Dutch Flower Still Life of 17th Century: Interest and Oblivion through the Centuries

Over three and a half centuries, the genre of flower still life created by Dutch artists experienced ups of interest and oblivion. There were the maximum assessment of society in the form of high fees of the 17th century artists; the criticism of connoisseurs and art theorists; the neglect in the 19th century and the rise of auction prices and close attention of art critics, manifested from the middle of the 20th century to the present day. In the middle of the 17th century, there was already a hierarchy of genres, based on both the subject and the size of the paintings, which was reflected in the price. Still lifes and landscapes were cheaper than allegorical and historical scenes, but there were exceptions, for example, in the works of Jan Brueghel the Elder and Jan Davidsz. de Heem. Art theorists Willem van Hoogstraten and Arnold Houbraken, resting upon academic tastes, downplayed the importance of still-life painting. Meanwhile, the artists themselves, determining the worth of their paintings, sought for maximum naturalism, and such paintings were sold well.In the 20th century, this genre attracted the attention of collectors in Europe and the United States. A revival of interest in Dutch still lifes in general, and in flower ones in particular, began in the 20th century, the paintings rose in price at auctions, and collecting them became almost a fashion. Art societies and art dealers of the Netherlands and Belgium organized several small exhibitions of still lifes. The course for studying symbolic messages in still lifes, presented by Ingvar Bergström, is continued by Eddie de Jong, who emphasizes the diverse nature of symbolism in Dutch painting of the 17th century. Svetlana Alpers, on the contrary, criticizes the iconological method and presents the Dutch painting of that period as an example of visual culture. Norman Bryson’s view of Dutch still lifes is formed against the background of the development of a consumer society, economic prosperity and abundance. Finally, there has been an increasing interest in the natural science aspects of flower still-life painting in the researches of the last twenty years. Curiosity, skill, and admiration for nature are the impulses that can still be felt in the images of bouquets and fruits.

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Egy tizenkét darabos PAZL Varjú Elemér hagyatékából

Magyar Könyvszemle ◽

10.17167/mksz.2019.3.253-278 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 135 (3) ◽

pp. 253-278

Author(s):

Klára Kisdi

Keyword(s):

20Th Century ◽

Research Group ◽

17Th Century ◽

The Other ◽

Yale University ◽

Rare Book ◽

Financial Difficulties ◽

Binding Material ◽

The Subject ◽

The 19Th Century

The author, a member of the HAS‒NSZL Res Libraria Hungariae Research Group, while working on the database of codex fragments, which is being prepared for the Manuscripts Collection of the National Széchényi Library, became aware of a dozen parchment leaves of different ages, content and size. These all had been marked with a mysterious inscription: “PAZL 1671”, an abbreviation for Placidus Abt zu Lambach, Placidus Hieber, Abbot of Lambach (1640‒1678). The library of the Benedictine Abbey in Lambach was enriched with books and manuscripts over the centuries. However, by the 20th century, the troubled historical circumstances and the financial difficulties of the Abbey had made it necessary for them to sell the majority of their books. A significant amount of these was acquired by the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library of Yale University, where they came to be studied by Robert G. Babcock and Lisa Fagin Davis and became the subject of two monographs. A dozen Lambach fragments were brought to Budapest at the end of the 19th century as items in Elemér Varjú’s 114-pieces large palaeographical collection. He had probably found the manuscripts in the Batthyaneum Library in Gyulafehérvár (today: Alba Iulia, Romania). Most codex leaves were used as binding material for the books of Abbot Placidus’ library probably in Lambach in the 17th century. This is proven by two fragments, which originate from the same codices as some pieces in the NSZL, and whose host books, in the binding of whichthey have been preserved, are known. One of them is preserved in Toronto, the other at Yale University. Both were printed in Munich in the 17th century. The second half of the paper consists of the description of the twelve manuscript fragments, most of which originate from liturgical books from a monastic milieu. Nevertheless, some folia from theological works and classical authors make the collection more varied.

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Immigrant Arab Women in Chile during the Renaissance (Nahda), 1910s-1920s

Al-Raida Journal ◽

10.32380/alrj.v0i0.30 ◽

1970 ◽

pp. 47-55

Author(s):

Sarah Limorté

Keyword(s):

20Th Century ◽

19Th Century ◽

Thematic Analysis ◽

New World ◽

Arab Women ◽

Arab Woman ◽

The Subject ◽

The 19Th Century

Levantine immigration to Chile started during the last quarter of the 19th century. This immigration, almost exclusively male at the outset, changed at the beginning of the 20th century when women started following their fathers, brothers, and husbands to the New World. Defining the role and status of the Arab woman within her community in Chile has never before been tackled in a detailed study. This article attempts to broach the subject by looking at Arabic newspapers published in Chile between 1912 and the end of the 1920s. A thematic analysis of articles dealing with the question of women or written by women, appearing in publications such as Al-Murshid, Asch-Schabibat, Al-Watan, and Oriente, will be discussed.

