Effects of Heat Stress on Rectal Temperature, Respiratory Rate and Activity Rates in Peripartal Sows and Gilts

1978 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 356-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith W. Kelley ◽  
Stanley E. Curtis
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature

scholarly journals Feeding systems and productive and physiological parameters of lambs raised under heat stress

2021 ◽  
pp. 181-199
Author(s):  
Abner A. Rodríguez-Carías ◽  
José Israel Suárez-Rodríguez ◽  
Jonathan Collazo ◽  
John Fernández-Van Cleve
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Physiological Parameters ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Rotational Grazing ◽  
Grazing System

The objective of this study was to determine physiological parameters (rectal temperature = RT, respiratory rate = RR, heart rate = HR) and production parameters (dry matter intake = DMI, water intake = WI, average daily weight gain = ADG, and feed conversion = FC) of crossbred and Katahdin lambs raised in rotational grazing of native pastures (NP) and in confinement under heat stress conditions. Nine crossbred lambs (average initial weight = 19.4 kg) were used and fed in a rotational grazing system for 70 days with occupation and rest periods of seven and 21 days, respectively. The lambs had daily access to the grazing area for four to six hours, grass hay and water ad libitum, a daily supplement of 100 g of commercial concentrate and a nutritional block. In the confined system, six lambs of the Katahdin breed (average initial weight = 27.3 kg) were used, and for 28 days these were fed total mixed rations (TMR) containing 30% grass hay, 15.4% soybean meal, 54.6% corn grain and a mineral block. The diet contained 14% Crude Protein (CP) and 66% Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) and was formulated for an ADG of 200 g. The offered and rejected feed was quantified every day [4% body weight (BW)/dry matter basis (DMB)] to determine the DMI, and the volume of water offered and rejected to determine WI. To validate the stress conditions, the maximum environmental temperature and relative humidity were monitored to calculate the temperature and humidity index (THI), and the RT, HR and RR of the 15 lambs were determined. The lambs were weighed every seven days. In both experiments, the THI oscillated between 78 and 80. The lambs were under environmental heat stress conditions (THI x̅ = 79) during both studies. The averages of HR and RT in the grazing system were 118.0 beats per minute and 38.6° C, while the averages under the confinement system were 108.6 beats per minute and 39.4° C, respectively. The average RR (53.6 and 62.6 breaths per minute, in grazing and in confinement, respectively) was greater than the normal value considered for thermal comfort. Respiratory rate is the main mechanism used by lambs to dissipate heat. The heart rate also showed slightly higher values than those reported for animals in their comfort zone. However, the rectal temperature values were constant. As expected, crossbred lambs fed under grazing conditions with naturalized pastures (NP) had a low ADG (55.6 g). Nevertheless, Katahdin lambs fed in confinement with TMR had a DMI of 935.4 g/day (3.14% BW/DMB), a WI of 3.5 L/day, a FC of 4.74 and an ADG of 226.2 g. In conclusion, raising crossbred sheep in rotational grazing of NP without any type of agronomic management results in ADG that could not be considered viable in traditional production systems. The introduction of pure breeds and feeding them in confined systems with a TMR results in a pre-determined ADG (>200 g/day) and is an alternative that can be evaluated economically for its practical implementation.

Heart rate, cardiac vagal tone, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature in dairy calves exposed to heat stress in a continental region

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (10) ◽  
pp. 1791-1797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Levente Kovács ◽  
Fruzsina Luca Kézér ◽  
Ferenc Ruff ◽  
Viktor Jurkovich ◽  
Ottó Szenci
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Vagal Tone ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Cardiac Vagal Tone

scholarly journals Genetic adaptive potentials of four breeds of rabbit to heat stress in the humid tropics

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-99
Author(s):  
A. O. Fadare ◽  
T. Oni ◽  
I. L. Olatunji ◽  
O. A. Mesogboriwon
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Pulse Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Humid Tropics ◽  
Stress Index ◽  
Tropical Conditions ◽  
Heat Stress Index

