Oxidant-Antioxidant Status in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis in Duhok City, Kurdistan Region of Iraq

The major famous degenerative joint disease is osteoarthritis (OA), which leads to disability, reduced motion, pain, swelling, and crepitus. Thus, this research aimed to determine the statuses of oxidative stress (OS) and antioxidants in blood patients with primary OA and to compare serum levels of some inflammatory markers between control and knee OA patients groups. In this case-control study, 126 knee OA patients and 49 control individuals were taken, who visited the Center of Rheumatoid in Duhok city, Kurdistan region of Iraq. For the participant’s information, a study questionnaire was employed. Serum total bilirubin (TBIL), uric acid (UA), catalase, peroxynitrite (PN), malondialdehyde (MDA), and ceruloplasmin (CP) were evaluated. Some inflammatory markers were measured, including erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP). Also, body mass index (BMI) was measured. In the present study, the % of the control group was 28% and patients groups were 29.71, 28, and 14.29% for mild, moderate, and severe cases, respectively. The mean values of MDA and CP showed significant differences between knee OA and control groups. On the other hand, the mean values of catalase, PN, UA, and TBIL showed no significant differences among control and knee OA groups. A significant difference was found among control and knee OA groups for ESR, but CRP was non-significant. In the current study, elevated levels of lipid-peroxidation and CP in patients with knee OA were observed. OS may be involved in OA.

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The Effect of Smoking on the Lipid Profile of Inhabitant Smokers of Hasilpur, District Bahawalpur, Pakistan

RADS Journal of Biological Research & Applied Sciences ◽

10.37962/jbas.v10i2.200 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 82-86

Author(s):

Mushtaq Hussain Lashari ◽

Sumbel Sumera ◽

Umer Farooq ◽

Zia Ur Rehman ◽

Nuzhat Sial ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lipid Profile ◽

Serum Triglyceride ◽

Mean Value ◽

Heavy Smoker ◽

Control Group ◽

Mean Values ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

Control Light ◽

Heavy Smokers

Background: Health problem are culturally associated with smoking in developing countries. Many hazardous chemicals are taken up by direct or passive smoking causing lipid peroxidation resulting in oxidative stress. Objectives: To estimate the occurrence of smoking and its effects on the lipid profile in populations of Hasilpur, Pakistan. Methodology: The current study was conducted from April - August 2014. Out of 247 apparently healthy subjects of both genders (male=220; female=27), 134 were smokers and 113 were non-smokers. In order to analyze lipid profile, blood samples were collected in early morning hours from the selected members who were asked to fast all night. By using Chem-100 chemistry analyzer, cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, LDL and VLDL were analyzed. Results: The overall prevalence of smokers was 54.25%. The results showed 60.9% prevalence in males and 0% in females. The mean value of serum triglyceride in control, light smokers and heavy smokers was 147.4±11.7mg/dl, 190.8±41.4 and 205.3±29.7mg/dl, respectively. The results of cholesterol in control, light smokers and heavy smokers were 147.38±7.99mg/dl, 136.8 ±12. 8mg/dl and 173.44±8.63mg/dl, respectively. There was a considerable distinction in the mean level of serum triglyceride and cholesterol between the control group, light smokers and heavy smoker groups (P<00.5). The mean value of HDL of control, light smokers and heavy smokers was 30.93±1.30mg/dl, 31.10±2.45 and 34.58±1.55mg/dl, respectively. The mean values of LDL and VLDL of control, light smokers and heavy smokers were 110.46±3.63mg/dl, 106.00±4.52mg/dl, 117.19±3.48mg/dl and 33.54±3.11mg/dl, 49±9.02mg/dl, 41.06±5.34mg/dl, respectively. There was significant difference in the mean level of HDL, LDL and VLDL between the control group, light smokers and heavy smoker groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study concluded that smoking is the reasons of variation in the lipid profile. Elevated period of smoking and the number of smoked cigarettes/day reason the alteration in serum lipid levels and is probably related with increased danger for coronary artery disease.

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CD59 Deficient Granulocytes in High Risk Groups of Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS).

