scholarly journals Social profile of tuberculosis in urban area

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 94-108
Author(s):  
G. S. Balasaniantc ◽  
I. A. Bozhkov ◽  
N. N. Buchkina ◽  
M. G. Gutkin ◽  
A. V. Derevyanko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Primary Diagnosis ◽  
Care Programme ◽  
Primary Tuberculosis ◽  
Tuberculosis Epidemiology ◽  
Permanent Resident ◽  
Individual Traits ◽  
Patient Profiling ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Internal Migrants

Background. Tuberculosis is an infectious socially significant disease. Apart from individual traits of the disease pathology, drug sensitivity and the availability of effective medicine and prevention, an important factor of its control is the patient’s social status. Social patient profiling in various locations across the country is vital for developing and deploying a high-quality and feasible tuberculosis care programme.Objectives. Social profiling of tuberculosis in St. Petersburg as an example of large urban area. Methods. We developed a questionnaire to assess 40 social parameters of a patient with tuberculosis. The study sample was representative and surveyed 666 (63.4%) and 704 (65.7%) patients with primary diagnosis in 2017 and 2018, respectively.Results. The survey showed almost no impact of external migration on tuberculosis epidemiology in St. Petersburg. Internal migrants counted 76 (11.4%) in 2017 and 96 (13.4%) in 2018, thus suggesting the majority of primary tuberculosis patients being permanent residents of St. Petersburg. The contribution of individuals with no fixed abode to the incidence rate was also insignificant, 2.4% and 1.9%. Most patients were unemployed people of working age, 236 (35.4%) in 2017, 261 (37.1%) in 2018. Incidence among students as a younger population was lowest, 2.1% and 2.8%. Smokers accounted for half of total patients, 370 (55.6%) and 368 (52.3%). One in five patients carried HIV infection, with half of them not receiving antiretroviral therapy. Patients with unfinished secondary education and residing in collective dwellings were significantly more frequent, whilst the proportion of persons with high income decreased. Over half of the patients had no family at primary diagnosis, and over a third had never been married.Conclusion. The social profile of primary tuberculosis in an urban area is as follows: single man, near 40 years old, permanent resident, unemployed, working-age, smoker, resides in private abode, has secondary or secondary vocational education, low to average income.

scholarly journals Trends in Age Structure and Ageing Population in Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-114
Author(s):  
Kamala Bhandari
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Population Census ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Hill Region ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Structure Of Population ◽  
Rural And Urban Area

The study attempts to examine the trend in the age structure of population and elderly population and its geographic and demographic variation in respect to the fedral structured country based on the census data. The study found noticeable changes in the age structure of the population in the country. The share of children is shrinking with growing proportions of older population aged 60 and above throughout the Nation. More than half of population falls in the 15-59 years category that conforms Nepal population is primarily young, which is also known as the 'youth bulge' or 'demographic dividends' and will shift into the category of 60 and above in a few decades. Hence the Nepal's population is gradually ageing over the years. The proportion of children and old aged population was observed higher in Mountain (38% and 8.8%)), rural area (38% and 8.8%) and working age population was in hill region (58%) and in urban area (59%) along with province 3. According to the 2011 population census, the proportion of population aged 60 and above is 8.1 percent, majority of them are in their sixties (69%) and observed same in all regions of the country. As measured by sex ratio in both rural and urban area female outnumber male and also reported the expectation of life is higher for female then male in this age group of the country. Among the 77 districts Gorkha (12.75%) reported the highest, and Jajarkot (5.12%), reported the lowest proportion of their population being old.

