scholarly journals Language expression of the argumentative framework “From popular opinion vs. from expert opinion” in the text of popular science article

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 27-35
Author(s):  
Igor E. Kim ◽  
Daria V. Ilina
Keyword(s):  
Expert Opinion ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
Popular Science ◽  
Epistemic Modality ◽  
Popular Opinion ◽  
Expert’S Opinion ◽  
Structural Constant ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Argument From Expert Opinion ◽  
Entire Text

The paper discusses argumentation in popular science articles written by scholars. The authors focus on argumentative framework, which is presented by opposition of an expert’s judgment (argument from expert opinion) and a common, “naive” view (one from popular opinion). The framework consists of a thesis being opposed (by a subject of common sense); its authorization marker; an opposing structural constant/propositional connective; an expert’s thesis; its authorization marker; general conclusion. In summary, this paper argues that the elements of the argumentative framework can be explicit, implicit, or be presented grammatically. Text analysis of popular science articles leads to the following conclusions. (1) The opposed thesis and opposing link are typically explicit. (2) The subject of common sense can be represented by lexical and syntactic expressions of indefinite-personality, impersonality together with unreal mood and epistemic modality of uncertain knowledge (One would think…; smth may seem…; many noticed that…) etc. (3) An expert’s thesis, as a rule, is presented as a negation of the opposed statement. (4) An authorization marker of the expert’s opinion is consistently implicit. The reason is that an expert writes the entire text (except for parts with authorization markers), and in this case the additional expression of this fact is optional. (5) Normally, the general conclusion is the same as the expert’s thesis, therefore it is rarely if ever explicit.

scholarly journals Popular science sphere of communication: on the boarder of two worldviews

2019 ◽  
pp. 58-69
Author(s):  
Igor Efimovich Kim ◽  
D ar`ya Vladimirovna Ilina
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Popular Science ◽  
Epistemic Modality ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
Professional Environment ◽  
The Subject

The article describes characteristics of popular science sphere of communication: aim and content of communication, communicative environment of the author and the reader, worldviews, circumstances of the communication. Comparison with adjacent spheres of communication is made. It is demonstrated that the content of the popular science sphere is derived from science sphere and placed into the reader’s non-professional environment; and all that determines existence of two views on the subject matter of the text. The first view is based on scientific knowledge, the second sight – on common sense. The author’s aim is to reconstruct the “naïve” worldview of the reader, to dispose it and to convince the addressee that the scientific view is real life. The more complete expression of these actions of the author is a framework which sets two semantic structures. Each of them consists of reference to the channel of information, predicate of “feeling-thinking-speaking”, and thesis. The first (left-hand) structure belongs to the reader’s “naïve” worldview, the second (right-hand) – to the author’s scientific sight. Language expression of the elements of this construction can be text fragments or zero. The latter is available due to standard meanings of qualificative categories of the modality of sentence – authorization and epistemic modality

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RHETORICAL AND ARGUMENTATIVE STRUCTURES IN THE STUDY OF POPULAR SCIENCE DISCOURSE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. S. Kononenko ◽  
◽  
E. A. Sidorova ◽  
I. R. Akhmadeeva ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Expert Opinion ◽  
Discourse Markers ◽  
Popular Science ◽  
Science Texts ◽  
Structured Argumentation ◽  
Level Model ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Key Indicators ◽  
Structural Levels ◽  
Argument From Expert Opinion

The proposed work is performed as a part of an on-going research project aimed at creation of discourse annotated corpus of popular science texts written in Russian. Annotation is carried out within the framework of a multi-level model of discourse, which considers the text from the perspective of genre, rhetorical and argumentative organization. We conduct a comparative study of the rhetorical and argument annotations, discuss their similarities and differences on the segment and structural levels and show them on the examples of standard schemes of reasoning described in D. Walton’s theory of structured argumentation: “Argument from Expert Opinion”, “Argument from Example”, and “Argument from Cause to Effect”. Special attention is paid to discourse markers registered during annotation as key indicators of discourse structure. We report the results of the experiment with argument indicator patterns, based on the list of rhetorical markers, and aimed at the extraction of “from Expert Opinion” arguments.