Rabbit production under tropical conditions is affected by environmental stress mainly from the effect of high ambient temperatures and high humidity, low wind speed and indirect solar radiation. This experiment was conducted to investigate the adaptive potentials of Californian, New Zealand white, Havana black and Palomino brown rabbits to heat stress when raised in humid tropics. A total number of ninety-six rabbits were used. Rectal temperature, respiratory rate, pulse rate and heat stress index were measured in these temperate breeds during rainy and dry season. The results showed that the breed of rabbit had a significant effect (P<0.05) on rectal temperature, respiratory rate, pulse rate and heat stress index. Havana black rabbit had the highest mean rectal temperature value (39.32 ± 0.03°C) followed by Palomino brown (38.97 ± 0.03°C), while the least value was recorded for New Zealand white (38.68 ± 0.02). Respiratory rate values followed the same pattern with that of rectal temperature with higher respiratory rate 69.09 ± 1.05 breaths/min recorded for Havana rabbits. The pulse rate values ranged from 163.23 ± 0.47 - 184.35 ± 0.78 beats/minutes. The highest pulse rate of 184.35 ± 3.78beats/minute was recorded for Havana black. The lowest heat stress index was obtained for New Zealand white followed by California and Palomino Brown while Havana black rabbit had the highest value (1.95± 0.01). The respiratory rate was significantly lower among males as compared to their female counterparts (63.09±0.58 versus 69.54 ± 1.65breaths per minute). The age of the rabbit also significantly affected (P<0.05) the rectal temperature, respiratory rate, pulse rate and heat stress index. 12 weeks old rabbit had the highest mean values while 4 weeks old rabbit had the least values. The heat stress index value obtained during dry season was higher (P< 0.05) than that obtained for rainy season (1.93± 0.02 versus 1.80 ± 0.01). Havana black rabbits and Palomino brown were more prone to heat stress than California and New Zealand white rabbits in tropical environment.

The relation between respiratory rate and heart rate in the calf subjected to severe heat stress

1958 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Bianca
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Steep Increase ◽  
Severe Heat Stress ◽  
The Mean

1. In experiments on three calves it was shown that, under severe heat stress, the respiratory rate at first rapidly rose from 88 to a maximum of 218 respirations/min. and then fell to 167 respirations/min., while breathing at first became shallower and then deeper.2. During the phase in which breathing became faster and shallower (panting), the heart rate rose at a mean rate of 13 beats/min. for each degree centigrade increase in rectal temperature. During the phase in which breathing became slower and deeper (‘second-phase breathing’) the mean rate of rise in heart rate was 50 beats/min. for each degree increase in rectal temperature.3. The changes in respiratory rate and in heart rate occurred at mean rectal temperatures of 40·6 and 41·0° C., respectively, and, on average, the change in respiratory rate preceded that in heart rate by 8 min.4. It is concluded that second-phase breathing was the cause of the steep increase in heart rate.5. The steep increase in heart rate is discussed in relation to heat production of the respiratory muscles.

scholarly journals Effect of cold drinking water on performance, rectal temperature, respiratory rate of Zebu and Jersey cattle in Ibadan, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 101-109
Author(s):  
A. A. Adeyemi ◽  
O. A. Olorunnisomo
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Negative Effect

High ambient temperature and relative humidity exert a negative effect on the performance of both Bostaurus and Bosindicus cattle in Nigeria. The use of water sprinklers to shower cattle may have the ability to mitigate the effect of heat stress. In this study, cold drinking water (10 C 15 C) and ordinary drinking water (20 C -25 C) were offered to six Jersey and six Sokoto Gudali heifers to compare the effect on heat stress. They were divided into two treatments each. Each treatment had three replicates and cattle were assigned in a completely randomised design to the treatment. Rectal temperature, respiratory rate, dry matter intake, daily weight gain and percentage body weight were measured. At three months of administration of treatment, mean morning and afternoon RT varied from 37.94C to39.17 C for Sokoto Gudali and 37.97 C to 39.21 C for Jersey heifers, RR varied from 20.54 bpm to 30.73 bpm for Gudali and 32.17 bpm to 42.63 bpm for Jersey heifers. There were significant (P<0.05) differences in respiratory rate, rectal temperature and dry matter intake between both the zebu and exotic heifers given ordinary water and those given cold water when treatments were administered. Mean RT was 38.99 C and 38.14 C for Gudali and 38.98 C and 38.34 C for Jersey heifers while mean RR was 28.12 bpm and 23.11 bpm for Gudali and 39.89 and 33.78 bpm for Jersey heifers. DMI were 4.14 kg/d and 6.01 kg/d, daily weight gain were 0.27 kg/d and 0.50 kg/d and FCR were 15.33 and 12.02. Cold drinking water is an effective method of ameliorating heat stress in zebu and Jersey breeds of cattle.  

Effects of chronic heat stress on lactational performance and the transcriptomic profile of blood cells in lactating dairy goats

2018 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Contreras-Jodar ◽  
Ahmed AK Salama ◽  
Soufiane Hamzaoui ◽  
Mario Vailati-Riboni ◽  
Gerardo Caja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Bovine Genome ◽  
Nucleotide Metabolism ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Dairy Animals