Hospitalizations with TB, California, 2009–2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 640-647
Author(s):  
A. Readhead ◽  
G. Cooksey ◽  
J. Flood ◽  
P. Barry
Keyword(s):  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Primary Diagnosis ◽  
Discharge Data ◽  
Asian Pacific Islander ◽  
Hospitalization Costs ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Hospital Stays ◽  
Asian Pacific ◽  
The Cost

BACKGROUND: Hospitalization is a costly event that affects more than half of all TB patients in the United States. State-level hospitalization data are crucial in estimating the cost of TB disease and the financial impact of preventing TB.METHODS: We used California administrative hospital discharge data from 2009 to 2017 to characterize TB hospitalizations in comparison with non-neonatal, non-maternal hospitalizations. TB hospitalization was defined as a hospitalization with a TB ICD-9/10 code as the primary diagnosis. We estimated hospitalization costs in 2017 dollars from reported charges using cost-to-charge ratios.RESULTS: In comparison to persons hospitalized for other conditions, persons hospitalized for TB in 2017 were more likely to be male, of working age, and Asian/Pacific Islander. The median cost for TB hospitalizations was US$22,807 vs. US$11,568 for other hospitalizations. The median length of stay for TB hospitalizations was 12 days compared to 3 days for other hospitalizations. Medicaid was expected to pay for 50% of TB hospitalizations costing US$21,438,208.CONCLUSIONS: Societal cost estimates of TB hospitalization should be updated to reflect long hospital stays and the disproportionate burden on working age persons. This analysis enhances our understanding of the high cost of TB care and underscores the costs averted if TB cases are prevented.

scholarly journals Intended place of residence in old age of internal migrants aged 15–64 years: a citywide cross-sectional study in Shanghai, China

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. e026027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Zhao ◽  
Yan Su ◽  
Yanyan Mao ◽  
An-na Chen ◽  
Xiao-ping Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Western China ◽  
Social Activities ◽  
Place Of Residence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Internal Migrants

ObjectivesTo explore the intentions of working-age internal migrants concerning their place of residence in old age and the relevant influencing factors.MethodA cross-sectional survey was conducted in the 17 districts of Shanghai, China in 2013. Through multi-stage stratified sampling with probability proportional to size, 7968 internal migrants (aged 15–64 years) were selected and interviewed individually face to face. The primary outcome concerned the intended place of residence in old age of internal migrants living in Shanghai. Information was collected on demographic characteristics, health insurance, economic condition and participation in social activities. Multinomial logistic regression was performed to analyse the factors influencing migrants’ intentions concerning their place of residence in old age.ResultsA total of 7927 working-age migrants with complete data were analysed. Of these, 57.0% intended to live in their hometown in old age, 17.7% planned to remain in Shanghai and 25.3% were undecided. Those respondents who were male, less educated, from rural areas or Western China, living in rental houses or who had left family members behind in their hometowns were more likely to choose their hometown as their intended residence in old age (p<0.05). Engagement in business, longer residence duration, possession of social insurance and participation in social activities in Shanghai were identified as possible motivators for migrants who intended to remain in Shanghai in old age (p<0.05).ConclusionsMost of the migrants expressed an intention to remigrate to their hometowns in old age. Education, economic capacity and social insurance influenced internal migrants in their decision. Relevant authorities should monitor the remigration pattern of ageing migrants, strengthen the senior care system and prepare health service resources that are more adequate, especially in the provinces or cities whence the migrants came.

scholarly journals Features and factors of demographic dynamics in the Kyrgyz Republic

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-54
Author(s):  
Alexandre A. Avdeev ◽  
Irina A. Troitskaya
Keyword(s):  
Census Data ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
Sex Structure ◽  
Demographic Dynamics ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Internal Migrants ◽  
Internal Mobility ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Rate Of Ageing ◽  
The Impact

