scholarly journals Literatur Review : Rapid Immunochromatography Sebagai Metode Skrining Kanker Serviks Berbasis Deteksi Onkoprotein HPV pada Urin

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-207
Author(s):  
Ika Rahmawati Sutejo ◽  
Kiky Martha Arieska
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Clinical Sensitivity ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Specificity Test ◽  
Hpv Test ◽  
Lateral Flow Test ◽  
Antigen Antibody

Cervical cancer is still become main health problem especially in development country. This cancer is the second most common cancer in Indonesian women. It commonly caused by infection of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 and 18. Actually if cervical cancer was detected earlier, it shows better respond therapy than other cancers, but this opportunity is not supported by appropiate screening methods. Nowadays, pap smear and IVA are commonly used for detect cervical cancer but they only recommend for women who have had sexual intercourse. Both of them also require medical expertise and pap smear is highly cost. Based on these problem, this paper describes novel method for cervical cancer screening by using rapid immunochromatography kit which is more applicative, noninvasive, and affordable. This paper was a literature review (library research). Data obtained through the search engine using keywords: "Cervical Cancer", "HPV", "Urine", "Screening", “Lateral flow test”, and "Rapid immunochromatography". The references were taken from reliable journal in the range of 2009 to 2019. Data was also taken from textbooks and the health institution official sites which support the analysis. This method detect the presence of oncoprotein E6 & E7 of HPV-16 and HPV-18 in urinusing antigen-antibody binding principle. Sensitivity and specificity test done by comparing the results of the kit with the results of pap smear tests as a standard screening method and PCR HPV test on urinsamples. We conclude that with further protocol development and standardization to achieve clinical sensitivity, this kit is a solution for noninvasive detection of high risk cervical cancer so that treatment can be do immediately and the mortality rate due to cervical cancer can be reduced as much as possible.  

scholarly journals Evaluation of papsmear in pregnancy

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 2374
Author(s):  
Samar Rudra ◽  
Ajita Mishra ◽  
Akanksha Verma
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
Cervical Cytology ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Care Clinic

Background: Cervical cancer is common worldwide and ranks fourth among all malignancies for women. Cervical cytology (PAP smear) as a cancer screening method is most commonly used worldwide. Cervical cancer can be detected at an early stage by PAP smear which is a cost effective and easy to perform test which is also very safe in pregnant women, hence this study is taken up as an opportunistic time for cervical cancer screening to this accessible group of women during their antenatal period and to find detection rate of infectious diseases, precancerous and cancerous pathology of the cervix.Methods: 500 pregnant women of age 21 years and above and between 16-24 weeks of gestation attending the antenatal OPD were included in the study. Scrapings were obtained from the ectocervix and sent for cytological evaluation. Findings were tabulated and statistically analysed.Results: 7.2% of the patients in our study had cervical infection which included candidiasis and trichomonial infections. 0.4% of the patients had abnormal PAP report, and 88.2% had inflammatory smear implying higher risk of STD’s and pregnancy related complications.Conclusions: The cervical cytology is highly recommended for the routine screening in the antenatal care clinic specially for women who had no prior cervical cancer screening. Awareness on cervical cancer, preventive measures and screening methods need to be strengthened among pregnant women when they visit health care facilities and also in the community settings.

scholarly journals Awareness of cervical cancer and its screening methods in Indian women

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 3123
Author(s):  
Khushboo Singh ◽  
Alka Goel ◽  
Manisha Attri
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Regular Screening

