scholarly journals Benefits and problems of chrome tanning in leather processing: Approach a greener technology in leather industry

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 156-164
Author(s):  
Kazi Madina Maraz ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Common Type ◽  
Leather Industry ◽  
Mechanical Process ◽  
Leather Processing ◽  
Processing Approach ◽  
Chrome Tanning

Tanning is the process of converting the raw skin and hides from different animals into a sustainable and manageable material called leather. Leather making is a very long process and consists of many different chemical and mechanical process steps. The most important step of the whole leather making process is the tanning step, which is performed commonly either by vegetable or mineral tanning. More than 85-90% of the leather making is performed by chrome tanning, which is the most common type of mineral tanning currently applied.

scholarly journals Prospects and Challenges of Chrome Tanning: Approach a Greener Technology in Leather Industry

2021 ◽  
pp. 42-49
Author(s):  
MD. Dipu Ahmed ◽  
Kazi Madina Maraz ◽  
Ruhul Amin Khan
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Green Technology ◽  
Management Technique ◽  
Leather Industry ◽  
Leather Processing ◽  
Chrome Tanning ◽  
Prime Concern ◽  
Vegetable Tanning ◽  
Harmful Effects

The leather industry is one of the heavy-polluting and hazardous industries that is creating toxic and harmful effects on the environment and human health by producing waste chemicals, tannery effluents, and various pollutants. Moreover, Tanning is the required stage to convert raw skin to durable and sustainable skin but most of the chemicals, salts, organic and inorganic toxic pollutants are produced. In commercial practices, Chrome tanning is the highly employed approach that uses a large number of basic chromium salts that becomes the major source of chromium pollutant in the environment. Chromium salt is not only harmful to the environment and ecology but also harms the human body such as causing respiratory problems, infertility and birth defects, skin and lung cancer of the workers. This article has presented two alternatives eco-friendly greener approaches of chrome tanning and waste management technique to reduce the toxic effect on the environment and human health. Firstly, to get rid of these harmful effects, the possible remedy of environmental and human health problems may be considered the vegetable tanning process. Vegetable tanning uses tannins (a class of polyphenol astringent chemicals), which occur naturally in the bark and leaves of many plants. Secondly, chrome tanning associate with ultrasound having a frequency range of 20–100 kHz is commonly employed for enhancing the physical processes and for performing chemical reactions. The basic principle associated with the process is an ultrasonic cavitation in dissolved media. Ultrasound decreases the consumption of conventional water and chemicals because it can also function as a physical activator resulting reduction in environmental pollution which is a prime concern nowadays to approach greener leather technology and eco-friendly leather processing. Furthermore, the possible waste management technique of chrome tanning helps to prevent pollution and ensure eco-friendly green technology of leather processing. Therefore, vegetable tanning and chrome tanning associated with ultrasound having proper waste management will be the viable and sustainable options for the tanners in the forthcoming future.

scholarly journals Bio-agent de retanare utilizat in procesarea pieilor si procedeu de obtinere

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (11) ◽  
pp. 3878-3880
Author(s):  
Rodica Roxana Constantinescu ◽  
Gabriel A. Zainescu ◽  
Marian Crudu ◽  
Gheorghe Bostaca
Keyword(s):  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Leather Industry ◽  
Complex Products ◽  
Leather Processing ◽  
Protein Waste ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Filling Agent ◽  
Treatment And Disposal ◽  
Biochemical Degradation ◽  
Very High

Currently, the leather industry has to deal with very high costs for waste treatment and disposal. As a result, it is recommended to subject the organic protein waste from tanning to biochemical treatments for recycling in the industry. The degree of novelty lies primarily in the fact that the starting point of the promoted technologies is obtaining new complex products by processing organic waste and using it in tanneries. The lime fleshings resulting from the hide fleshing operation represents the highest amount of reusable leather material of approx. 25%. This paper presents an innovative process for the biochemical degradation of hide waste resulting from hide fleshing in order to obtain a retanning/filling agent used in leather processing.

