scholarly journals Prospects and Challenges of Chrome Tanning: Approach a Greener Technology in Leather Industry

2021 ◽  
pp. 42-49
Author(s):  
MD. Dipu Ahmed ◽  
Kazi Madina Maraz ◽  
Ruhul Amin Khan
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Green Technology ◽  
Management Technique ◽  
Leather Industry ◽  
Leather Processing ◽  
Chrome Tanning ◽  
Prime Concern ◽  
Vegetable Tanning ◽  
Harmful Effects

The leather industry is one of the heavy-polluting and hazardous industries that is creating toxic and harmful effects on the environment and human health by producing waste chemicals, tannery effluents, and various pollutants. Moreover, Tanning is the required stage to convert raw skin to durable and sustainable skin but most of the chemicals, salts, organic and inorganic toxic pollutants are produced. In commercial practices, Chrome tanning is the highly employed approach that uses a large number of basic chromium salts that becomes the major source of chromium pollutant in the environment. Chromium salt is not only harmful to the environment and ecology but also harms the human body such as causing respiratory problems, infertility and birth defects, skin and lung cancer of the workers. This article has presented two alternatives eco-friendly greener approaches of chrome tanning and waste management technique to reduce the toxic effect on the environment and human health. Firstly, to get rid of these harmful effects, the possible remedy of environmental and human health problems may be considered the vegetable tanning process. Vegetable tanning uses tannins (a class of polyphenol astringent chemicals), which occur naturally in the bark and leaves of many plants. Secondly, chrome tanning associate with ultrasound having a frequency range of 20–100 kHz is commonly employed for enhancing the physical processes and for performing chemical reactions. The basic principle associated with the process is an ultrasonic cavitation in dissolved media. Ultrasound decreases the consumption of conventional water and chemicals because it can also function as a physical activator resulting reduction in environmental pollution which is a prime concern nowadays to approach greener leather technology and eco-friendly leather processing. Furthermore, the possible waste management technique of chrome tanning helps to prevent pollution and ensure eco-friendly green technology of leather processing. Therefore, vegetable tanning and chrome tanning associated with ultrasound having proper waste management will be the viable and sustainable options for the tanners in the forthcoming future.

scholarly journals A Review of Eco-Friendly Preservative and Bio-Tannin Materials Using Powdered Barks of Local Plants for the Processing of Goatskin

2019 ◽  
pp. 13-20
Author(s):  
Franco John Unango ◽  
Ramesh Duraisamy ◽  
Karthikeyan M Ramasamy
Keyword(s):  
Pollution Control ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Leather Industry ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Chromium Vi ◽  
Chrome Tanning ◽  
Local Plants ◽  
Vegetable Tanning ◽  
Chromium Salt ◽  
Salt Preservation

Skin is a raw material which is considered as the heart of leather making process. Skin falls vulnerable upon the flayed of the animals and is seriously invaded by bacteria if it is not well protected. Curing and preservation of raw stock resist putrefaction and reserve leather quality. Worldwide, most commonly used skin preservation is by using table salt which is accused of polluting the environment by increasing soil salinity, affecting water body, releasing more than 40% dissolved solids and 55% chlorides etc. Further, on the side of leather tanning, 80-90% of all leathers is manufactured by tanning with basic chromium (III) salt, because of its excellent features and is also solemnly accused that; its safety record is cautionary, uncontrolled emission of chromium (VI) and it is a limited natural resources. Pollution control authorities of many countries are imposed severe restrictions on both salt preservation and chrome tanning forcing the tanners and researchers to look for possible alternative ways that are naturally abundant, easily obtainable, low priced, eco-friendly and offer competitive with existing tanned leather performances. The critical reviewed was targeting the recent alternatives trends to skin/hides salt preservation as well as vegetable tanning as a possible way to replace the use of basic chromium salt for the sustainability of leather industry and to further suggest another preservative and vegetable plant to be used in future studies.

scholarly journals Benefits and problems of chrome tanning in leather processing: Approach a greener technology in leather industry

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 156-164
Author(s):  
Kazi Madina Maraz ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Common Type ◽  
Leather Industry ◽  
Mechanical Process ◽  
Leather Processing ◽  
Processing Approach ◽  
Chrome Tanning

Tanning is the process of converting the raw skin and hides from different animals into a sustainable and manageable material called leather. Leather making is a very long process and consists of many different chemical and mechanical process steps. The most important step of the whole leather making process is the tanning step, which is performed commonly either by vegetable or mineral tanning. More than 85-90% of the leather making is performed by chrome tanning, which is the most common type of mineral tanning currently applied.