Background: In spite of effective screening methods, cervical cancer continues to be a major public health problem in India. Therefore, the present study was carried out to assess the knowledge of cervical cancer and its screening among women, it also focuses on the reasons for not undergoing regular screening and the effect of counseling for the same.Method: 400 women were randomly enrolled from the women attending/visiting/working at a tertiary hospital. They were asked questions related to cervical cancer. All answers were obtained verbally and recorded in the questionnaire by the same investigator.Results: Out of 400 women, only 103 were aware of cervical cancer as well as its screening, and only 10 of them were undergoing regular screening. Among those who were aware of cervical cancer, majority (95.14%) were health care workers and most of them got this knowledge form their textbooks. After counseling, all except 6 women were willing for regular screening. The reason for refusal for the same was either they believed they were not at risk or they found pelvic examination uncomfortable.Conclusions: The study found that women had poor knowledge about cervical cancer and its screening. Awareness was higher among the women who had received higher education or were healthcare workers. However, cervical cancer screening rate was low even in these women. Government and health care professionals need to actively promote awareness of the risk factors of cervical cancer and encourage women to undergo regular Pap smear as a cervical cancer screening method.

scholarly journals Awareness and Attitude to the Risk of Cervical Cancer and Screening Method Among Women in the Najran Region of Southern Saudi Arabia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Majed Saeed Alshahrani ◽  
Salem Ali Alatef Sultan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pap Smear Screening

Abstract Introduction:The aim of this study was determined the level of awareness among women regarding risk factors for cervical cancer and screening methods, their sources of information, and general attitudes toward Pap smear screening tests and human papilloma virus vaccination.Method:A cross-sectional interviewer administered an electronic questionnaire among women in Najran City during the period from March 1, 2019 to June 30, 2019. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.Result: A total of 3,387 women participated in this study and the response rate was 100%. Less than 10% of the participants had good awareness and 70% had poor awareness about the risk factors for cervical cancer. In terms of the major barriers to taking the Pap smear test among married women, 968 (56.7%) had no knowledge of the test and 338 (19.85%) considered it unnecessary. Significant predictors of the level of awareness about cervical cancer and Pap smear testing were identified as the age of women, occupation, family history of cancer, monthly income (P < 0.001) and education level (P = 0.003).Conclusion: we detected a lack of awareness about risk factors for cervical cancer and the benefits of early detection among women in this region. Healthcare providers should implement policies or programs for cervical cancer screening and vaccination throughout all primary healthcare centers.

scholarly journals Determinants factors to Pap smear screening among married women in a city of South Iran: applying the BASNEF model

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahimeh Momeni ◽  
Zahra Hosseini ◽  
Teamur Aghamolaei ◽  
Amin Ghanbarnejad
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Behavioral Intention ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Subjective Norms ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Enabling Factors ◽  
Pap Smear Test ◽  
Smear Test ◽  
Pap Smear Screening

Abstract Background Cervical cancer is known to be preventable because of the long pre-invasion period and the availability of appropriate screening methods. Pap smear is a selective screening approach, which is not taken seriously enough by many women. Methods This cross-sectional, descriptive, analytical study was performed using electronic health records of 202 women visiting the health centers chosen through the systematic sampling method. The data collection tool contained items on demographic information, awareness regarding cervical cancer, and the beliefs, attitudes, subjective norms, and enabling factors (BASNEF) model constructs. Data were analyzed using the linear regression analysis, logistic regression, and multivariate regression analysis with backward selection in SPSS, version 18. Results Based on the results, more than half of the women had never had a Pap smear test. Of the 202 women, only 14.8% had repeated the Pap smear test at the standard interval. Attitudes and subjective norms predicted the intention to have a Pap smear test among the eligible women. Overall, 10% of the changes in behavioral intention were explained by attitudes and subjective norms. In the BASNEF model, the behavioral intention was one of the most important factors that affected compliance with the Pap smear test among the eligible women. Conclusion Based on the results of this study, it is possible to improve screening behaviors among women through proper planning to increase awareness and improve attitudes, subjective norms, enabling factors, and behavioral intention. Pap smear plays an important role in controlling cervical cancer.

scholarly journals Cervical Cancer Screening Programs in Europe: The Transition Towards HPV Vaccination and Population-Based HPV Testing

Viruses ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Chrysostomou ◽  
Dora Stylianou ◽  
Anastasia Constantinidou ◽  
Leondios Kostrikis
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Hpv Vaccination ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Hpv Testing ◽  
Screening Programs