Reliability evaluation of a forensic expert's opinion: World practices and Ukrainian realities

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-261
Author(s):  
Volodymyr A. Zhuravel ◽  
Violetta E. Konovalova ◽  
Galina K. Avdeyeva
Keyword(s):  
Expert Opinion ◽  
Forensic Analysis ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Criminal Proceedings ◽  
Expert Opinions ◽  
Expert’S Opinion ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Special Knowledge ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Modelling And Forecasting

Improving the activities of pre-trial investigation and judicial review largely depends on the increased use of special knowledge in forensic investigative practice and, above all, the involvement of an expert and their analysis. The relevance of the subject matter is explained by the need to introduce new forms and approaches to evaluating the reliability of expert opinions, in particular with the involvement of independent specialists of the corresponding speciality. The purpose of this study was to provide arguments regarding the expediency of attracting knowledgeable persons as reviewers to evaluate the objectivity and completeness of forensic analysis, the correctness of the methods and techniques applied by the expert, and the validity of the opinion. To achieve this purpose, the following general scientific and special research methods were used: Aristotelian, comparative legal, functional, sociological, statistical, system and formal legal analysis, legal modelling, and forecasting. It was established that in the vast majority of countries of the world, except Ukraine, an independent, knowledgeable person with special knowledge in the corresponding field is involved to help evaluate the reliability of an expert opinion. It was proved that contacting knowledgeable persons to evaluate the objectivity, validity, completeness of expert research helps establish the causality between the identified features of the object of analysis and the fact that is subject to establishment, and also gives grounds for determining the affiliation, admissibility, reliability, and sufficiency of the expert opinion. At the same time, a specialist's review cannot serve as a source of evidence, but only has an auxiliary (advisory, technical) nature and can serve as a basis for appointing a second (additional) forensic analysis or a cross-examination of the expert and the reviewer. To exercise the rights of individuals to fair justice, it is proposed to introduce this procedure for evaluating the reliability of expert opinions in Ukraine, with the necessary changes in the current procedural legislation of Ukraine to provide an opportunity for participants in criminal proceedings and the victim to attract knowledgeable persons as reviewers of expert opinions

Contextual features for implementing epistemic modality in a common sense and in terms of gender

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3A) ◽  
pp. 589-598
Author(s):  
Nataliia Ivanivna Holubenko
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
Text Analysis ◽  
Epistemic Modality ◽  
Continuous Sampling ◽  
Contextual Features ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Subject

The subject of this research is epistemic modality, which is referred to a subjective type of modality in a common sense and in terms of gender; it is considered as the connection between a subject and an attribute. The purpose of this research is to study epistemic modality and its contextual features in a common sense and in terms of gender. The objectives of this article require application of several methods such as comparative analysis and text analysis. The methods favour the fact that the conclusions concerning the means of epistemic modality expression are maximally reliable. The method of continuous sampling was used to accumulate actual materials in terms of the gender approach. In the course of this study, the different types of epistemic modality such as epistemic modality of certainty / uncertainty, epistemic modality expressing the meaning of opinion – assumption, doubtful evaluation.

A Grammar of Religious “Truth”: Pragmatic Considerations on the Nature of Religious Truth

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 338-356
Author(s):  
Lars Albinus
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Religious Discourse ◽  
Religious Expression ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
Religious Truth ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Concept Of Truth

Abstract This article explores various ways in which the concept of truth is actually used across discursive boundaries separating common sense, science, mathematics, and religion. Although my overall approach is pragmatic, I argue that we also need to take some semantic restrictions into consideration. The main objective of the article is the issue of translating concepts of truth in various linguistic and cultural contexts without losing sight of the particular network of connotations. I come to the conclusion that with regard to a religious discourse, a translatable concept of truth typically enters the grammatical place of the subject rather than the predicate. From this position the discursive constraints of authority, authenticity and expressivity are held in check by an internal predetermination of the implied possibility of falsehood. Most of all, however, the article focuses on non-propositional aspects of a religious expression of truth, in which case the very distinction between true and false becomes patently irrelevant.

Science and common sense in the study of international politics

1984 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-39
Author(s):  
Roger D. Spegele
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
International Politics ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Mind And Body ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Humean View

The history of recent efforts to establish a science of international politics may be usefully viewed as elaborate glosses on David Hume's powerful philosophical programme for resolving, reconciling or dissolving a variety of perspicuous dualities: the external and the internal, mind and body, reason and experience. Philosophers and historians of ideas still dispute the extent to which Hume succeeded but if one is to judge by the two leading ‘scientific’ research programmes1 for international politics—inductivism and naive falsificationism —these dualities are as unresolved as ever, with fatal consequences for the thesis of the unity of the sciences. For the failure to reconcile or otherwise dissolve such divisions shows that, on the Humean view, there is at least one difference between the physical (or natural) sciences. and the moral (or social) sciences: namely, that while the latter bear on the internal and external, the former are concerned primarily with the external. How much this difference matters and how the issue is avoided by the proponents of inductivism and naïve falsification is the subject matter of this paper.

scholarly journals CERTAIN ASPECTS OF AUTOMATIZATION OF FORMING THE FORENSIC EXAMINATION CONCLUSION PROCESS

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-121
Author(s):  
Vasyl Kovalov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Expert Opinion ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Subject Area ◽  
Technical Errors ◽  
Forensic Examination ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of