scholarly journals Current trends in leather science

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony D. Covington ◽  
William R. Wise
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Solid Medium ◽  
Leather Industry ◽  
Chromium Vi ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Vegetable Tanning ◽  
Sulfide Species

Abstract In preparing the second edition of ‘Tanning Chemistry. The Science of Leather.’, the literature was updated and the content was revised and reviewed. Here, the new findings are presented and discussed. Notable developments include the necessary rethinking of the mechanism of sulfide unhairing because of new understanding of the aqueous chemistry of sulfide species. Revision upwards of the value of the second pKa for sulfide species ionisation means that S2− cannot exist in an aqueous medium, so the unhairing species in hair burn reactions is HS−. Although the technology remains the same, this means the mechanisms of associated reactions such as immunisation must be revised. Rawstock preservation has benefitted from studies of the potential role of materials from plants which accumulate salt, but which also contribute terpene compounds. There is also further discussion on the continuing issue of chromium (VI) in the leather industry. The application to processing of new solvents, ionic liquids and deep eutectics, is the coming technology, which offers transforming options for new chemistries and products. Renewed interest in vegetable tanning and methods of wet white processing are current trends. Also, within the topic of reagent delivery is processing in a solid medium of plastic beads. Graphical abstract

An efficient waste management technique with IoT based smart garbage system

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Karthik ◽  
L. Sreevidya ◽  
R. Nithya Devi ◽  
M. Thangaraj ◽  
G. Hemalatha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Management Technique

Waste Disposal or Recycling: Changes in Waste Management in Russia and its Regions

Vestnik NSUEM ◽  
2022 ◽  
pp. 46-54
Author(s):  
G. P. Litvintseva ◽  
E. S. Oshmarina
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Waste Disposal ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Regional Differentiation ◽  
Fixed Assets ◽  
Its Regions ◽  
Harmful Effects ◽  
Regions Of Russia

The article examines the theoretical and legal aspects of waste management, describes the state of the waste management sector in Russia and the problems associated with it. On the basis of cluster analysis, regional differentiation in the considered sphere is determined. The efficiency of waste management in terms of current costs and investments in fixed assets, aimed at preventing the harmful effects of waste, for the national economy and at the level of the regions of Russia is assessed. The directions of improving of waste management sphere in Russia are formulated.

scholarly journals Knowledge, attitudes and behaviour regarding waste management options in Romania: results from a school questionnaire

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin KOLBE
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Human Health ◽  
School Students ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Waste Hierarchy ◽  
Disposal Options ◽  
Students Attitudes ◽  
Management Approaches ◽  
Environmentally Sound

This study analyses knowledge, attitudes and behaviour in the area of different waste management approaches of pupils in Romania. Examining school students’ knowledge about waste management options and finding out the reasons that prevent them from participating in environmentally sound disposal options is essential for teachers and legislators. For this purpose, questionnaires were designed and distributed in two schools in Romania.The analysis revealed that knowledge is highly developed in Romania regarding the potential of recycling, while the concepts of waste management technologies are far less known about and understood. Landfill is seen as a problem for human health and the environment. However, recycling behaviour is low - partly as a result of limited possibilities. In general, the treatment hierarchy that is recommended in the "European waste hierarchy" is only partly reflected in students’ attitudes towards waste management options.

scholarly journals Inorganic Nanoparticles: Toxic Effects, Mechanisms of Cytotoxicity and Phytochemical Interactions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rashid Bhatti ◽  
Hadia Shakeel ◽  
Kousar Malik ◽  
Muhammad Qasim ◽  
Mohsin Ahmad Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metal Nanoparticles ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Reducing Agents ◽  
Inorganic Nanoparticles ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Toxicological Effects ◽  
Prime Concern ◽  
Parkinson’S Diseases ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Nanoparticles Toxicity

During the last few decades, nanotechnology has gained many applications in almost all fields of life because of the unique properties of nanoparticles. Nanotechnology has specially marked its name in the field of medicine. However, nanoparticles toxicity is detrimental to human health and is a prime concern in applied medicine. They can cause insomnia, vertigo, madarosis, epistaxis, hypokalemia, lymphopenia, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, etc. There is a gap in knowledge regarding the study of the toxicological effects of nanoparticles. Mechanisms that are responsible for this toxicity are not fully understood yet. Phytochemicals have natural therapeutic effects of reducing metal nanoparticles' toxicity by acting as stabilizers and nontoxic reducing agents. However, the interaction between phytochemicals and nanoparticles is remained to be elucidated. This review will provide in-depth knowledge about the various types of inorganic nanoparticles and their associated toxicities, key parameters determining the toxic behaviour of nanoparticles, and the mechanisms behind their cytotoxicity. It also emphasizes the need for further research to understand the interaction between various phytochemicals and nanoparticles for therapeutic purposes.

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