scholarly journals Global terrorism threat: current situation and preventive measures

2021 ◽  
pp. 41-53
Author(s):  
Lyubov' Ivanovna Popova
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
International Terrorism ◽  
Member States ◽  
Terrorist Activity ◽  
Global Terrorism ◽  
Financing Of Terrorism ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Global Threat ◽  
Terrorist Acts

This article conducts a comprehensive analysis of the phenomenon of global terrorism threats, as well as provides scientific definition of its key elements that pose challenges to the modern systems of state and national security. The goal of this research is to examine the various aspects of manifestations of terrorism as a threat to international security, and discuss ways of countering terrorism. Relying on numerous empirical research, the author employs innovative approaches towards formulating the definitions of terrorism as a global phenomenon. The article considers the socioeconomic, regional, historical-legal, and customs aspects of modern international terrorism are considered; as well as provides research provisions on the methods for detecting terrorist threats. The article uses various approaches towards definition of the concept of terrorism, and identifies the problems of terminology. The author touches upon the question of correlation between different types of criminal activity for the organization and execution of terrorist acts; describes the trends of modern terrorism; reveals the essence, prerequisites and objectives of terrorism as a global threat. The empirical part of research is based on the secondary data. The author summarizes the results of sociological surveys; examines the characteristics and evolution of personality of a terrorist; defines the criteria for comparison of the world’s countries by the level of terrorist activity. The average index of terrorist activity for macrogeographic regions and member-states of the Eurasian Economic Union is calculated. Special attention is given to the relevant questions of financing of terrorism, classification of the sources of funds received by the terrorist organizations and allocation of these funds. The article determines the role of customs in counteracting the manifestations of terrorism, and the key measures for observance of the UN resolution. The author substantiates the use of comprehensive approach towards the methods and means of counteracting the manifestations of terrorism; and formulates recommendations on the development of concerted strategies for countering terrorism in the EAEU member-states.

scholarly journals Global terrorism threat: current situation and preventive measures

2021 ◽  
pp. 41-53
Author(s):  
Lyubov' Ivanovna Popova
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
International Terrorism ◽  
Member States ◽  
Terrorist Activity ◽  
Global Terrorism ◽  
Financing Of Terrorism ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Global Threat ◽  
Terrorist Acts

This article conducts a comprehensive analysis of the phenomenon of global terrorism threats, as well as provides scientific definition of its key elements that pose challenges to the modern systems of state and national security. The goal of this research is to examine the various aspects of manifestations of terrorism as a threat to international security, and discuss ways of countering terrorism. Relying on numerous empirical research, the author employs innovative approaches towards formulating the definitions of terrorism as a global phenomenon. The article considers the socioeconomic, regional, historical-legal, and customs aspects of modern international terrorism are considered; as well as provides research provisions on the methods for detecting terrorist threats. The article uses various approaches towards definition of the concept of terrorism, and identifies the problems of terminology. The author touches upon the question of correlation between different types of criminal activity for the organization and execution of terrorist acts; describes the trends of modern terrorism; reveals the essence, prerequisites and objectives of terrorism as a global threat. The empirical part of research is based on the secondary data. The author summarizes the results of sociological surveys; examines the characteristics and evolution of personality of a terrorist; defines the criteria for comparison of the world’s countries by the level of terrorist activity. The average index of terrorist activity for macrogeographic regions and member-states of the Eurasian Economic Union is calculated. Special attention is given to the relevant questions of financing of terrorism, classification of the sources of funds received by the terrorist organizations and allocation of these funds. The article determines the role of customs in counteracting the manifestations of terrorism, and the key measures for observance of the UN resolution. The author substantiates the use of comprehensive approach towards the methods and means of counteracting the manifestations of terrorism; and formulates recommendations on the development of concerted strategies for countering terrorism in the EAEU member-states.

Criminalization of Terrorist Financing

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-140
Author(s):  
Hamed Tofangsaz
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
International Convention ◽  
Terrorist Financing ◽  
Terrorist Groups ◽  
Financing Of Terrorism ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Terrorist Acts

This article analyzes the criminalization provisions of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, the backbone of the legal regime for the prevention of terrorist financing. It makes a detailed examination of the background of the Convention and the nature of the negotiation discussions that led to its adoption. The drafters of the Convention were faced with two problems: first, how to define terrorism, terrorist acts, and terrorist groups, the financing of which should be addressed; second, the precise scope of the offense, in particular, how to define the preparatory acts of financing as an independent offense. This article argues that the definition of the offense provided by the Convention is far too ambiguous, and its application at national levels can often lead to an unjustifiable and unfair criminal law.

scholarly journals CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR TERRORISM

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (91) ◽  
pp. 30-36
Author(s):  
Angelina Else
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Responsibility ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
International Terrorism ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Terrorism Financing ◽  
Legislative Framework ◽  
Financing Of Terrorism ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