Active introduction of digital technologies in all spheres of life is one of the main directions of state development as a whole and separate sphere of activity. The issue of using information technologies and systems during forensic examination is the subject of scientific research of many domestic and foreign scientists, but this sphere remains relevant. The introduction of digital technologies in forensic activities is one of the priority areas for the forensic science development at the present stage and has significant development potential. One of the areas of optimization and improvement of forensic activity is the development of methods to automate the formation of forensic experts and unify the description of the research process, identified features, justification and formulation of forensic conclusions, which requires legislative consolidation and regulation, analysis and definition of the subject area and development requirements and algorithms for the operation of the system interface. Unification and standardization of the content of forensic experts' opinions requires the development of common standards and an information system adopted by all subjects of forensic expertise, and meets the needs of practice. The development of an information system for forming an expert opinion and automatically forming an expert opinion will allow formalizing and unifying the description of research and results of forensic examinations, optimizing the time of forensic experts and potentially reducing the number of logical, typographical and technical errors, and simplifying quality control of forensic examinations. The proposed system will not only automate the technical work of registration of research results carried out during forensic examinations, but will also contain research algorithms, which will be stored in the form of data on already conducted research of similar objects (list and sequence of operations, identified features and their parameters).

Rough Beasts

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Fennell
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Narrative Structure ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Human History ◽  
Irish History ◽  
The Troubles ◽  
Great Famine ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Universal Morality

This book looks at Irish Gothic and horror texts, in both English and Irish, from the beginning of the nineteenth century to the end of the twentieth, examining how this kind of fiction represented the cultural and political concerns of the day through the deployment of monsters, both as characters and as representative figures. Monsters disrupt both our definition of ‘history’ (as a record of past events arranged into a narrative structure) and our scientific, political, or ‘common sense’ understanding of what is possible or impossible; the monster exists outside any notion of a universal morality (or even moral relativism), and with its strange biology it complicates ideologies of gender and race. To be confronted by a monster is to witness the breakdown accepted models of reality, and plunges the subject into a nihilistic world where human action is meaningless. Since Irish history is often conceived of as a sequence of ‘ruptures’ (e.g. the Plantations, the 1641 Rebellion, the Great Famine, the Anglo-Irish War and the Troubles), monstrosity is an apt lens through which to scrutinise Irish culture. Each chapter of this book looks at a different category of monster in turn, and looks at the distinctive ways in which they rupture human history.

Analysis of Social Media in Administration

2012 ◽  
pp. 845-861
Author(s):  
Karoll Haussler Carneiro Ramos ◽  
Joselice Ferreira Lima ◽  
Flávio Elias de Deus ◽  
Luis Fernando Ramos Molinaro
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Psychology ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Organizational Behavior ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
Organizational Practices ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Points Of View

This chapter analyzes some case studies about social media in organizations’ administration. To do this, social media’s epistemological base will be introduced, considering contributions from the subject of organizational behavior. The importance of this discipline is that it brings together social sciences points of view (social psychology, sociology and anthropology). After this, views will be presented regarding the mathematical nature of social media. In this part, the internet’s influence on social media will also be discussed, for it has contributed to a new common sense, and it is responsible for social media popularity. Finally, how social media interferes in organizations will be attested to, as well as how it can be managed. In order to help the understanding of such knowledge, a survey will be introduced, with articles related to organizational practices in social media.

Video Games Revisited

2011 ◽  
pp. 306-325
Author(s):  
Patricia M. Greenfield
Keyword(s):  
Video Games ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
Violent Behavior ◽  
Cognitive Effects ◽  
Popular Opinion ◽  
Cognitive Benefits ◽  
The Common ◽  
Game Players ◽  
Cognitive Perspectives

When Greenfield wrote her chapter on video games in her 1994 landmark book Mind and Media, video games were played primarily in arcades, and popular opinion held that they were at best a waste of time and at worst dangerous technology sure to lead to increased aggression. As a cognitive psychologist and media scholar, she was interested in what was really going on in these games and brought the theoretical rigor and research tools of her discipline to bear on games and their cognitive effects on game players. Part anthropologist and part stranger in a strange land, she studied games and game players and played games herself. Her conclusions at the time were both surprising and prescient; research failed to support the common sense connection of games and violent behavior, and games in fact appeared to have cognitive benefits unseen by those who did not play them. Her conclusions both provided a glimpse of then-current research and laid the foundation for a rigorous empirical study of games and cognition. What is shocking upon rereading this chapter today is how relevant it remains and how many of the research possibilities remain largely unexplored. Her chapter is reprinted here along with her current analysis and thoughts about her original ideas, 25 years later. Its placement as the first chapter in a book dedicated to cognitive perspectives on games is appropriate, both as a reminder of where we come from and how far we have yet to go.

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