United States Patent ◽  
Examination Procedure ◽  
The World ◽  
The Right ◽  
States Patent

The right to appeal exists as a response to the two main characteristics of every human being. The first refers to the attitude of not settling for adverse decisions, which leads people to seek instruments to remediate these decisions, while the second is the possibility that every human being has to make mistakes and the need to correct these mistakes in decision-making acts that may have been mistaken. Therefore, an appeal is an instrument that enables review of a decision by a higher authority to obtain its modification or revocation. In the patent system, appeals are used basically to reverse decisions of patent examiners during the examination procedure as, for example, the decision to reject a patent. Although all patent offices have procedures for appeal against first-instance decisions taken by these offices, there are significant differences as to how this procedure is conducted in each office. This chapter will study the laws and regulations, rules and procedures on appeals in two of the main patent offices in the world – the European Patent Office – EPO and the United States Patent and Trademark Office – USPTO, and in the Brazilian Patent Office – INPI, pointing out the main differences between them.

scholarly journals Social Responsibilities in COVID-19: Pandemic

2021 ◽  
pp. 149-153
Author(s):  
Mayur B. Wanjari ◽  
Deeplata Mendhe ◽  
Pratibha Wankhede ◽  
Sagar Alwadkar
Keyword(s):  
Death Rate ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Social Responsibilities ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Day By Day

Recent coronavirus discovered causes the coronavirus infection COVID-19 is also an infectious disease known to cause severe respiratory infections. This most recent virus and infection were unidentified until the epidemic in Wuhan in December 2019, China. Coronavirus has spread around the world and been declared a pandemic by the WHO. The disease has infected several nations, including Italy, Spain, and the United States, with brutality as the death rate rises day by day. The illness may transmit to cough or sneezes via small droplets. Therefore, social distancing is the only way to prevent the transmission as There is no vaccine available for prevention from thecoronavirus. One can reduce the chances of being infected by taking some social distancing measures which will reduce COVID-19 transmission. In the pandemic COVID-19, every individual’s responsibility is to follow all the social distancing measures, to follow the lockdown without being casual about the disease, to save our self, our family, community, and nation from novel coronavirus.

Open-Ended Technological Innovation

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Bedau ◽  
Nicholas Gigliotti ◽  
Tobias Janssen ◽  
Alec Kosik ◽  
Ananthan Nambiar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Semantic Space ◽  
The United States ◽  
Digital Data ◽  
High Dimensional ◽  
Technological Innovations ◽  
Clustering Methods ◽  
Patent Classification ◽  
Patented Inventions ◽  
States Patent

We detect ongoing innovation in empirical data about human technological innovations. Ongoing technological innovation is a form of open-ended evolution, but it occurs in a nonbiological, cultural population that consists of actual technological innovations that exist in the real world. The change over time of this population of innovations seems to be quite open-ended. We take patented inventions as a proxy for technological innovations and mine public patent records for evidence of the ongoing emergence of technological innovations, and we compare two ways to detect it. One way detects the first instances of predefined patent pigeonholes, specifically the technology classes listed in the United States Patent Classification (USPC). The second way embeds patents in a high-dimensional semantic space and detects the emergence of new patent clusters. After analyzing hundreds of years of patent records, both methods detect the emergence of new kinds of technologies, but clusters are much better at detecting innovations that are unanticipated and undetected by USPC pigeonholes. Our clustering methods generalize to detect unanticipated innovations in other evolving populations that generate ongoing streams of digital data.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of object detection systems using using the reflection or reradiation of radio-, acoustic or electromagnetic waves

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 7-15
Author(s):  
V. I. Karnyshev ◽  
◽  
V. I. Avdzeiko ◽  
V. M. Rulevskiy ◽  
E. S. Pascal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Object Detection ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
The United States ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Patent Classification ◽  
Detection Systems ◽  
International Patent ◽  
Remote Sensing Methods ◽  
The Given ◽  
States Patent

The systems intended for detecting objects of artificial and natural origin are widely used while implementing the remote sensing methods. In this case, such different frequency ranges of sounding signals as radar, acoustic and optical ones are used. This article presents the results of patent analysis of the detection systems for such groups of the International Patent Classification as G01S13, G01S15, G01S17. The analysis has been carried out using the database of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) inventions registered from 2015 to 2019. The aim of the given study was to compare the development trends of the object detection systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio-, acoustic or electromagnetic waves. It is shown that the proposed approach makes it possible to identify the promising (breakthrough) technological directions, as well as to form predictive estimates of their development in the short-term.

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