Acts of terrorism often result in fatalities, but the impact of terrorism is not limited to loss of lives. Terrorism acts can disturb or suspend the peace process; they cause, lengthen, or deepen conflicts and escalate violence. In addition, terrorism has an effect on the economy of the state, given that combatting of terrorism requires significant temporal and financial resources.The threat posed by international terrorism not only constitutes one of the biggest challenges that the world and Europe in particular is currently facing, but also affects the security and economic interests of the Latvian nationals. In addition, terrorism-related crimes threaten the security of not only separate states, but that of the entire international community as well.In the view of the author, the relevance of the topic is illustrated by the fact that 23 May 2018, saw the Criminal Act of Latvia being complemented by a new (IX1) section on “Crimes Related to Terrorism”, thereby underscoring the preparedness of Latvia to adjust its legislative framework in order to avert possible threats of terrorism. The new version of the law sees terrorism, financing of terrorism, invitation to terrorism and terrorism threats, recruitment and training of persons for terrorism, travelling for terrorism purposes, and justification of terrorism classified as criminal offences.Author has chosen the topic of terrorism with the aim of exploring the definition of terrorism and its depiction in international and Latvian law, as well as analysing the criminal liability for terrorism prescribed by the Latvian law and determining the issues associated with the classification of terrorism.The paper consists of introduction, three chapters, and conclusion. In the first chapter, the definition of terrorism is considered. The second chapter is devoted to the analysis of criminal liability for terrorism under the Latvian law, and the third chapter – to the issues associated with the classification of terrorism. Finally, conclusions with respect to the threats posed by terrorism to the European Union and Latvia are drawn.

scholarly journals Establishing an International Court against Terorism

2015 ◽  
pp. 106-117
Author(s):  
BOGDAN AURESCU ◽  
ION GÂLEA
Keyword(s):  
Customary Law ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Efficient Manner ◽  
International Jurisdiction ◽  
National Courts ◽  
International Court ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Global Threat ◽  
Terrorist Acts ◽  
Principle Of Complementarity

The paper presents the initiative to create an International Court against Terrorism. The initiative was launched by Romania and Spain, in February 2015, against the background of tragic events in Europe. The paper exposes the grounding ideas beneath this initiative, mainly that terrorism is a global threat and that a response to it must be global and must be based on the rule of law and provides insight in the historical background on which it was launched. The efforts of the international community, dating back to the 1920’s, towards regulating terrorism in a comprehensive manner and towards creating a permanent international jurisdiction to prosecute persons guilty of committing terrorist acts are exposed. The article also presents the current challenges linked to the definition of terrorism and exposes the proposal to overcome these difficulties by creating an international jurisdiction capable of prosecuting individuals who commit terrorist acts. The main features of the proposals are shown: an international Court, based on the principle of complementarity (in relation to national courts and the ICC), functioning in a flexible and efficient manner, created by the Security Council through a resolution under Chapter VII of the Charter and exercising its jurisdiction ratione materiae based on an international law definition, that would combine elements of customary law with an open list of acts described in the existing sectorial conventions against terrorism.

The concept of organized terrorist activity

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (3) ◽  
pp. 92-97
Author(s):  
Alina Gerasimova
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
The Public ◽  
Terrorist Activity ◽  
The Face ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
High Level

Terrorist activity in all its manifestations is the main source of threat to the public security of the Russian Federation and the entire world community. Its organized nature poses increasingly complex challenges to society. Today, terrorism is becoming complex and highly organized in character. Organized terrorist activity has a high level of danger, provokes the phenomenon of social fear, in which a person feels his helpless in the face of the absolute of all-encompassing violence. The concepts «terrorist activity», «organized activity», and «organized criminal activity» are analysed in the paper. On the basis of these notions examination, the author offers his own definition of «organized terrorist activity». The article contains the analysis of the doctrinal understanding of «organized criminal activity» definition. The article describes the content aspects of the term «terrorist activity» where the features of this definition from the point of view of social sciences and of criminal law norms are taken into account. The author analyses the fixed definition of «terrorist activity» given in the Federal law «On countering terrorism» and the criminal law concept of «terrorist activity». Different approaches to understanding organized criminal activity from the points of view of criminal law and criminology are investigated. The correlation between the concepts «organizational criminal activity» and «organized criminal activity» is shown.

scholarly journals The Impact Of International Terrorism On The Right To Personal Security In Iraq After 2003

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zainal Amin Ayub ◽  
Ahmad Masum ◽  
Mohamed Salman
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
International Terrorism ◽  
Personal Security ◽  
The Government ◽  
To Come ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
International Conventions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Terrorist Bombing

