scholarly journals Clay Vessels Made by the Chernyakhov Culture Potters as Imitations of Glass and Metal Prototypes: Problems of Method and Pottery Chronology (unpublished manuscript of 1984)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.А. Бобринский
Keyword(s):  
Original System ◽  
Unpublished Manuscript ◽  
Skills Transfer ◽  
Relative Dating ◽  
Culture History ◽  
Roman Time ◽  
Metal Products ◽  
Metal Vessels ◽  
Burial Grounds

The problem of the Chernyakhov archeological culture items dating is the most challenging problem related to study of this culture. Usually finds of broaches, combs, various glass, metal or ceramic items are used for the Chernyakhov culture monuments dating. However, such finds often provide very broad dates. In this article it is suggested to date the Chernyakhov monuments on the basis of analysis and classification of the most massive material, i.e. pottery. This approach is based on the well-known facts: nowadays as well as in the distant past potters produced not only earthenware but also turned to imitation of glass and metal vessels that were in keen demand in their times. These imitation forms are employed as the basis for a more detailed dating. Analysis of more than 1000 vessels from 12 burial grounds and settlements of the Chernyaknov culture and of published imported the Roman time glass and metal products comprises the basis of the study. The author has distinguished 8 categories of vessels that imitated glass or metal proptotypes. Among these specimens of “original” imitations made directly on the basis of prototypes, in fact, copied the prototypes and specimens of “secondary” early and later imitations that reproduced specimens of original earthen imitations have been distinguished. An original system based on the mechanism of potters skills transfer from a generation to another generation by way of direct apprenticeship has been developed for relative dating of original and secondary imitations. In result it is possible to suggest rather narrow ranges (within 35 years) of dates for all distinguished imitation vessels. Authenticity of dating obtained has been checked by way of 250 comparisons of various categories imitated vessels taken from a single burial. The author proposes a new chronological scale of the Chernyakhov burial grounds and distinguishes three main periods of the Chernyakhov culture history

scholarly journals Contemplative Practice, Doxographies, and the Construction of Tibetan Buddhism: Nupchen Sangyé Yeshé and The Lamp for the Eye in Meditation

Religions ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 360
Author(s):  
Manuel Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Ninth Century ◽  
Original System ◽  
Religious Studies ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Tibetan Buddhist ◽  
Buddhist Tradition ◽  
Buddhist Practice ◽  
Intellectual Context

In this article, I would like to reframe our understanding of the role played by doxographies or classification of views (Skt. siddhānta, Ch. panjiao 判教, Tib. grub mtha’) in the Buddhist tradition as it pertained to Tibetan attempts at defining and organizing the diversity of Buddhist contemplative practices that made their way into Tibet since the introduction of Buddhism to the Tibetan plateau in the seventh century, all the way up to the collapse of the Tibetan Empire in the ninth century. In order to do that, this article focuses on one such doxography, the Lamp for the Eye in Meditation (bsam gtan mig sgron), composed in the 10th century by the Tibetan scholar Nupchen Sangyé Yeshé. The first part of the article will place Nupchen’s text in the larger historical and intellectual context of the literary genre of doxographies in India, China, and Tibet. The second part of the article will argue that Nupchen used the doxographical genre not only as a vehicle for organizing and articulating doctrinal and contemplative diversity, but also as a tool for the construction of a new and original system of Tibetan Buddhist practice known as ‘the Great Perfection’ (rdzogs chen). Finally, and as a small homage to the recent passing of the great religious studies scholar Jonathan Z. Smith, I would also like to reflect on the importance that the issues of definition, comparison, and classification—central concerns of Nupchen’s as well as of Smith’s works—have in creating and articulating religious difference.

QUALITATIVE STUDIES OF SOIL MICROORGANISMS: XI. FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE NUTRITIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 438-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. L. Stevenson ◽  
J. W. Rouatt
Keyword(s):  
Soil Bacteria ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Slight Modification ◽  
Original System ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
Soil Extract ◽  
Original Method ◽  
Casamino Acids

A review of the method developed in this laboratory in 1943 for the nutritional classification of soil bacteria has suggested slight amendments in certain differential media: (1) the substitution of vitamin-free casamino acids for a combination of amino acids, and (2) the addition of vitamin B12 to the growth factor media. In a comparative study with a newly proposed scheme of classification, the more selective plating medium advocated was found to be less suitable for the isolation of soil bacteria than the nonselective soil extract agar in the original method. Furthermore, the replacement of potassium nitrate with diammonium phosphate as source of inorganic nitrogen in the basal medium failed to cause any significant change in the nutritional grouping. Results from the nutritional classification of some 600 isolates by the two methods showed that the new procedure represents only a slight modification of the original system.

