Effect of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Melt Extrusion Additive Manufacturing on Mechanical Performance in Reduced Gravity

Additive manufacturing is an emerging method to produce customized parts with functional materials without big investments. As one of the common additive manufacturing methods, fused deposition modeling (FDM) uses thermoplastic-based feedstock. It has been recently adapted to fabricate composite materials too. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is the most widely used material as FDM feedstock. However, it is an electrically insulating polymer. Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) on the other hand are highly conductive. They are attractive fillers because of their high aspect ratio, and excellent mechanical and physical properties. Therefore, a nanocomposite of these two materials can give an electrically conductive material that is potentially compatible with FDM printing. This work focuses on the investigation of the relationships between the FDM process parameters and the electrical conductivity of the printed ABS/CNT nanocomposites. Nanocomposite filaments with CNT contents up to 10wt% were produced using a twin-screw extruder followed by 3D printing using FDM method. The starting material was pellets from a masterbatch containing 15 wt% CNT. Compression-molded samples of ABS/CNT were also prepared as the bulk baselines. The effects of CNT content and nozzle size on the through-layer and in-layer electrical conductivity of the printed nanocomposites were analyzed. Overall, a higher percolation threshold was observed in the printed samples, compared to that of the compression-molded counterparts. This resulted in the conductivity of the printed samples that is at least one order of magnitude lower. Moreover, at CNT contents up to 5 wt%, the in-layer conductivity of the printed samples was almost two orders of magnitudes higher than that in the through-layer direction. In ABS/3 wt% CNT samples, the through-layer conductivity continuously decreased as the nozzle diameter was decreased from 0.8 mm to 0.35 mm. These variations in the electrical conductivity were explained in terms of the CNT alignment, caused by the extrusion process during the print, quality of interlayer bonding during deposition, and the voids created due to the discrete nature of the printing process.

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Sustainable Additive Manufacturing: Mechanical Response of Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene over Multiple Recycling Processes

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12093568 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 3568 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Nectarios Vidakis ◽

Markos Petousis ◽

Athena Maniadi ◽

Emmanuel Koudoumas ◽

Achilles Vairis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Additive Manufacturing ◽

Mechanical Behavior ◽

Mechanical Response ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Research Work ◽

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽

Experimental Simulation ◽

Recycling Rate ◽

Fused Filament Fabrication ◽

Butadiene Styrene

Sustainability in additive manufacturing refers mainly to the recycling rate of polymers and composites used in fused filament fabrication (FFF), which nowadays are rapidly increasing in volume and value. Recycling of such materials is mostly a thermomechanical process that modifies their overall mechanical behavior. The present research work focuses on the acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) polymer, which is the second most popular material used in FFF-3D printing. In order to investigate the effect of the recycling courses on the mechanical response of the ABS polymer, an experimental simulation of the recycling process that isolates the thermomechanical treatment from other parameters (i.e., contamination, ageing, etc.) has been performed. To quantify the effect of repeated recycling processes on the mechanic response of the ABS polymer, a wide variety of mechanical tests were conducted on FFF-printed specimens. Regarding this, standard tensile, compression, flexion, impact and micro-hardness tests were performed per recycle repetition. The findings prove that the mechanical response of the recycled ABS polymer is generally improved over the recycling repetitions for a certain number of repetitions. An optimum overall mechanical behavior is found between the third and the fifth repetition, indicating a significant positive impact of the ABS polymer recycling, besides the environmental one.

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Development of a gripper for garment handling designed for additive manufacturing

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part C Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science ◽

10.1177/0954406219857763 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 095440621985776

Author(s):

Michal Jilich ◽

Mattia Frascio ◽

Massimiliano Avalle ◽

Matteo Zoppi

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Additive Manufacturing ◽

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Lower Number ◽

Polybutylene Terephthalate ◽

Design Validation ◽

Polymeric Additive ◽

Lower Complexity ◽

Butadiene Styrene

The paper presents how a robotic gripper specific for grasping and handling of textiles and soft flexible layers can be miniaturized and improved by polymeric additive manufacturing-oriented re-design. Advantages of polymeric additive manufacturing are to allow a re-design of components with integrated functions, to be cost-effective equipment for small batches production and the availability of suitable materials for many applications. The drawback is that for design validation extended testing is still necessary because of lacks in standardization and that the mechanical properties are building parameters dependent. The outcomes are a lower complexity of the design overall and lower number of components. These are pursued taking advantage of the anisotropy of the additive manufacturing processed polymer and assigning appropriate shapes and linkages in the mechanisms. Set of common materials (polylactide, polyethylene terephthalate, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) and technical (acrylonitrile styrene acrylate, polycarbonate/polybutylene terephthalate blend) are tested to obtain data for the modelling.