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v104.11.4717.4717 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 104 (11) ◽

pp. 4717-4717

Author(s):

Georgia Kaiafa ◽

Vasiliki Tsavdaridou ◽

Athanasios Papadopoulos ◽

Christos Savopoulos ◽

Apostolos Hatzitolios ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Normal Subjects ◽

Risk Groups ◽

Mean Value ◽

Control Group ◽

Refractory Anaemia ◽

Mean Values ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

Group B ◽

Pnh Clone

Abstract Background: Blood cells are deficient in membrane-bound glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) because of an acquired disorder of the pluripotent stem cell. CD55 and CD59 antigens are the most common GPI-anchored proteins that are used for the diagnosis of the presence of PNH clone. The association of MDS with PNH is rather controversial. There are few published individual cases of PNH arrived from a previous MDS or MDS following PNH. Aim: Recent studies have demonstrated the existence of PNH clone in some MDS patients. These studies were performed mostly on erythrocytes and to the best of our knowledge they are only 4. Granulocytes appear to be more sensitive markers of PNH clone existence than erythrocytes and therefore we investigate the expression of PNH clone on granulocytes of patients with MDS. Material-Methods: A total number of 95 patients 25–80 yrs old with MDS {A:19 with refractory anaemia (RA), B:9 with refractory anaemia with ring sideroblasts (RARS), C:17 with refractory anaemia with excess blasts (RAEB), D: 12 with refractory anaemia with excess blasts in transformation (RAEB-t) and E: 19 with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMLL)} and 19 healthy donors were included in our study. The presence of GPI-anchored proteins (CD55, CD59)-deficient granulocytes was examined by flow cytometry. For the detection of the PNH clone the commercial kit by Beckman Coulter (cellquant CD55/CD59) was used. Statistical analysis was made by ANOVA, while Robust test was performed because there was no homogeneity of variances by ANOVA. Results: Table 1 shows the percentages of CD55 and CD59 deficient granulocytes in the 5 groups of pts with MDS comparing with the control group. a) Although the mean values of CD55 deficient granulocytes in the groups RAEB, RAEB-t and CMLL were higher enough than those of the normal subjects, there were no statistically significant differences (p>0.10) in the comparison of the mean values of CD55 deficient granulocytes between each group of patients with the control group. b) On the contrary there was a very statistically significant difference in the comparison of the mean value of CD59 deficient granulocytes between the three last groups (C, D and E) of pts with the control group (p< 0.086, p< 0.001 and p<0.001 respectively). The percentages of CD55 and CD59 deficient granulocytes in the 5 groups of patients with MDS and in the control group CD55 CD55 CD59 CD59 Groups N Mean Value Std deviation Mean Value Std deviation A (RA) 19 2.89 2.79 2.91 2.85 B (RARS) 9 1.05 1.14 3.89 3.63 C (RAEB) 17 4.78 4.76 11.75 6.06 D (RAEB-t) 12 4.23 2.85 23.76 8.53 E (CMLL) 19 6.01 4.97 38.26 16.18 Control 19 3.67 2.89 3.67 2.89 Total 95 4.00 3.87 14.44 16.39 Conclusions: There are relatively large CD59 negative subpopulations (mean values 11.75–38.26%) of granulocytes in the last three groups (RAEB, RAEB-t, CMLL) of MDS patients. On the contrary the two low risk forms (RA, RARS) revealed no such populations. Non-expression of CD59 antigen on granulocytes is a more sensitive marker than that of CD55 antigen for the presence of a possible PNH clone in MDS patients.

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Carbocysteine in the Management of Stable COPD: Are Its Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties Clinically Relevant?

South East European Journal of Immunology ◽

10.3889/seejim.2017.20011 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jordan Minov ◽

Jovanka Karadzinska-Bislimovska ◽

Tatjana Petrova ◽

Kristin Vasilevska ◽

Saso Stoleski ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Real Life ◽

Mean Value ◽

Control Group ◽

Chronic Obstructive ◽

Initial Visit ◽

Mean Values ◽

Regular Treatment ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean

BACKGROUND: The recent epidemiological and experimental evidence suggest possible antioxidant effect of carbocysteine in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).AIM: To assess efficacy and tolerability of carbocysteine in the management of stable COPD.METHODS: We performed an observational, non-randomized, open study (a real life study) including 87 patients with stable COPD (group B and D by combined COPD assessment) divided in two groups, examined group (EG) and control group (CG). All participants were treated with the regular treatment of the stable disease, but in the participants of the EG carbocysteine 1,500 mg daily was added to their regular treatment during the period of two months. The study protocol included completion of the COPD Assessment Test (CAT) and spirometric measurements at initial visit and at the end of the mentioned period.RESULTS: We found significantly lower mean value of the overall CAT score in the EG at the end of the study as compared to its mean value registered at initial visit (26.9 vs. 24.3; P = 0.007). In regard to certain CAT items, we found significantly lower values of the mean scores related to cough phlegm and sleep disturbances as compared to their mean scores at initial visit. In addition, the mean values of the overall CAT scores at initial visit and at the end of the study in controls were similar. In EG we found significantly higher mean value of the MEF 25-75 at the end of the study as compared to its mean value registered at initial visit (59.3% vs. 67.2%; P = 0.003). There was no significant difference in the mean values of other spirometric parameters at the end of the study as compared to their mean values at initial visit. In controls we registered similar values of all measured spirometric parameters at the end of the study as compared to their values registered at initial visit. Mild gastrointestinal manifestations were registered in 13.3% of the participants of the EG during the examined period.CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate positive effects of carbocysteine regarding the symptoms and lung function, as well as its good tolerability in the patients with stable COPD.