Phylogenetic Relationships in the Genus Paspalum (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae): An Assessment of the Quadrifaria and Virgata Informal Groups

2009 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liliana M. Giussani ◽  
Fernando O. Zuloaga ◽  
Camilo L. Quarín ◽  
J. Hugo Cota-Sánchez ◽  
Kumary Ubayasena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central America ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Reticulate Evolution ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Unpublished Manuscript ◽  
Phylogenetic Placement ◽  
Interspecific Variability ◽  
Informal Groups

Paspalum, an American genus of the x = 10 Paniceae clade, includes about 330 species, four subgenera, and 27 informal groups. Within the genus, the Quadrifaria and Virgata groups are well-represented in South and Central America. Interspecific variability make the delimitation of these groups difficult; hence several species have been included or excluded from Quadrifaria or Virgata depending on the taxonomic treatment. In previous analyses, the Quadrifaria and Virgata groups of Paspalum were polyphyletic. Here we present a new appraisal of the classification of both groups based on the phylogenetic analyses of DNA data from the chloroplast: the rpl16 intron, and the region comprising the trnL and trnF genes. A monophyletic Virgata clade is recovered, consisting of nearly all the species listed in an unpublished manuscript. The Quadrifaria group is restricted to P. quadrifarium and P. quarinii. Other clades grouped species traditionally treated within Virgata or Quadrifaria, although their phylogenetic placement needs to be reevaluated. Within most of the clades, diploid and polyploid species seemingly derive from a common ancestor denoting an autopolyploid origin. Alloploidy is also possible although reticulate evolution needs to be explored. The wide distribution of the I genome suggests that this is a plesiomorphic state in Paspalum.

On the regularity of surfaces

1934 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Roth
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Dimensional Case ◽  
Normal Space ◽  
Sectional Genus ◽  
Unpublished Manuscript ◽  
The Subject

The general theory of surfaces has been developed without much attention to the simpler aspects of the subject and, in particular, to the problem of determining some elementary criteria of regularity or referability; there is, in fact, only one well-known criterion of this kind, due to Castelnuovo and Enriques. (Theorem 2 of the present work.) It seems desirable, therefore, to establish some tests which require no more knowledge of a surface than its order, sectional genus and normal space. A number of such tests is given in the present paper. Before it was written the author had the advantage of consulting an unpublished manuscript by Professor Comessatti on the classification of surfaces in S4; in this work the regularity of surfaces of order eight is considered and, in part, those of order nine; the four-dimensional case of Theorem 11 and a particular case of Theorem 6 and Theorem 14 are given. Theorems 4 and 5 are also proved by Comessatti. For permission to publish these results and for the help derived from them the author's grateful thanks are due.

scholarly journals Stone Burial Grounds to the East of Lake Peipsi: To the Statement of the Problem

2021 ◽  
pp. 310-324
Author(s):  
Е. Р. Михайлова
Keyword(s):  
Burial Ground ◽  
Viking Age ◽  
Lake Peipsi ◽  
North West ◽  
Cultural Phenomenon ◽  
Roman Time ◽  
Russian North ◽  
Burial Grounds

В статье рассматриваются каменные могильники второй половины I - начала II тысячелетия, расположенные к востоку от Псковско-Чудского озера в зоне интенсивных культурных контактов между территориями российского Северо-Запада и Эстонии. Выделяется две группы памятников: на западной окраине Ижорского плато и в Псковско-Изборском регионе. Могильники Ижорского плато, аналогично каменным могильникам Северо-Восточной Эстонии, представляют собой так называемые могильники с оградками (таранды), сооруженные в римское время и использовавшиеся для захоронений в середине - третьей четверти I тысячелетия. Могильники Псковско-Изборского региона датируются эпохой викингов (за исключением могильника Выбуты) и представляют собой отдельное культурное явление. Каменные могильники обеих групп часто топографически связаны с позднейшими курганно-жальничными могильниками, в которых встречены аналогичные каменным могильникам кладки. Stone burials of second half of 1st - the beginning of 2nd millenium, located to the east from Lake Peipsi (Pskov-Chudskoe) in the zone of intensive cultural contacts between territories of the Russian North-West and Estonia are considered. Two groups of monuments are distinguished: on the western outskirts of Izhora Plateau and in Pskov-Izborsk region. Graves of Izhora plateau, similarly to stone burials of NorthEastern Estonia, are so called fenced burials (tarands), built in Roman time and used for burials in middle - third quarter of the 1st millennium. Graves of Pskov-Izborsk region date from the Viking Age (with the exception of Vybuty burial ground) and represent a separate cultural phenomenon. Stone burial grounds of both groups are often topographically connected with later barrow-zhalnik cemeteries, in which fences similar to stone burial grounds are found.