Cervical cancer is the fourth most frequently occurring cancer in women around the world and can affect them during their reproductive years. Since the development of the Papanicolaou (Pap) test, screening has been essential in identifying cervical cancer at a treatable stage. With the identification of the human papillomavirus (HPV) as the causative agent of essentially all cervical cancer cases, HPV molecular screening tests and HPV vaccines for primary prevention against the virus have been developed. Accordingly, comparative studies were designed to assess the performance of cervical cancer screening methods in order to devise the best screening strategy possible. This review critically assesses the current cervical cancer screening methods as well as the implementation of HPV vaccination in Europe. The most recent European Guidelines and recommendations for organized population-based programs with HPV testing as the primary screening method are also presented. Lastly, the current landscape of cervical cancer screening programs is assessed for both European Union member states and some associated countries, in regard to the transition towards population-based screening programs with primary HPV testing.

scholarly journals Breakthroughs and Issues in HPV Genital Infections in relation to Cervical Cancer

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-30
Author(s):  
Farhat Hussain ◽  
Khairun Nahar ◽  
Kaniz Fatema ◽  
Mahbuba Khan
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Pap Test ◽  
Cervical Cancer Prevention ◽  
Cervical Lesions ◽  
Related Condition ◽  
Papilloma Virus ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Hpv Test ◽  
Neoplastic Process

The field of cervical cancer prevention is rapidly evolving because of identification of the cause of disease. Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) has been recognized as a necessary cause of cervical cancer, and the association applies equally to both squamous cell and adenocarcinoma and is consistent worldwide. HPV 16 and 18 together attribute 70% of world's cervical cancer. HPV is highly prevalent among sexually active women and traceable in its natural history with technology that can detect HPV DMA at all stages of infection and neoplastic process. HPV DMA testing represents the scientifically obvious next step after Pap test for secondary prevention. A clinically validated and FDA approved HPV test has proven a substantial gain in sensitivity with a limited loss in speciality as compared to the standard Pap smear. We are now in the fortunate position of having two highly promising HPV vaccines in the pipeline. These vaccines today represent new hope for protection against cervical cancer, pre-cancerous cervical lesions and other HPV related condition for the current generation of adolescents, for the young and middle aged women as well as for the future generations. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jssmc.v1i2.12163 Journal of Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College Vol.1, No.2, December 2009 p.27-30

scholarly journals A Six-Year Study of the Clinical Presentation of Cervical Cancer and the Management Challenges Encountered at a State Teaching Hospital in Southeast Nigeria

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. CMO.S12017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justus N. Eze ◽  
Esther N. Emeka-Irem ◽  
Felix O. Edegbe
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Gynecologic Oncology ◽  
Stage Iv ◽  
Late Presentation ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding

Cervical cancer is still a major contributor to cancer-related mortality amongst women living in poor, rural communities of developing countries. The objective of this study is to establish the clinical presentation of cervical cancer and the management challenges encountered in Abakaliki, southeast Nigeria, with a view to finding intervention strategies. This study is a retrospective descriptive assessment of cases of clinically diagnosed cervical cancer managed at a state teaching hospital over six years. Of 76 cases managed, 61 (80.3%) cases notes were available for study. The mean age and parity of patients were 53.8 years and 6.8 years, respectively. The majority (75.4%) were illiterate. All had been married, but 42.6% were widowed. The main occupations were farming or petty trading. One patient (1.6%) had had a single Pap smear in her life. The major presenting complaints were abnormal vaginal bleeding (86.9%), offensive vaginal discharge (41.0%), and weight loss. Twenty patients (32.8%) were lost to follow-up prior to staging. Of the remaining 41 patients, 16 (39.0%) had stage III disease and 17.1% stage IV. Fifteen patients (24.6%) with late stage disease accepted referral, and were referred for radiotherapy. Those who declined were discharged home on request, though 4 (9.8%) died in the hospital. There was no feedback from referred patients confirming that they went and benefitted from the referral. The presentation followed known trends. Illiteracy, poverty, early marriages, high parity, widowhood, non-use of screening methods, late presentation, non-acceptance of referral, and lack of communication after referral were some of the major challenges encountered. These underscore the needs for health education and awareness creation, women educational and economic empowerment, legislation against early marriages and in protection of widows, and creation of a well-staffed and well-equipped dedicated gynecologic oncology unit to forestall further referral.