Pickle-free chrome tanning using a polymeric synthetic tanning agent for cleaner leather processing

2004 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
J.Raghava Rao ◽  
M. Kanthimathi ◽  
P. Thanikaivelan ◽  
K.J. Sreeram ◽  
R. Ramesh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leather Processing ◽  
Chrome Tanning

scholarly journals Bio-agent de retanare utilizat in procesarea pieilor si procedeu de obtinere

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (11) ◽  
pp. 3878-3880
Author(s):  
Rodica Roxana Constantinescu ◽  
Gabriel A. Zainescu ◽  
Marian Crudu ◽  
Gheorghe Bostaca
Keyword(s):  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Leather Industry ◽  
Complex Products ◽  
Leather Processing ◽  
Protein Waste ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Filling Agent ◽  
Treatment And Disposal ◽  
Biochemical Degradation ◽  
Very High

Currently, the leather industry has to deal with very high costs for waste treatment and disposal. As a result, it is recommended to subject the organic protein waste from tanning to biochemical treatments for recycling in the industry. The degree of novelty lies primarily in the fact that the starting point of the promoted technologies is obtaining new complex products by processing organic waste and using it in tanneries. The lime fleshings resulting from the hide fleshing operation represents the highest amount of reusable leather material of approx. 25%. This paper presents an innovative process for the biochemical degradation of hide waste resulting from hide fleshing in order to obtain a retanning/filling agent used in leather processing.

scholarly journals Eco-friendly Chrome Tanning of Leather using Ultrasound Technique

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Abu Sayid Mia ◽  
Shamima Yeasmin ◽  
Mohammad Nurnabi ◽  
Md. Zahangir Alam
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Conventional Method ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Ultrasound Technique ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Shrinkage Temperature ◽  
Leather Processing ◽  
Chrome Tanning ◽  
Tanning Process ◽  
Sem Analyses

Abstract This article describes the development of an environment friendly chrome tanning of leather using ultrasound. Most of the leathers are tanned by the conventional method using basic chromium sulphate. It is one of the most polluting and time-consuming steps in leather processing. In this study, investigations were carried out on ultrasound assisted eco-friendly tanning process so that the chrome tanning agent could provide better quality leather without creating any environmental problem. Effects of using ultrasound in chrome tanning process were studied at different pH, tanning time, tanning agent dosage, and then compared with that of conventional method. Tanned leathers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), photomicrographic analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), etc. SEM analyses of the surface and cross-section of the tanned leather showed that fibre structures were not affected by ultrasound. It was also found that the shrinkage temperature of leather tanned with ultrasound was increased by about 5–29°C. Chrome uptake and content were found to increase by 30–50% and 1–7%, respectively. Tanning time was shortened from 6 hours to 2 hours and the quantity of leachable chromium in the leather was also decreased significantly. The noteworthy enhancing effects have been attributed largely because of the increased penetration of tanning agents into pickled leather. Photomicrographic analysis of the cross-section of the tanned leather also showed a higher penetration of tanning agents in presence of ultrasound.

Minimization of the Environmental Impact of Leather Processing: A Benign and Enzyme-Based Integrated Leather Processing Technology

2010 ◽  
Vol 113-116 ◽  
pp. 1614-1618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Xu ◽  
Li Fen Hao ◽  
Qiu Feng An ◽  
Lei Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Processing Technology ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Organoleptic Evaluation ◽  
Leather Processing ◽  
Chrome Tanning ◽  
Tremendous Amount ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Immense Potential

Traditional leather processing posed great threat to the environment due to its numerous do-undo procedures and use of tremendous amount of chemicals, especially toxic reagents such as sulfides, lime, ammonium salts, etc. To minimize the pollution loads and avoid using unsafe substances in leather manufacturing, an enzyme-based dehairing and fiber opening, silicate pretreating, liming-deliming-bating free chrome tanning and post-tanning integrated leather processing technology has been achieved using biocatalysts for goatskins under slight basic condition. It has been found that the extent of hair removal, opening up of fiber bundles and shrinkage temperatures of crust leather are comparable to that produced by traditional methods. Scanning electron microscopic analysis, determination of physical-mechanical properties and organoleptic evaluation further verify that performance of the leathers is on par with conventionally processed leathers. Most important is that, reductions in water consumption, wastewater discharge, COD and TS loads are in the order of 60% when compared to conventional leather processing. Thus, the developed leather manufacturing technology offers immense potential for greener production of skins and hides to leather coupled with environmental excellence.