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Investigation of Closed-Loop Manufacturing with Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene over Multiple Generations Using Additive Manufacturing

ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering ◽

10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b02368 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (16) ◽

pp. 13955-13969 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Mazher Iqbal Mohammed ◽

Daniel Wilson ◽

Eli Gomez-Kervin ◽

Bin Tang ◽

Jinfeng Wang

Keyword(s):

Additive Manufacturing ◽

Closed Loop ◽

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽

Multiple Generations ◽

Butadiene Styrene

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Parametric Study on Surface Roughness of Metallized Parts Manufactured by Additive Manufacturing

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.821.137 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 821 ◽

pp. 137-143 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Pavan Kumar Gurrala ◽

Brijesh Tripathi

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Additive Manufacturing ◽

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽

Etching Time ◽

Fused Deposition Modelling ◽

Technological Evolution ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Copper Electroplating ◽

Optimal Value ◽

Butadiene Styrene

In the current technological evolution, additive manufacturing is taking a lead role in manufacturing of components for both prototyping as well as finished products. Metallization of the polymer parts has high potential to add value in-terms of metallic luster, improved strength, long shelf-life and better radiation resistance. Standard acid copper plating process has been adopted for deposition of copper on polymer parts manufactured by fused deposition modelling (FDM) technique. The parameters namely the etching time, voltage and the surface finish of the manufactured FDM parts are studied for their influence on the surface quality. Experiments have been designed using design of experiments strategy. Experiments have been conducted and surface roughness has been measured. Influence of each of the three parameters has been discussed in detail. For the reported process the optimal value of etching time of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) has been found in the range of 30 to 60 minutes along with applied voltage in the range of 1.5 to 2.5 Volts for copper electroplating.

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The Effect of Disinfectants Absorption and Medical Decontamination on the Mechanical Performance of 3D-Printed ABS Parts

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13234249 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (23) ◽

pp. 4249

Author(s):

Diana Popescu ◽

Florin Baciu ◽

Catalin Gheorghe Amza ◽

Cosmin Mihai Cotrut ◽

Rodica Marinescu

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Medical Devices ◽

Mechanical Performance ◽

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽

Extrusion Process ◽

Air Gaps ◽

Safety Issues ◽

Gas Plasma ◽

3D Printed ◽

Butadiene Styrene

Producing parts by 3D printing based on the material extrusion process determines the formation of air gaps within layers even at full infill density, while external pores can appear between adjacent layers making prints permeable. For the 3D-printed medical devices, this open porosity leads to the infiltration of disinfectant solutions and body fluids, which might pose safety issues. In this context, this research purpose is threefold. It investigates which 3D printing parameter settings are able to block or reduce permeation, and it experimentally analyzes if the disinfectants and the medical decontamination procedure degrade the mechanical properties of 3D-printed parts. Then, it studies acetone surface treatment as a solution to avoid disinfectants infiltration. The absorption tests results indicate the necessity of applying post-processing operations for the reusable 3D-printed medical devices as no manufacturing settings can ensure enough protection against fluid intake. However, some parameter settings were proven to enhance the sealing, in this sense the layer thickness being the most important factor. The experimental outcomes also show a decrease in the mechanical performance of 3D-printed ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) instruments treated by acetone cold vapors and then medical decontaminated (disinfected, cleaned, and sterilized by hydrogen peroxide gas plasma sterilization) in comparison to the control prints. These results should be acknowledged when designing and 3D printing medical instruments.

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Microstructure and Mechanical Performance of Additively Manufactured Aluminum 2024-T3/Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Hybrid Joints Using an AddJoining Technique

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma12060864 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 864 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Rielson Falck ◽

Jorge F. dos Santos ◽

Sergio T. Amancio-Filho

Keyword(s):

Composite Structures ◽

Mechanical Performance ◽

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽

Fracture Morphology ◽

Lap Joints ◽

Point Of View ◽

Coated Metal ◽

Hybrid Joints ◽

The One ◽

Butadiene Styrene

AddJoining is an emerging technique that combines the principles of the joining method and additive manufacturing. This technology is an alternative method to produce metal–polymer (composite) structures. Its viability was demonstrated for the material combination composed of aluminum 2024-T3 and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene to form hybrid joints. The influence of the isolated process parameters was performed using the one-factor-at-a-time approach, and analyses of variance were used for statistical analysis. The mechanical performance of single-lap joints varied from 910 ± 59 N to 1686 ± 39 N. The mechanical performance thus obtained with the optimized joining parameters was 1686 ± 39 N, which failed by the net-tension failure mode with a failure pattern along the 45° bonding line. The microstructure of the joints and the fracture morphology of the specimens were studied using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. From the microstructure point of view, proper mechanical interlocking was achieved between the coated metal substrate and 3D-printed polymer. This investigation can be used as a base for further improvements on the mechanical performance of AddJoining hybrid-layered applications.

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