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Origine et diffusion des expressions romanes du type jaune paille

Romanische Forschungen ◽

10.3196/003581221831922391 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 133 (1) ◽

pp. 3-27

Author(s):

Sara Matrisciano ◽

Franz Rainer

Keyword(s):

20Th Century ◽

19Th Century ◽

18Th Century ◽

17Th Century ◽

16Th Century ◽

Romance Languages ◽

Short Discussion ◽

Colour Term ◽

The 19Th Century ◽

And Diffusion

All major Romance languages have patterns of the type jaune paille for expressing shades of colour represented by some prototypical object. The first constituent of this pattern is a colour term, while the second one designates a prototypical representative of the colour shade. The present paper starts with a short discussion of the controversial grammatical status of this pattern and its constituents. Its main aim, however, concerns the origin and diffusion of this pattern. We have not found hard and fast evidence that Medieval Italian pigment compounds of the type verderame influenced the rise of the jaune paille pattern, which first appears in French in the 16th century. This pattern continued to be a minority solution during the 17th century, but established itself during the 18th century. In the 19th century, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese adopted the pattern jaune paille, while it did not reach Catalan and Romanian before the 20th century.

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Retro-Digitization of Croatian Pre-Standard Grammars

Athens Journal of Philology ◽

10.30958/ajp.8-4-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 297-310

Author(s):

Marijana Horvat ◽

Martina Kramarić

Keyword(s):

19Th Century ◽

17Th Century ◽

Web Portal ◽

Printed Media ◽

History Of ◽

The Subject ◽

The Rich ◽

The 19Th Century ◽

And Linguistics ◽

Language Text

In this article, we will present the rich linguistic heritage of the Croatian language and our attempts to ensure its preservation and presentation to the general public by means of the "Retro-digitization and Interpretation of Croatian Grammar Books before Illyrism ‒ RETROGRAM" project. There is a long tradition of grammatical description in the history of the Croatian language. The first grammar book of the Croatian language was written at the beginning of the 17th century and the first grammar book written in Croatian was compiled in the middle of the 17th century. In later years, when literary and linguistic activity were transferred from the Dalmatian area to the northern and eastern part of Croatia, the Latin model for the description of the Croatian language was still present, even though German was also used. There were a large number of grammars written up to the second half of the 19th century, which are considered pre-standard Croatian grammars. They are the subject of research within the project "Pre-standard Croatian Grammars" at the Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics. This research proposal "Retro-digitization and Interpretation of Croatian Grammar Books before Illyrism" aims to create a model for the retro-digitization of the chosen eight Pre-standard Croatian Grammars (written from the 17th until the 19th century). The retro-digitization of Croatian grammar books implies the transfer of printed media to computer-readable and searchable text. It also includes a multilevel mark-up of transcribed or translated grammar text. The next step of the project is the creation of a Web Portal of Pre-standard Croatian Grammars, on which both the facsimiles and the digitized text of the grammars will be presented. Our aim is to present to the wider and international public the attainments of the Croatian language and linguistics as an important part of Croatian culture in general. Keywords: pre-standard Croatian grammars, history of the Croatian language, retro-digitization, Extensible mark-up language, Text encoding initiative, web portal of pre-standard Croatian grammars

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Open Al-Andalus: Hispanic-Muslim Heritage Impact on Spanish Contemporary Architecture

Arts ◽

10.3390/arts7040066 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 66 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sara Izquierdo

Keyword(s):

20Th Century ◽

19Th Century ◽

Extensive Reading ◽

Autonomous Communities ◽

The Subject ◽

The 19Th Century ◽

Contemporary Architecture

Spanish architecture, towards the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, was characterized by the development of a variety of styles, including Neo-Muslim. The Alhambra of Granada, the Mosque of Cordoba, and the Giralda Tower of Seville, served as inspiration to the design of works that would follow these models, some to a greater extent than others, and would eventually give rise to an architectural trend that would make its way all across Spain. As such, this article attempts to provide some examples of said architecture found in different autonomous communities in Spain, examining them through four typologies, as well as to discuss the consideration and use of the Neo-Muslim style after the second half of the 20th century. The methodology behind this research involved extensive reading and analysis of both general and specific works on the subject, the study of archival materials relative to some of the selected buildings, about which preserved evidence was scarce, as well as taking photographs of the properties included in the text.

