scholarly journals ECOLOGIZATION OF PETROCHEMICAL PRODUCTIONS

2021 ◽  
pp. 24-29
Author(s):  
Г.Ю. Климентова
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Resource Saving ◽  
Environmental Friendliness ◽  
Sources Of Pollution ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Fat Processing

В свете ухудшающихся экологических условий устанавливаются требования по минимизации сбросов и утилизации опасных отходов предприятий для снижения негативного воздействия на окружающую среду.Нефтехимическую промышленность можно отнести к одному из наибольших источников загрязнений. Объем выбросов предприятий зависит не только от мощности технологического оборудования, его качества, но и от систем очистки сточных вод, отработанных газов и систем утилизации отходов. Каждое предприятие выбрасывает в окружающую среду вещества, которые являются «отпечатком» данного производства. При сохранении основного состава загрязняющих веществ в выбросах и сточных водах этот набор компонентов остается практически одинаковым. Наращивание мощностей производства приводит также к росту количества промышленных отходов, представляющих опасность для окружающей среды. Многие нефтехимические предприятия разрабатывают и внедряют мероприятия, направленные на повышение экологичности производства, что соответствует стратегии устойчивого развития. При этом планируются не только модернизация и усовершенствование технологических процессов, внедрение безотходных и ресурсосберегающих технологий, но и использование современных методов минимизации сбросов. В данной статье на примере крупнотоннажных производств фенола и ацетона, этилена, жироперерабатывающего производства рассмотрены возможные выбросы, загрязняющие воздушный и водные бассейны. Приведен обзор исследований, направленных на выделение ценных компонентов загрязнений и возврата их в технологический цикл или утилизацию, с получением целевых продуктов для дальнейшего использования. Рассмотрены способы, внедрение которых позволит повысить степень очистки газообразных выбросов и сточных вод с технологических установок, и приведет к улучшению экологической обстановки. In light of the deteriorating environmental conditions, requirements are established to minimize discharges and utilize hazardous waste from enterprises to reduce the negative impact on the environment. The petrochemical industry can be attributed to one of the largest sources of pollution. The volume of emissions from enterprises depends not only on the capacity of technological equipment, its quality, but also on wastewater treatment systems, waste gases and waste disposal systems. Each enterprise emits substances into the environment that are the "imprint" of this production. While maintaining the basic composition of pollutants in emissions and wastewater, this set of components remains practically the same. The increase in production capacity also leads to an increase in the amount of industrial waste that is dangerous to the environment. Many petrochemical enterprises develop and implement measures aimed at improving the environmental friendliness of production, which is in line with the strategy of sustainable development. At the same time, it is planned not only to modernize and improve technological processes, to introduce waste-free and resource-saving technologies, but also to use modern methods of minimizing discharges. In this article, using the example of large-scale production of phenol and acetone, ethylene, fat-processing production, possible emissions that pollute the air and water basins are considered. An overview of studies aimed at the isolation of valuable components of pollution and their return to the technological cycle or utilization, with the receipt of target products for further use, is given. Methods are considered, the introduction of which will increase the degree of purification of gaseous emissions and wastewater from technological installations, and will lead to an improvement in the environmental situation.

scholarly journals 3D interconnected nitrogen-self-doped carbon aerogels as efficient oxygen reduction electrocatalysts derived from biomass gelatin

RSC Advances ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (69) ◽  
pp. 40301-40308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haoqi Yang ◽  
Shuqing Kou ◽  
Zhiyuan Li ◽  
Zhiyong Chang ◽  
Mi Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Reduction Reaction ◽  
Oxygen Reduction ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Reduction Reaction ◽  
Carbon Aerogels ◽  
Manufacturing Cost ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Environmental Friendliness ◽  
Metal Free ◽  
Large Scale Production

Development of efficient metal-free electrocatalysts derived from biomass with high activity towards oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has gained significance attention due to their low manufacturing cost, environmental friendliness and easy large-scale production.