scholarly journals Knowledge, attitude and practice of cervical cancer and its screening (Pap smear) among female students of Orotta College of medicine and health sciences

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 51-61
Author(s):  
Yohannes Mekonen ◽  
Hermon Berhe ◽  
Luam Ghebreab ◽  
Elias Teages
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
Health Sciences ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background: Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide that affects developing countries and young women in particular. Out of many types of female cancers, cancer of the cervix could be prevented if appropriate medical interventions are taken on time. Pap smear is a means for early detection of premalignant stages and treatment before the disease advances to a late stage. However, its practice remains unsatisfactory in many countries including Eritrea. Objective: The aim of the study was to illustrate knowledge, attitude and level of cervical cancer and Pap smear practice and associated factors among female students of Orotta College of Medicine and Health sciences (OCMHS). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among female undergraduate students in OCMHS enrolled during the academic year 2018-2019. A total of 252 students participated in the study. Piloted, structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to assess the distribution and to identify associations between independent and outcome variables respectively. Results: Majority of the students, 171 (68.4%), were 18-21 years old and 159 (63.6%) were second and third year students. One hundred thirty six (54.4%) students had inadequate knowledge and one hundred twenty three (49.2%) had negative attitude towards cervical cancer screening. Only two (0.8%) participants had ever been screened with Pap smear test. Logistic regression analysis showed that age, level of education and year of study were significantly associated with knowledge of cervical cancer and its screening methods. Year of study and knowledge levels were significantly associated with attitude towards cervical cancer screening (Pap smear). Conclusions: The study showed that there is a lack of knowledge of cervical cancer, unfavorable attitude towards screening methods and poor utilization of Pap smear. The study emphasized the importance of creating awareness and increasing knowledge of cervical cancer and Pap smear through numerous health education campaigns and mass media. Hence, it will be vital to integrate cervical cancer preventive measures with other reproductive health care services at all, if not at the highest, levels of health care delivery system.

scholarly journals DR Knowledge of Cervical Cancer and Its Screening Amongst Female Students of a Tertiary Institution in South-South Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
D. O. Allagoa ◽  
O. J. Agbo ◽  
A. O. Eguvbe ◽  
P. W. Alabrah
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Tertiary Institution ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Mean

Background: Cervical cancer is one of the commonest cancers in women. It is the commonest cause of cancer related death in Africa. It is one of the cancers that have well known screening methods. In developed societies with standard protocol for screening, the morbidity and mortality following the disease have been greatly reduced. There is paucity of knowledge of cervical cancer and its screening methods in Yenagoa. Objectives: To determine the knowledge of cervical cancer and its screening methods in female students of a Tertiary educational institution. Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study that was conducted amongst the female students of Federal University Otuoke. Information about their socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge of cervical cancer and the screening methods was obtained using a questionnaire. Results: A total of four hundred and twenty four (424) female students of the Federal University Otuoke were enrolled for the study. The mean age of the respondents was 21.0±3.4 years. The predominant age group was 15-20 years (50.6%). One hundred and eighty three respondents (57.9%) were aware of cervical cancer and the age groups 21-25 years were most aware of cervical cancer. Age was found to influence awareness of cervical cancer. (x2=12.8; df=3; p<0.05). A total of eighty one respondents 26.9% were aware of Pap smear. Age was found to influence the awareness of Pap smear (x2=12.8; df=3; p<0.05). Conclusion: Our study showed that awareness of cervical cancer and the role of Pap smear in the screening of cervical cancer was low amongst the female students of the Federal University Otuoke. Hence the need to make every effort to increase the awareness of this condition and the screening methods amongst these female undergraduates, who are at the prime of their age and at the greatest risk of developing this condition, especially in our societies that lack well organized screening protocols.

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