Malcolm Guthrie and the Reconstruction of Bantu Prehistory

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 81-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Flight
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
African Culture ◽  
Genetic Classification ◽  
African Languages ◽  
Bantu Languages ◽  
Culture History ◽  
The Comparative Study ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
And Training

As to the scientific method,… it consist in the careful and often laborious classification of facts, in the comparison of their relationships and sequences, and finally in the discovery… of a brief statement or formula, which in a few words resumes the whole range of facts.Poor Pearson! His punishment was to have practised what he preached.…The Bantu expansion is one of the most important large-scale problems in African culture history -- an epic enacted over two or three thousand years and ten million square kilometers, by a cast not merely of thousands, but of many millions. By definition, the problem is primarily linguistic, but it cannot fail to engage the interest of other Africanists. The evidence arising from the comparative study of the Bantu languages has to be collated with evidence derived from other sources -- especially from archeology -- and extra-linguistic factors have to be invoked as soon as we raise the question of explanation. Bantu-speaking communities did not expand by virtue of the fact that they spoke Bantu: this at least we may safely take for granted.Until a few years ago, the argument revolved around the names of two linguists -- about as different in temperament and training as any two linguists could be -- who had both by chance turned their attention to Bantu in the late 1940s. An American linguist, Joseph H. Greenberg, working towards a genetic classification for all African languages, arrived at a controversial conclusion regarding the relationship between Bantu and the so-called “Semi-Bantu” languages of Nigeria.

scholarly journals Stratification of Neolithic Ceramic Complexes in the Konda River Basin

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 216-228
Author(s):  
Tatiana Yu. Klementieva ◽  
Andrey A. Pogodin
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Lower Boundary ◽  
Typical Feature ◽  
14C Dating ◽  
The People ◽  
Neolithic Age ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Traditional Economy ◽  
Burial Grounds

Purpose. Over the past 40 years, dozens of pit-houses, semi-dugouts, above-ground huts, hearth-like structures, and burial grounds have been investigated on the territory of the Konda River basin. Classification of cultural artifacts is based on stylistic attributes and distinctions of ceramics, while chronology rests on conventional 14C dating. At the present stage, one of the most important tasks is to develop the chronology and periodization of the Neolithic sites located in the Konda River basin. The starting point in the solution of this problem should be the multilayer stratified habitation sites. This paper presents the results of the investigation of Mulymya-3 settlement, which is one of such sites. Results. In 2019, early Neolithic stratified complexes were studied in Mulymya-3 settlement. The excavations of the early buildings revealed that among the predominant artifacts of flat-bottomed dishes, there also were layers of Shoushma and Sumpanya type pottery. The stroke-ornamented ware, i. e. flat-bottomed ceramic dishes with collars and rims, were classified as “Mulymya type pottery”. 14C dating of the soot from a flat-bottomed vessel suggested that the site was more or less continuously occupied between 6 690–6 500 cal. BC. Conclusion. The artifacts from Mulymya-3 settlement made it possible to shift the lower boundary of the Neolithic age in the Konda River basin to earlier dates. A typical feature of the earliest period (6 600 / 6 500 – 3 600 / 3 400 cal. BC) is Mulymya, Shoushma, and Umytinsky type pottery characterized by original traditions of ceramic production. The appearance of pottery in the second third of the 7th millennium BC did not affect the traditional economy of taiga societies. The stone-working technique was based on fracturing technologies (percussion flaking, pressure flaking, chipping, splintering), abrasive processing, and battering. In the 6th millennium BC, the people belonging to Shoushma and Umytinsky cultures started contacting with each other, which can be proved by dishes of both types found in the excavated pit-dwelling in similar stratigraphic conditions. Another proof is the appearance of mixed-looking pottery, in particular dishes of the Sumpanya type. From the end of the 6th millennium, the Shoushma pottery traditions were gradually degrading. From that time and until the turn of the 5th–4th millennia BC the Konda River basin was inhabited by the Umytinsky population. It is probable that those were the people who continued the tradition of making flat-bottomed dishes (Satyginsky / Boborykinsky type pottery).