Finely tuning the phosphorus active site on g-C3N4 nanosheets for enhanced photocatalytic decontamination

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lian-Lian Liu ◽  
Fei Chen ◽  
Jing-Hang Wu ◽  
Wen-Wei Li ◽  
Jie-Jie Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visible Light ◽  
Active Site ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Carbon Nitride ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Graphitic Carbon Nitride ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Environmental Friendliness ◽  
Large Scale Production

Graphitic carbon nitride (gCN) has attracted increasing interests in photocatalysis because of its visible-light-responsive ability, environmental friendliness, low cost and easiness of large-scale production. However, its practical application is restricted...

scholarly journals Phenol Abatement by Titanium Dioxide Photocatalysts: Effect of The Graphene Oxide Loading

Nanomaterials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Usuma Naknikham ◽  
Giuliana Magnacca ◽  
Ang Qiao ◽  
Peter Kjær Kristensen ◽  
Vittorio Boffa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Pure Tio2 ◽  
Synthetic Approach ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Methods Of Synthesis ◽  
Photocatalytic Performances

Hetero-photocatalytic graphene-TiO2 materials have, in the literature, been found to possess better photocatalytic activity for environmental applications compared to pure TiO2. These types of materials can be prepared in different ways; however, their photocatalytic performance and quality are not easily controlled and reproduced. Therefore, we synthetized graphene oxide-TiO2 nanoparticles by sol-gel reaction from TiCl4, as precursor, with two different methods of synthesis and with a graphene oxide (GO) loading ranging from 0 to 1.0. This approach led to a good adhesion of GO to TiO2 through the Ti-O-C bonding, which could enhance the photocatalytic performances of the materials. Overall, 0.05 wt % GO loading gave the highest rate in the photodegradation of phenol under visible light, while higher GO loadings had a negative impact on the photocatalytic performances of the composites. The 0.05 wt % GO-TiO2 composite material was confirmed to be a promising photocatalyst for water pollutant abatement. The designed synthetic approach could easily be implemented in large-scale production of the GO-TiO2 coupling materials.

scholarly journals Production of L-theanine by Escherichia coli in the absence of supplemental ethylamine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryota Hagihara ◽  
Shoto Ohno ◽  
Mikiro Hayashi ◽  
Kazuhiko Tabata ◽  
Hirofumi Endo
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Industrial Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Tea Plants

l-Theanine is a nonproteinogenic amino acid present almost exclusively in tea plants and is beneficial for human health. For industrial production, l-theanine is enzymatically or chemically synthesized from glutamine/glutamate (or a glutamine/glutamate derivative) and ethylamine. Ethylamine is extremely flammable and toxic, which complicates and increases the cost of operational procedures. To solve these problems, we developed an artificial biosynthetic pathway to produce l-theanine in the absence of supplemental ethylamine. For this purpose, we identified and selected the novel transaminase AAN70747 from Pseudomonas putida KT2440, which catalyzes the transamination of acetaldehyde to produce ethylamine, as well as γ-glutamylmethylamide synthetase AAY37316 from Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae B728a, which catalyzes the condensation of l-glutamate and ethylamine to produce l-theanine. Expressing these genes in Escherichia coli W3110S3GK and enhancing the production capacity of acetaldehyde and l-alanine achieved successful production of l-theanine without ethylamine supplementation. Furthermore, the deletion of ggt, which encodes γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (EC 2.3.2.2), achieved large-scale production of l-theanine by attenuating its decomposition. We show that an alanine decarboxylase-utilizing pathway represents a promising route for the fermentative production of l-theanine. To our knowledge, this is the first report of efficient methods to produce l-theanine in the absence of supplemental ethylamine. IMPORTANCE l-Theanine is widely used in food additives and dietary supplements. Industrial production of l-theanine uses the toxic and highly flammable precursor ethylamine, raising production costs. Here we used Escherichia coli to engineer two biosynthetic pathways that produce l-theanine from glucose and ammonia in the absence of supplemental ethylamine. This study establishes a foundation for safely and economically producing l-theanine.

scholarly journals The Realm of Microbial Pigments in the Food Color Market

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Babita Rana ◽  
Malini Bhattacharyya ◽  
Babita Patni ◽  
Mamta Arya ◽  
Gopal K. Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Food Colorants ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Impact On Biodiversity

Colors are added to food items to make them more attractive and appealing. Food colorants therefore, have an impressive market due to the requirements of food industries. A variety of synthetic coloring agents approved as food additives are available and being used in different types of food prepared or manufactured worldwide. However, there is a growing concern that the use of synthetic colors may exert a negative impact on human health and environment in the long run. The natural pigments obtained from animals, plants, and microorganisms are a promising alternative to synthetic food colorants. Compared to animal and plant sources, microorganisms offer many advantages such as no seasonal impact on the quality and quantity of the pigment, ease of handling and genetic manipulation, amenability to large scale production with little or no impact on biodiversity etc. Among the microorganisms algae, fungi and bacteria are being used to produce pigments as food colorants. This review describes the types of microbial food pigments in use, their benefits, production strategies, and associated challenges.