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“The Escape in the Desert” in Book Culture and Literature of Pre-Peter Russia

Проблемы исторической поэтики ◽

10.15393/j9.art.2020.6822 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 56-72

Author(s):

Tatiana A. Isachenko

Keyword(s):

19Th Century ◽

17Th Century ◽

Russian Society ◽

Western Literature ◽

19Th Century Literature ◽

Old Russian ◽

World Outlook ◽

The Subject ◽

The 19Th Century ◽

Century Literature

<p> The motif of “the escape from paradise” has recently become one more time the subject of historical poetics. This motif is opposed to “the expulsion from paradise” accepted in Western literature. In the perception of scholars the motif of “the escape from paradise” in 19th century literature took a paradoxical form of “loneliness” (Dmitriev, Pushkin, Ostrovsky and Batyushkov) and then was designated as a “moving” model of a Russian man’s life who escapes from Paradise — a “homeostatic” society (L. N. Gumilev). The transformation of the motif from a “stable” model to a “moving” one led to formation of a new Russian character — a “homeless wanderer” mentioned by F. M. Dostoevsky in his “Pushkin Speech”. The article puts forward a thesis that under the influence of wandering a part of Russian society feel inclined for Old Russian forms of world outlook that incites person’s searches for life paradise in his own soul. This trend appears in the pilgrimage and theological literature of the 19th century. The transformation of the ratio between the “stable” and the “moving” towards the Old Russian ideal of wandering brings man to the saving paths of evangelical commandments. The theme of “escape in the desert” is closely related to the theme of “Mental Paradise”. In this regard, the key plot of the popular collection “Mental Paradise” popular in the 17th century and released in Wallay Iversky Monastery in 1658–1659 is considered. Based on the manuscripts the article shows how the motives of “Paradise” and “escape in the desert” having preceded the trends and having been developed in the 19th century leading to the prosperity of pilgrimage literature, are presented in literature of pre-Peter Russia.</p>

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Classical Architecture in Europe and North America since 1700

Classics ◽

10.1093/obo/9780195389661-0318 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Elizabeth Macaulay-Lewis

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

20Th Century ◽

19Th Century ◽

18Th Century ◽

The United States ◽

Classical Antiquity ◽

Early 20Th Century ◽

Classical Architecture ◽

Greco Roman ◽

The 19Th Century

Since the Western Roman Empire collapsed, classical, or Greco-Roman, architecture has served as a model to articulate the cultural, artistic, political, and ideological goals of later civilizations, empires, nations, and individuals. The Renaissance marked the first major, widespread re-engagement with classical antiquity in art, literature, and architecture. Debates over classical antiquity and its relation to the modern world continued ever since. One such important debate was that of the quarrel between the Ancients and Moderns, which resulted when Charles Perrault published his Parallèles des anciens et des modernes in 1688. This dispute focused on whether the modern age could surpass antiquity, especially in literature. The Greco-Roman controversy (1750s and 1760s) was another example of Europeans engaging with the classical past; this debate focused on whether Greek or Roman art was of greater historical value; an argument has continued unabated to this day. Figures like Johann Joachim Winckelmann argued (in publications such as Winckelmann 1764, cited under Early Archaeological Publications on Greece and Classical Ruins in the Roman East, on Greek art) for the supremacy of Greek forms, while others like Giovanni Battista Piranesi (whose 1748–1778 views of Rome are reproduced in Ficacci 2011, cited under Early Archaeological Publications on Italy) advocated for Rome’s preeminence. Such debates demonstrate how classical antiquity was an essential part of the intellectual and artistic milieu of 18th-century Europe. This bibliography focuses on the appropriation of classical architecture in the creation of built forms from 1700 to the present in Europe and North America, which is typically called neoclassical or neo-classical, both of which are acceptable. Scholars often define the neoclassical period as lasting from c. 1750 to 1830, when European art and architecture predominantly appropriated classical forms and ideas. The influence of classical architecture continued in popularity throughout the 19th century and early 20th century in the United States. The early 19th century saw the flourishing of the Greek Revival, where Greek forms dominated artistic and architectural production, both in Europe and the United States. The ascendance of Queen Victoria in 1837 marked a shift toward a preference for the Gothic and Medieval forms. Neoclassical forms saw a resurgence in the second half of the 19th century, as Roman architectural forms became increasingly popular as an expression of empire. The term “Neo-classical” was coined as early as January 1872 by Robert Kerr, who used the term positively. It later took on certain negative overtones, when it was used as a derogatory epithet by an unknown writer in the Times of London in 1892. Neoclassical architecture has fared no better with the rise of modernism in the early 20th century onward and since then it has been seen as old-fashioned and derivative. Neoclassical architecture was not a mindless imitation of classical architectural forms and interiors. The interest in classical architecture and the creation of neoclassical architecture was spurred on by important archaeological discoveries in the mid-18th century, which widened the perception of Greek and Roman buildings. The remarkable flexibility of ancient architecture to embody the grandeur of an empire, as well as the principles of a nascent democracy, meant that it had great potential to be interpreted and reinterpreted by countless architects, patrons, empires, and nation states—in different ways and at different times from the 18th to the 20th century. This bibliography is organized thematically (e.g., General Overviews; Companions, Handbooks, and Theoretical Works; Reference Works; Early General Archaeological Publications; The Reception of Pompeii, Herculaneum, and the Bay of Naples; and World’s Fairs and Expositions) and then geographically, creating country- or region-specific bibliographies. While this model of organization has some flaws, it aims to avoid repetition and highlights the interconnected nature and process of the reception of classical architecture in later periods.