High temperature is a major stress that negatively affects welfare, health, and productivity of dairy animals. Heat-stressed animals are more prone to disease, suggesting that their immunity is hindered. Although productive and physiologic responses of dairy animals to heat stress are well known, there is still limited information on the response at the transcriptome level. Our objective was to evaluate the changes in performance and blood transcriptomics of dairy goats under heat stress. Eight multiparous Murciano-Granadina dairy goats in mid-lactation were assigned to 1 of 2 climatic treatments for 35 d. Treatments and temperature-humidity index (THI) were: (1) thermal neutral (TN: n = 4; 15–20 °C, 40–45%, THI = 59–65), and (2) heat stress (HS: n = 4; 12 h at 37 °C–40%, THI = 86; 12 h at 30 °C–40%, THI = 77). Rectal temperature, respiratory rate, feed intake and milk yield were recorded daily. Additionally, milk composition was evaluated weekly. Blood samples were collected at d 35 and RNA was extracted for microarray analyses (Affymetrix GeneChip Bovine Genome Array). Differences in rectal temperature and respiratory rate between HS and TN goats were maximal during the first 3 d of the experiment, reduced thereafter, but remained significant throughout the 35-d experimental period. Heat stress reduced feed intake, milk yield, milk protein and milk fat contents by 29, 8, 12, and 13%, respectively. Microarray analysis of blood revealed that 55 genes were up-regulated, whereas 88 were down-regulated by HS. Bioinformatics analysis using the Dynamic Impact Approach revealed that 31 biological pathways were impacted by HS. Pathways associated with leukocyte transendothelial migration, cell adhesion, hematopoietic cell lineage, calcium signaling, and PPAR signaling were negatively impacted by HS, whereas nucleotide metabolism was activated. In conclusion, heat stress not only negatively affected milk production in dairy goats, but also resulted in alterations in the functionality of immune cells, which would make the immune system of heat-stressed goats less capable of fending-off diseases.

scholarly journals Breed and seasonal variation in thermoregulatory paramters of some selected Nigerian indigenous cattle

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 18-31
Author(s):  
H. Y. Abbaya ◽  
I. I. Adedibu ◽  
M. Kabir ◽  
A. O. Iyiola-Tunji
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Pulse Rate ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Indigenous Cattle ◽  
Fréquence Cardiaque ◽  
Stress Thermique ◽  
Breed Differences

The study was conducted to evaluate breed differences in thermoregulatory parameters of four Nigerian indigenous breeds of cattle over two seasons (late rainy and late dry). Data on thermoregulatory parameters (rectal temperature, respiratory rate, pulse rate and Heat Tolerance Coefficient) of eighty (80) cattle, comprising 20 each of Bunaji, Rahaji, Bokoloji and Adamawa Gudali were obtained and subjected to analysis of variance of SAS software. In the pooled breed variation, breed influenced (p<0.05) all the parameters measured. Bunaji recorded the highest rectal temperature (37.92oC) in all the seasons of measurement. Respiratory rate and Heat tolerance coefficient were highest in Bokoloji while the least were in Bunaji and Adamawa Gudali. Season significantly (p<0.05) affected thermoregulatory parameters measured except (p>0.05) rectal temperature. The highest recorded values of respiratory rate (27.85 beat/min), Pulse rate (27.62breaths/min) and HTC (2.19) were in the late dry season. The effect of interaction between breed and season on thermoregulatory parameters significantly affected (p<0.05) all the thermoregulatory parameters measured. It was concluded that Bokoloji and Bunaji breeds of indigenous cattle are more reactive to Heat stress than Rahaji and Adamawa Gudali even though this could vary with seasons of the year as seen in the interaction between breed and season in this study.   L'étude a été menée pour évaluer les différences entre les races dans les paramètres thermorégulateurs de quatre races indigènes de bétail nigérianes sur deux saisons (pluvieuse tardive et sèche tardive). Des données sur les paramètres thermorégulateurs (température rectale, fréquence respiratoire, fréquence du pouls et coefficient de tolérance à la chaleur) de quatre-vingts (80) bovins, comprenant 20 de chacun de Bunaji, Rahaji, Bokoloji et Adamawa Gudali ont été obtenues et soumises à l'analyse de variance du logiciel 'SAS'. Dans la variation de race combinée, la race a influencé (p <0,05) tous les paramètres mesurés. Bunaji a enregistré la température rectale la plus élevée (37,920 ° C) de toutes les saisons de mesure. La fréquence respiratoire et le coefficient de tolérance à la chaleur étaient les plus élevés à Bokoloji tandis que les plus faibles étaient à Bunaji et à Adamawa Gudali. La saison a affecté significativement (p <0,05) les paramètres thermorégulateurs mesurés sauf (p> 0,05) la température rectale. Les valeurs les plus élevées enregistrées de la fréquence respiratoire étaient (27,85 battements / min), la fréquence cardiaque (27,62 respirations / min) et le 'HTC' (2,19) étaient à la fin de la saison sèche.L'effet de l'interaction entre la race et la saison sur les paramètres thermorégulateurs était significativement affecté (p <0,05) tous les paramètres thermorégulateurs mesurés. Il a été conclu que les races Bokoloji et Bunaji de bovins indigènes sont plus réactives au stress thermique que Rahaji et Adamawa Gudali, même si cela peut varier avec les saisons de l'année, comme le montre l'interaction entre la race et la saison dans cette étude.

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