The article analyzes the current demographic situation in the Kyrgyz Republic, as well as the main components of population dynamics: natural population growth, internal mobility and international migration. Basing on census data, current statistics and population surveys, the authors assess the impact of demographic processes in the republic on the age and sex structure and the rate of ageing of the Kyrgyz population, as well as on population settlement and its concentration in the centres of attraction of internal migrants, and the urbanization process. Analysis of demographic dynamics in the Kyrgyz Republic has shown a number of interrelated problems and challenges caused by the rapid growth of the population and changes in its age structure, requiring urgent social and economic policy measures. Key of the revealed problems are mass departure of the population in the working age, especially young people (labour migration), growth of population of retirement age, and uneven population settlement with concentration around the two largest urban agglomerations of the republic, the cities of Bishkek and Osh.

scholarly journals Rural-Urban Migration Pathways and Residential Segregation in the Helsinki Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Aleksi Karhula ◽  
Patricia McMullin ◽  
Elina Sutela ◽  
Sanna Ala-Mantila ◽  
Hannu Ruonavaara
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Mobility Patterns ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Internal Migrants ◽  
Socioeconomic Segregation ◽  
Migration Pathways

Migration and residential segregation are intrinsically linked. However, little attention has been given to internal migration and its relationship with socioeconomic segregation. In this study, we illustrate the pathways individuals take between rural and urban settings and examine the association between these pathways and segregation in the Helsinki region. We use register data from Statistics Finland and sequence analysis to illustrate the mobility patterns of two 1980s birth cohorts aged 7 to 37. The majority of Finnish rural-urban pathways are associated with either a childhood spent in an urban area or a move to an urban area in young adulthood. We show that an even larger majority of people living in Helsinki at age 37 spent their childhood there or in other urban environments. We find that internal migrants are positively selected for education and income. A childhood in the outer urban regions of a city reduces the probability of living in lowincome neighbourhoods when controlling for socioeconomic status and family structure. We found no association between rural childhood and living in poor neighbourhoods.

scholarly journals Mental health clustering and diagnosis in psychiatric in-patients

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 119-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liam Trevithick ◽  
Jon Painter ◽  
Patrick Keown
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Clinical Utility ◽  
Substance Misuse ◽  
Primary Diagnosis ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
National Health Service Trust ◽  
Working Age ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Complex Distribution

Aims and methodThis paper investigates the relationship between cluster (Mental Health Clustering Tool, MHCT) and diagnosis in an in-patient population. We analysed the diagnostic make-up of each cluster and the clinical utility of the diagnostic advice in the Department of Health's Mental Health Clustering Booklet. In-patients discharged from working-age adult and older people's services of a National Health Service trust over 1 year were included. Cluster on admission was compared with primary diagnosis on discharge.ResultsOrganic, schizophreniform, anxiety disorder and personality disorders aligned to one superclass cluster. Alcohol and substance misuse, and mood disorders distributed evenly across psychosis and non-psychosis superclass clusters. Two-thirds of diagnoses fell within the MHCT ‘likely’ group and a tenth into the ‘unlikely’ group.Clinical implicationsCluster and diagnosis are best viewed as complimentary systems to describe an individual's needs. Improvements are suggested to the MHCT diagnostic advice in in-patient settings. Substance misuse and affective disorders have a more complex distribution between superclass clusters than all other broad diagnostic groups.

Estimating Coverage of a Community-Based Home Care Programme

1997 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 210-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
R S Drew ◽  
G Mgombane ◽  
T Nyaruwa ◽  
G Foster
Keyword(s):  
Home Care ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Community Based ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Care Programme ◽  
The Family ◽  
The City ◽  
Trained Nurse

The Family AIDS Caring Trust (FACT) was formed in Mutare, Zimbabwe's third largest city, in 1987. FACT'S home care programme started in 1992. The programme operates in the urban area of Mutare which contains three townships with a population of 131 367. The area employs a trained nurse as a coordinator and four assistants, each assigned a zone within the city, who carry out the bulk of the visits. As part of an evaluation of the programme we attempted to estimate its coverage using different models. Using these models the FACT programme has a coverage of between 2.5%–23%. It is important that all home care programmes think in terms of coverage and do not simply strive to provide high quality services to a few patients.

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