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British Detective Fiction in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Literature ◽

10.1093/acrefore/9780190201098.013.240 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Anne Humpherys

Keyword(s):

20Th Century ◽

19Th Century ◽

Short Story ◽

Detective Fiction ◽

The United States ◽

Sherlock Holmes ◽

Auguste Dupin ◽

Agatha Christie ◽

The 19Th Century ◽

Critical Interest

From ancient Greece on, fictional narratives have entailed deciphering mystery. Sophocles’ Oedipus must solve the mystery of the plague decimating Thebes; the play is a dramatization of how he ultimately “detects” the culprit responsible for the plague, who turns out to be Oedipus himself. In the Poetics, Aristotle defines a successful plot as one that has a conflict (which can include, and often does include, a “mystery”) that rises to a climax, followed by a resolution of the conflict, a plot line that describes not only Oedipus Rex but also every Sherlock Holmes story. A particular genre of mystery writing is defined by the mystery at the center of the story that is crucially, definitively solved by a particular person known as a detective, either private or police, who by ratiocination (close observation coupled with logical patterns of thought based on material evidence) uncovers and sorts out the relevant facts essential to a determination of who did the crime and how and why. The form of detective fiction throughout most of the 19th century was the short story published in various periodicals of the period. A few longer detective fictions were published as separate books in the 19th century, but book-length detective fiction, such as that by Agatha Christie, was really a product of the 20th century. Most critics of detective fiction see the beginning of the genre in the three stories of Edgar Allan Poe which feature his amateur detective, Auguste Dupin, and were published in the 1840s. Although Poe’s 1840s stories as well as Arthur Conan Doyle’s Sherlock Holmes stories, which first appeared in the 1880s, are probably the most well known of 19th-century detective fictions, a number of other writers of generically recognizable detective fiction published stories in the almost fifty years between Poe and Conan Doyle, including a number that featured female detectives. Finally, from the 1890s into the early 20th century, a plethora of new detective fictions, still in short-story form for the most part, appeared not only in Britain but also in France and the United States. Detective fiction has always been popular, but serious critical interest in the genre only developed in the 20th century. In the second half of that century, this critical interest expanded into the academic world. The popularity of the genre has only continued to grow. Both detective fictions (now nearly all novel length) and critical interest in the genre from a variety of perspectives are now an international phenomenon, and detective novels dominate many best-seller lists.

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Alpinizm, turystyka, literatura na przełomie XIX i XX wieku — związki i zależności. Wstępny zarys problematyki

Góry, Literatura, Kultura ◽

10.19195/2084-4107.10.3 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

pp. 15-38

Author(s):

Jacek Kolbuszewski

Keyword(s):