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The Effects of Emotional Schema Therapy and Differentiation Training on Emotional Divorce in Women

Journal of Client-centered Nursing Care ◽

10.32598/jccnc.7.1.357.1 ◽

2121 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 65-74

Author(s):

Tahmineh Kamalian ◽

◽

Hassan Mirzahosseini ◽

Nader Monirpoor ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Psychological Distress ◽

Cognitive Model ◽

Control Group ◽

Schema Therapy ◽

Mean Values ◽

Marital Intimacy ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

Study Participants

Background: Emotional Divorce (ED) is associated with decreased levels of Emotion Regulation (ER), adaptation, and mental health; subsequently, all such pressures raise stress in various dimensions among the affected individuals. Emotional Schema Therapy (EST), as a socio-cognitive model of ER, may improve marital intimacy and reduce couples’ psychological distress. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of EST and differentiation training on the odds of ED among women. Methods: The mean values of ED significantly decreased in both experimental groups, compared to the control group (P<0.05). A significant difference was also observed between the effects of the two interventions on decreasing the ED rate; thus, the effectiveness of EST was greater than that of differentiation training in this respect (P<0.05). Results: The mean values of ED significantly decreased in both experimental groups, compared to the control group (P<0.05). A significant difference was also observed between the effects of the two interventions on decreasing the ED rate; thus, the effectiveness of EST was greater than that of differentiation training in this respect (P<0.05). Conclusion: EST and differentiation training reduced ED among the study participants. These approaches can be adopted as an effective intervention to solve the couples’ problems and improve their marital relationship to reduce the odds of emotional divorce.

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Anthropogenetic variability in the groups of homo- and heterosexually oriented individuals

Genetika ◽

10.2298/gensr1502765c ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 47 (2) ◽

pp. 765-776

Author(s):

Suzana Cvjeticanin

Keyword(s):

Genetic Variability ◽

Population Genetic ◽

Control Group ◽

Population Genetic Study ◽

Test Results ◽

Mean Values ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

Distribution Type

This population-genetic study compares morphophysiological and genetic variability in a group of homosexually oriented individuals from Serbia (N=96) with control group of heterosexual individuals (N=96) using a test of determination of homozygously recessive characteristics in humans (HRC-test). Results of our study revealed a statistically significant difference in the mean values of genetic homozygosity (control group 5.0+0.2 ; homosexuals 3.4 +0.1 HRCs, out of 20 observed characteristics) the differences in the distribution type, as well as in the variances of presence of specific combinations of such traits. These results suggest a complex polygenic difference between two observed systems. There is no difference in the degree of genetic homozygosity between the genders in each tested group of individuals. However, both homosexually oriented females and males have significantly lower mean values of HRCs compared to female and male heterosexuals.

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Assessment of selected biochemical parameters among food hawkers along the streets of Yenagoa Bayelsa State, Nigeria

GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.30574/gscbps.2021.16.3.0265 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 103-108

Author(s):

Emmanuel Tonbra Egoro ◽

Emmanuel Sunday Oni ◽

Otaraku Jonathan Oye ◽

Annabel Awele Idama

Keyword(s):