Hardly a day passes by without news of a terrorist bombing, kidnapping, or assassination somewhere in the world especially in Iraq. Terrorism has become a cancer and it is not in the interest of the nations, because it takes away their right to personal security. Following the event of September 11, there have been violations of international conventions and usages, human rights, which prompted countries globally to come up with laws to protect civil freedoms. In the context of Iraq, the Government came up with the Iraqi Anti-Terrorism Act No.13 of 2005 and the Iraqi Constitution of 2005 to address the issue of terrorism. The aim of this paper is to address the impact of international terrorism on the right to personal security in Iraq after 2003. The methodology adopted in this paper is a doctrinal legal research, focusing namely on primary and secondary data. This paper concludes that international terrorism has indeed affected the Iraqis right to personal security after 2003. Hence, there is a need to protect this fundamental right by re-looking into the Iraqi Anti-Terrorism Act No.13 of 2005. For instance, under the Act there is no clear definition of the terms “terrorism” and “terrorist act”. This has led to serious problems in the enforcement of the Iraqi Anti-Terrorism Act No. 13 of 2005 such as the abuse of the right to personal security where innocent Iraqis are deprived to enjoy this fundamental right at the disguise of fighting terrorism by the state, which is not even clearly defined under the Act.  Key words: International terrorism, Iraqi Constitution of 2005, Iraqi Anti-Terrorism Act No.13 of 2005, right  to personal security.

The Concept of Europeanization and Possibilities of its Application to the Analysis of Ukraine-EU Relations

2017 ◽  
pp. 149-160
Author(s):  
Natalia Popova
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Member States ◽  
External Governance ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Eu Studies ◽  
The Eu

The concept of Europeanization has become quite fashionable in EU studies in recent years. It is often used for the analysis of the relations between the EU and non-member states. The aim of the article is to examine the possibilities of its application in explaining the relationship between the EU and Ukraine. The structure of the article is as follows: firstly, the concept of Europeanization is defined considering such two disputable issues as distinguishing among concepts of Europeanization and European integration as well as Europeanization and EU-ization. Next, the evolution of the theoretical research of Europeanization and definition of this concept are analyzed. Two main mechanisms of Europeanization (conditionality and socialization) are examined. The author considers main approaches to the analysis of the "external" Europeanization emphasizing the concept of "external governance". Three groups of factors which influence the effectiveness of Europeanization are briefly analyzed. And finally, the peculiarities of application of the Europeanization concept to the Ukraine-EU relations are outlined. Keywords: EU, Ukraine, Europeanization, EU-ization, ‘external’ Europeanization, conditionality, socialization, concept of ‘external governance’

The Formation of a Customary International Crime: Global Terrorism Human (In) Security

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 665-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noemi Gal-Or
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
International Crime ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
International Criminal Law ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
The Past ◽  
Peace And Security ◽  
Global Terrorism ◽  
Definition Of

The article studies the concept of human security (hs) as embraced by the un General Assembly and Secretary Generals, and its instrumentality in the promotion of a customary international crime of global terrorism. Such a crime exists in the opinion of the Appellate Chamber of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon. Regarding terrorism in international criminal law (icl), not in armed conflict, I maintain that the concept of hs has been pivotal in furthering the “criminalisation” of terrorism in matters peace and security. I submit that (i) that the absence of a universally agreed upon definition of (global) terrorism does not suffice to detract from the finding that such a transnational crime exists, and (ii) in addition to the various and largely agreed constitutive elements of customary law, normative paradigmatic developments – here in the case of terrorism, and in the past two decades – have significantly supported this customarisation trend.

The challenge of Populist Radical Right Parties to Europeanization – the cases of Estonia and Latvia, 2018-2021

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-175
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Kuczyńska-Zonik ◽  
Peteris F. Timofejevs
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Family Law ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Member States ◽  
Legal Recognition ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
East European ◽  
Same Sex Couples ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Definition Of

Over the last two decades, family law has undergone changes in Western Europe, widening the definition of marriage to include same-sex couples. In addition, some East European countries offer a legal recognition of civil unions of same-sex couples, while others do not offer any legal recognition at all. This diversity in family law has been recently challenged by developments at the European level. It is argued here that this constitutes an adaptational pressure on those European Union (EU) member states that do not offer any or offer only formal recognition of same-sex couples. We examine two cases when member states faced such an adaptational pressure, namely Estonia and Latvia, focusing on the interplay of two types of factors. First is that of formal institutions which, due to their constitutional role or their expertise in the EU law, may act as facilitators of legal changes. On the other hand, there are also political actors which have tried to constrain such an adaptation. We examine here especially the role of two political parties which have made a considerable effort to oppose the change in the two countries. It is argued here that the ideological orientation of these parties explains, at least partly, their opposition to the ongoing Europeanization of family law. The paper concludes with a discussion of the main findings and their implications.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document