scholarly journals Forensic Analysis of Time Markers of Digital Recordings

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-77
Author(s):  
S. M. Petrov
Keyword(s):  
File Systems ◽  
Forensic Analysis ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Time Marker ◽  
Sound Recordings ◽  
Time Representation ◽  
Relative Dating ◽  
Absolute Dating ◽  
Made In

The article presents the results of summarizing expert practice on the examination of the features of digital video and sound recordings, which make it possible to determine the time of file creation and date of the recorded events. The author introduces the concept of “time marker” and proposes the classification of time markers in the file name, time attributes, and metadata by form and source of origin. The basic principles of time representation by various file systems are stated. The relationships between different time markers for original records and records made in other ways are analyzed. The article provides examples of using time markers to diagnose the method of making a record.Various types of time markers that are part of the recorded signal are considered. It is shown which of the recorded events can act as time markers. The author also analyses the possibility of dating using astronomical events. Differences between absolute and relative dating are considered concerning the study of audio and video files. Conclusions are drawn about the significance of the study of time markers for diagnosing the method of making a signalogram, performing relative or absolute dating of recorded events, or technological processes of making a signalogram.

scholarly journals The Value of Customer Loyalty and Satisfaction in Antam’s Precious Metal Products (A Kano Model Analysis)

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Rahmawati
Keyword(s):  
Customer Satisfaction ◽  
Customer Loyalty ◽  
Precious Metal ◽  
Basic Needs ◽  
Model Analysis ◽  
Pure Gold ◽  
Kano Model ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Metal Products

Abstract. This researcher aims to map and analyze the customer loyalty and satisfaction of Antam's Precious Metal (LM) products through four categories of the Kano model. These include one dimensional or performance needs, must be or basic needs, attractive or excitement needs, and indifferent needs. This is a qualitative research with data obtained from interviews, observation and documentation. The study shows that the value of customer loyalty and satisfaction in Precious Metal products, referring to the Kano model analysis, is included in the one-dimensional or performance requirements. Here, the level of satisfaction is directly proportional to the performance attributes. This means that the performance attributes can affect the level of customer satisfaction. Pure Gold, as an Antam’s Precious Metal products, is not considered as must-be or basic needs. It is regarded as attractive or excitement needs due to the rapid development of PT. Antam which is strongly influenced by the quality and development of its product attributes, especially the precious metal products. This study proposes the formation of classification of customer satisfaction using the Kano model and customer loyalty so that it provides benefits in terms of the classification of customer satisfaction.Keywords: Loyalty, Satisfaction, Customer, Antam and Kano Model Analysis Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memetakan dan menganalisis loyalitas dan kepuasan konsumen produk Logam Mulia (LM) Antam melalui empat kategori model Kano yaitu: one dimensional atau performance needs, must be atau basic needs, atractive atau excitement needs, dan Indifferent. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan data yang diperoleh melalui wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa nilai loyalitas dan kepuaan konsumen pada LM Antam, perspektif model Kano, masuk pada kategori one dimensional atau performance needs. Ini berarti tingkat kepuasan berbanding lurus dengan kinerja atribut, sehingga berdampak pada tingginya kepuasan konsumen. Sedangkan emas LM Antam tidak masuk kategori must be atau basic needs, atractive atau excitement needs, dan Indifferent karena perkembangan pesat PT. Antam saat ini sangat dipengaruhi oleh kualitas dan perkembangan Atribut produk, khususnya pada LM Antam. Hasil penelitian tersebut berimplikasi pada terbentuknya klasifikasi kepuasan konsumen dengan menggunakan model Kano dan loyalitas konsumen. Hal ini memberikan manfaat dalam hal klasifikasi kepuasan konsumen.Kata kunci: Loyalitas, Kepuasan, Konsumen, Antam dan Model Kano

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