20Th Century ◽

Point Of View ◽

Arthur Schopenhauer ◽

Lake District ◽

Mountain Climbing ◽

Mountain Ranges ◽

Grade 5 ◽

The Alps ◽

The Subject ◽

The 19Th Century

Mountaineering, tourism and literature at the turn of the 20th century — links and relations.A preliminary outlineThe second half of the 19th and the early 20th century were marked by extremely significant changes in mountaineering, tourism and literature, changes which can be described metaphorically as the vanguard of 20th-century modernity. Of great importance to the development of both mountaineering and mountain tourism was the creation of associations bringing together tourists and mountaineers, mountain lovers. The associations focused mainly on promoting mountain tourism, making the mountains more accessible building paths, trails, hostels and trying to protect the mountains against the effects of human impact and other civilisational processes — economic, social and technological. The increasingly evident division into mountaineering exploring the mountains by climbing them and tourism, and the spread of this tourism in all mountain ranges in Europe made mountaineering aspecialised form of communing with the mountains, requiring special qualifications and equipment. At the same mountain tourism became amulti-layered phenomenon, as it encompassed, in addition to the “classic” tourism “with backpacks”, resort tourism involving walks, atype of tourism playing an important role in socialising and styles of behaviour, completely different from the models characteristic of tourism in the first half of the 19th century. This led to the emergence of characteristic styles of this tourism, which was becoming an important element of bourgeois popular culture, aprocess that immediately resonated in literature. In the second half of the 19th and the first decade of the 20th century the substantial growth in the number of tourists arriving in mountain villages led to their rapid civilisational and economic development. However, the concept of building mountain railways that were to bring people closer to the most precious asset of the mountains — their intact primeval nature — was asimple extension of the sedentary lifestyle. The development of mountaineering consisted in traversing increasingly difficult routes. This involved not just the ordinary climbing of peaks, but traversing mountain walls. In 1880 and 1881, Albert Frederick Mummery, climbing Grands Charmoz 3,455 m and Grépon 3,482 m, became the first man to traverse extremely difficult routes Grade 5 in the Welzenbach scale. In 1884 Walter Parry Haskett Smith decided to traverse agrade 3 difficult route on his own and two years later he climbed the twenty-metre Lapes Needle in the Lake District, England, which gave rise to competitive climbing, adiscipline distinct from mountaineering. Mountaineers also produced literary works Eugčne Rambert. The so-called “Alpine literature” “la littérature alpestre” encompassed, as its unique variety, par excellence Alpine literature providing an image of the mountains from the point of view of mountaineering and way of approaching mountaineering. Its leading exponents were Edward Whymper and Leslie Stephen; Albert Frederic Mummery 1855–1895 won considerable renown as the author of My climbs in the Alps and Caucasus 1895 as did Henry Russel-Killough 1834–1909 regarded as excellent writer and aman who made a great contribution to the exploration of the Pyrenees Souvenirs d’un Montagnard, 1908. On the other hand, the ideological motivation of Polish mountaineering echoed with the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche, Arthur Schopenhauer and Henri Bergson, introducing the subject of mountain climbing into highbrow literature.

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Social Education as a Mechanism of Social Consolidation in the Spanish Pedagogical Discourse of the Late 19th and the First Third of the 20th Century

Journal of Educational and Social Research ◽

10.36941/jesr-2021-0015 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 152

Author(s):

Nataliia Zaichenko ◽

Nataliia Kozhemiako

Keyword(s):

20Th Century ◽

19Th Century ◽

Democratic Education ◽

Social Education ◽

Reconstruction Method ◽

Pedagogical Discourse ◽

Scientific Methods ◽

The Subject ◽

The 19Th Century

The subject of this study is the understanding and interpretation of the concept of “social education” in the Spanish pedagogical discourse of the late 19th and the first third of the 20th century. Based on the study of scientific and pedagogical works, texts of public speeches and speeches of prominent Spanish teachers, educators found out how they defined the concept of “social education”. In the process of studying a kind of historical and pedagogical source – the Spanish pedagogical discourse of the late 19th and the first third of the 20th century the specific scientific methods were used. Among them: pedagogical-retrospective, method of pedagogical reconstruction, method of hermeneutics. It is established that at the end of the 19th century in the Spanish pedagogical discourse there is a departure from the simple opposition of individual and social education and the filling of the concept of “social education” with a completely new meaning. It is proved that as a result of a certain socio-pedagogical turn of the research search in Spanish pedagogy at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The concept of “social education” has acquired new values, in particular, it became understood as a democratic education, solidarity education, one that contributes to the consolidation of society. The provisions of the Spanish pedagogical discourse of the end of the 19th and the first third of the 20th century, in which social education was considered in correlation with the phenomenon of social consolidation, are characterized. Subjective positions of Spanish educators (H. Ortega y Gasset, M. de Unamuno, R. Ruiz Amado, L. Parral Cristobal, A. Posada, L. Palacios Morini, A. Servera Royo, E. Luis Andre, R. Blanco Sanchez, etc.) are presented and explained on the interpretation of the concept of social education in its connection with the phenomenon of social consolidation. Received: 31 October 2020 / Accepted: 3 December 2020 / Published: 17 January 2021

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