Role of Anionic Chromium Species in Leather Tanning

2021 ◽  
Vol 116 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhinandan Kumar ◽  
Jaya Prakash Alla ◽  
Deepika Arathanaikotti ◽  
Ashok Raj J. ◽  
Chandrababu N. K.
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Organoleptic Properties ◽  
Chromium Species ◽  
Shrinkage Temperature ◽  
Leather Processing ◽  
Chrome Tanning ◽  
Anionic Species ◽  
Reactive Mechanism

Chrome tanned leathers are definitely unique in comparison with leather made from any other known tanning agents, especially in terms of thermal stability, cost and its reactive mechanism with collagen fibers. In our current studies, self basifying chrome tanning materials masked with different percentages of organic acid were prepared and applied after the de-liming stage of leather processing. This eliminated the need for pickling and basification steps. Tanned leathers resisted shrinkage up to 103 and 105±2°C while conventional chrome tanned leathers resisted up to 108±2°C. Also, interaction of anionic chrome species in tanning was studied. It was observed that the percentage of anionic species in the experimental chrome tanning material was higher than conventional chrome tanning material and the shrinkage temperature achieved by application of experimental tanning material proves that anionic species do involve in tanning. Tanned leathers were crusted and analysed for strength and organoleptic properties.

An improved product-process for cleaner chrome tanning in leather processing

2001 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 483-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
V Suresh ◽  
M Kanthimathi ◽  
P Thanikaivelan ◽  
J Raghava Rao ◽  
B Unni Nair*
Keyword(s):  
Leather Processing ◽  
Chrome Tanning

Study on the Use of Fleshings-Derived Collagen in Post Tanning Operations

2014 ◽  
Vol 597 ◽  
pp. 144-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Puccini ◽  
Domenico Castiello
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Hydrolysis ◽  
Leather Industry ◽  
Liquid Form ◽  
Experimental Activity ◽  
Leather Processing ◽  
Hydrolyzed Collagen ◽  
Technical Properties ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

The leather industry generates waste either in solid or liquid form. Fleshing, which is integral part of a hide, is removed during leather processing as it is an unwanted material in the final product. For every ton of leather processed, about 100–150 kg of fleshing is generated. An alternative to disposal of these wastes is to reuse them. In this study, an experimental activity research for assessing the feasibility of the reuse of the collagen hydrolizate in the retanning/dyeing/fatliquoring phase was performed. The hydrolyzed collagen, in liquid form, is obtained by alkaline hydrolysis of fleshings. The hydrolizate has been used both in a vegetable-chrome retannage/dyeing/fatliquoring and in a vegetable retannage/dyeing/fatliquoring to obtain bovine upper leather. Both in a vegetable-chrome retannage and in a vegetable retannage, the final leathers showed similar properties in terms of physical and technical properties to conventionally processed hides. The results obtained indicate that the use of the collagen hydrolizate in the retanning/dyeing/fatliquoring phase as an interesting route for recovering the fleshings.

Aqueous ionic liquid solutions as alternatives for sulphide-free leather processing

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 1001-1007 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Vijayaraghavan ◽  
N. Vedaraman ◽  
C. Muralidharan ◽  
A. B. Mandal ◽  
D. R. MacFarlane
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Sodium Sulphide ◽  
Leather Industry ◽  
Leather Processing ◽  
Environmental Threat ◽  
Liquid Solutions ◽  
Dilute Aqueous Solutions

Sodium sulphide based depilation is common in the leather industry, but presents a serious environmental threat. In this study, efficient alternatives have been developed by employing dilute aqueous solutions of choline ionic liquids. The leather produced shows better tensile strength compared to conventional methods.

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