Aspartate Aminotransferase ◽

Alanine Aminotransferase ◽

Biochemical Parameters ◽

Control Group ◽

C Reactive Protein ◽

Mean Values ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

Experimental Group

This study was aimed on assessment of selected biochemical parameters among food hawkers along the streets of Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Five milliliter of blood specimen was collected from fifteen food hawkers with ≤ 5 years working experience (experimental group one), ≥ 5 years working experience (experimental group two) and nonfood hawkers (control group) respectively into lithium heparin anti-coagulated bottles. Thereafter alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, urea, creatinine and C-reactive protein were measured quantitatively. The mean values of volunteers in experimental group one showed no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) in alanine aminotransferase (7.46 ± 1.02), aspartate aminotransferase (7.02 ± 0.86), urea (7.70 ± 1.29) and creatinine (70.44 ± 3.54) as compared with the control group (7.42 ± 0.98), (6.98 ± 0.82), (7.65 ± 1.28) and (70.40 ± 3.52) respectively, but there was a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) in C-reactive protein (17.40 ± 1.98) when compared with the control group (2.70 ± 0.70). However, the mean values of food hawkers in experimental group two showed statistically significant difference (p< 0.05) in all the measured biochemical parameters 27.70±2.98, 21.40±2.06, 15.50±2.02, 110.70±3.74, 29.42±3.20 as compared with that of the control group 7.42±0.98, 6.98±0.82, 7.65±1.28, 70.40±3.52, 2.74±0.70. The volunteers in experimental groups one and two showed 13% -27% and 53% -80% abnormal values of the measured biochemical parameters respectively as compared with that of the control group. In conclusion, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, urea, creatinine and C-reactive protein may be altered in food hawkers with ≥ 5 years working experience. It is therefore recommended that food hawkers in this category should go for hepato-renal and inflammatory biochemical parameters checkup occasionally in any registered and licensed Medical Laboratory Facility.

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Efficacy of intra-articular injection of combined platelet-rich plasma and hyaluronic acid in knee degenerative joint disease (182)

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/2325967121s00300 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (10_suppl5) ◽

pp. 2325967121S0030

Author(s):

Pietro Randelli ◽

FILIPPO RANDELLI ◽

Fabio Sciancalepore ◽

Chiara Fossati ◽

Stefano Pasqualotto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hyaluronic Acid ◽

Conservative Treatment ◽

Current Literature ◽

Platelet Rich Plasma ◽

Degenerative Joint Disease ◽

Joint Disease ◽

Knee Oa ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Early Oa

Objectives: Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is a debilitating disease whose prevalence has increased across the world with aging population. Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) and Hyaluronic Acid (HA) injections appear to be two of the main strategies for conservative treatment of early knee OA. The effectiveness of both treatments, however, is still under debate because contrasting results have been described in the current literature. Some pre-clinical studies evaluated the association of PRP and HA with encouraging results, highlighting the possibility of a synergistic effect between the two compounds and suggesting a possible use through combined intra-articular injections. The aim of this prospective randomized controlled double-blind clinical trial is to evaluate the efficacy of intra-articular injections of PRP and HA for the treatment of early stages of knee degenerative joint disease in improving joint function and reducing pain, compared to the intra-articular injections of PRP and HA alone. Methods: Patients with knee early OA were prospectively enrolled and then double-blinded randomly divided into three groups of fifty-eight subjects each: HA alone, PRP alone and PRP+HA group. Patients received three intra-articular injections with two-week interval period among each dose. Patients clinical outcome was evaluated through five questionnaires [The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), Tegner Activity, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) Subjective Knee Form] before the treatment (T0) and after 3, 6 and 12 months from the first injection. Patients’use of paracetamol and supplementary analgesia for knee pain during the study was collected. Results: One hundred and seventy-four patients were enrolled in this study (age, 30-80 years; 108 females and 66 males) and 162 completed the 12-month follow-up. All patients showed significant clinical improvement after treatment. The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) did not show statistically significant differences among the three groups for all the variables analysed at 6 and 12 months of follow-up (p>0.05).No significant differences were found in terms of adverse events (p=0.49) among the three groups of patients (p=0.92).The demand for paracetamol and supplementary analgesics was generally low and there were no significant differences among the groups (p=0.23 and p=0.56, respectively). Conclusions: Injections treatments for early knee OA are an important conservative therapeutic strategy. To date, the current literature presents many contrasting studies about the effectiveness of PRP or HA, but only a few consider the combined use of PRP and HA as attractive therapeutic option. Our study has not shown any significant difference in clinical and functional outcomes among the three experimental groups, suggesting a substantial equivalence of these three treatments. Thus, cost-effectiveness is in favor of HA injections in the conservative treatment of early OA.

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Degree of genetic homozygosity among patients with spinal dysraphia

Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo ◽

10.2298/sarh0810519c ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 136 (9-10) ◽

pp. 519-523 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Suzana Cvjeticanin ◽

Dejan Nikolic ◽

Ivana Petronic ◽

Biljana Jekic ◽

Tatjana Damnjanovic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Population Genetic ◽

Genetic Parameter ◽

Control Group ◽

Population Genetic Study ◽

Human Chromosomes ◽

Test Results ◽

Mean Values ◽

Population Genetic Parameter ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean

INTRODUCTION Our study of genetic homozygosity degree includes an analysis of the presence, distribution and individual combination of 15 selected genetically controlled morphophysiological traits in the sample of patients with spinal dysraphia (N=35) and in the control-healthy group (N=50). OBJECTIVE Assuming that spinal dysraphia is a genetically controlled disease, we made a hypothesis that an increased homozygosity level, as well as the changed variability among patients, could be a population-genetic parameter for the prediction of the illness. METHOD Taking into consideration our experience, as well as the experience of numerous scientists who studied the nature of the inheritance of monoand oligo-genically controlled qualitative traits, we applied a methodology to estimate the proportion of such homozygously recessive characters (HRC-test,). RESULTS This population-genetic study did not only show a statistically significant difference of the mean values of genetic homozygosity (SD 4.8?0.3; control 3.5?0.3), but of the differences in the type of distribution too, as well as the differences in the presence of certain individual combinations of such traits. CONCLUSION Due to the fact that those genes which control such qualitative recessive traits are distributed in different human chromosomes, being their visible markers, this could indicate that degrees of genetic homozygosity are ostensibly greater in a sample of patients with spinal dysraphia compared to the control group of individuals.

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Genetic and Environmental Dispositions for Cardiovascular Variability: A Pilot Study

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm7090232 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (9) ◽

pp. 232 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Radmila Karan ◽

Suzana Cvjeticanin ◽

Natasa Kovacevic-Kostic ◽

Dejan Nikolic ◽

Milos Velinovic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Control Sample ◽

Mean Value ◽

Blood Type ◽

Control Group ◽

Mean Values ◽

Individual Variations ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Abo Blood Type ◽

The Mean ◽

Artery Disease

Background: The aim of our study was to evaluate the degree of genetic homozygosity in the group of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), as well as to evaluate morphogenetic variability in CAD patients regarding the presence of investigated risk factors (RF) compared to a control sample of individuals. Additionally, we aimed to evaluate the distribution of ABO blood type frequencies between tested samples of individuals. Methods: This study analyzed individual phenotype and morphogenetic variability of 17 homozygously-recessive characteristics (HRC), by using HRC test in a sample of 148 individuals in CAD patients group and 156 individuals in the control group. The following RF were analyzed: hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and smoking. Results: The mean value of HRC in CAD patients is significantly higher, while variability decreases compared to the control sample (CAD patients: 4.24 ± 1.59, control sample: 3.75 ± 1.69; VCAD-patients = 37.50%, VC = 45.07%). There is a significant difference in individual variations of 17 HRC between control sample and CAD patients (χ2 = 169.144; p < 0.01), which points out to different variability for tested genes. Mean values of HRC significantly differed in CAD patients in regard to the number of RF present. A blood type (OR = 1.75) is significant predictor for CAD, while O blood type (OR = 0.43) was significantly associated with controls. Conclusion: There is a higher degree of recessive homozygosity in CAD patients versus individuals in the control sample, and the presence of significant variations in the degree of recessive homozygosity as the number of tested RF increases.

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Monocyte chemotactic factor content in normal sperm and in samples of ejaculate with diminished fertility

Perm Medical Journal ◽

10.17816/pmj36328-37 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 36 (3) ◽

pp. 28-37

Author(s):

Dmitriy Yu. Sosnin ◽

Konstantin R. Galkovich

Keyword(s):

Blood Serum ◽

Seminal Plasma ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Reproductive Organs ◽

Chemotactic Factor ◽

Control Group ◽

Mean Values ◽

Healthy Men ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean

Aim. To study the dynamics of monocyte chemotactic factor (MCP-1) content in the ejaculate of healthy men and men with diminished spermatozoid concentration. Material and methods.Sixty-four men were examined. The main group included 16 patients with azoospermia. The comparison group – 24 patients with oligozooasthenospermia (spermatozoid concentration lower than 15 mln/ml). The control group was presented by ejaculate samples of 24 healthy men, characterized by normal parameters. The MCP-1 concentration was determined with the method of solid phase enzyme immunoassay using the assay kit “MCP-1-EIA-BEST” (A8784) (CJSC Vector-Best, Russia). Results. The mean MCP-1 concentration in the samples of undiluted seminal plasma was 2242.8 ± 672.0 pg/ml versus the blood serum, where MCP-1 content was 18.9 times lower and was 118.8 ± 22.9 pg/ml. No reliable differences were revealed when comparing the mean values of MCP-1 in the studied groups in ejaculates; there were also no statistically significant difference between the indices in MCP-1 groups in the blood serum. Conclusions. Male seminal plasma is characterized by unusually high MCP-1 content, exceeding more than tenfold the concentration of this protein in the blood serum. High MCP-1 concentration in sperm and the absence of its dependence on the concentration of this protein in blood serum indicates local production of this protein into the seminal plasma by male reproductive organs. Further studies are needed to find out a concrete localization of the sites of production of this protein in male genital organs and to study its probable role in reproductive processes in male and female organisms.

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