scholarly journals Challenges in optimizing RNA nanostructures for large-scale production and controlled therapeutic properties

Nanomedicine ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (13) ◽  
pp. 1331-1340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morgan Chandler ◽  
Martin Panigaj ◽  
Lewis A Rolband ◽  
Kirill A Afonin
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Chemically Modified ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Cellular Processing ◽  
Therapeutic Properties

Nucleic acids have been utilized to construct an expansive collection of nanoarchitectures varying in design, physicochemical properties, cellular processing and biomedical applications. However, the broader therapeutic adaptation of nucleic acid nanoassemblies in general, and RNA-based nanoparticles in particular, have faced several challenges in moving towards (pre)clinical settings. For one, the large-batch synthesis of nucleic acids is still under development, with multi-stranded and chemically modified assemblies requiring greater production capacity while maintaining consistent medical-grade outputs. Furthermore, the unknown immunostimulation by these nanomaterials poses additional challenges, necessary to be overcome for optimizing future development of clinically approved RNA nanoparticles.

scholarly journals Techno-economic analysis for the production of LaNi5 particles

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-84
Author(s):  
Asep Bayu Dani Nandiyanto ◽  
Muhammad Irfansyah Maulana ◽  
Jarot Raharjo ◽  
Yayan Sunarya ◽  
Asnul Dahar Minghat
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Fixed Cost ◽  
Ideal Condition ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Large Scale Production

LaNi5 is widely used in various applications. Many methods to produce LaNi5 particles have been reported but information for the large-scale production, so far, is less available. This study aimed to evaluate the project for the production of LaNi5 particles using combustion-reduction (CR) and co-precipitation-reduction (CPR) methods based on engineering and economic perspective. Engineering evaluation was conducted by evaluating the CR and CPR processes from stoichiometry. For the economic evaluation, several economic parameters were calculated in the ideal condition including gross profit margin (GPM), payback period (PBP), break-even point (BEP), cumulative net present value (CNPV), profitability index (PI), internal rate return (IRR), and return on investment (ROI). For the worst cases in the project, it was done by calculating both the internal problems (i.e., raw materials, sales, utility, labor, employee, fixed cost, variable cost, and production capacity) and the external issues (i.e., taxes and subsidiaries). The engineering analysis provided the information that CR and CPR projects are prospective for being able to be done using commercial apparatuses. The economic analysis from GPM, PBP, BEP, CNPV, and PI showed the positive results, while IRR and ROI showed the negative ones, indicating that the projects are acceptable for large-scale production, but it seems to be less attractive for industrial investors. The analysis also confirmed that the CR process was more prospective than the CPR process. This work has demonstrated the important of the projects for further developments.

I. S. A. Baud. Forms of Production and Women's Labour: Gender Aspects of Industrialisation in India and Mexico. New Delhi: Sage Publications. 1992. 321 pp.Hardbound. Price: Indian Rs 295.00.

1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-131
Author(s):  
Naureen Talha
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Indian Society ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Commodity Production ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Mexican Society ◽  
Small Production

The literature on female labour in Third World countries has become quite extensive. India, being comparatively more advanced industrially, and in view of its size and population, presents a pictures of multiplicity of problems which face the female labour market. However, the author has also included Mexico in this analytical study. It is interesting to see the characteristics of developing industrialisation in two different societies: the Indian society, which is conservative, and the Mexican society, which is progressive. In the first chapter of the book, the author explains that he is not concerned with the process of industrialisation and female labour employed at different levels of work, but that he is interested in forms of production and women's employment in large-scale production, petty commodity production, marginal small production, and self-employment in the informal sector. It is only by analysis of these forms that the picture of females having a lower status is understood in its social and political setting.

An Efficient and Improved Process for the Synthesis of Itopride Hydrochloride and Trimethobenzamide Hydrochloride

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 572-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ponnusamy Kannan ◽  
Samuel I.D. Presley ◽  
Pallikondaperumal Shanmugasundaram ◽  
Nagapillai Prakash ◽  
Deivanayagam Easwaramoorthy
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Hydrochloride Salt ◽  
Environmental Friendly ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Non Ulcer Dyspepsia ◽  
Itopride Hydrochloride ◽  
Yield And Purity

Aim and Objective: Itopride is a prokinetic agent used for treating conditions like non-ulcer dyspepsia. Itopride is administered as its hydrochloride salt. Trimethobenzamide is used for treating nausea and vomiting and administered as its hydrochloride salt. The aim is to develop a novel and environmental friendly method for large-scale production of itopride and trimethobenzamide. Materials and Methods: Itopride and trimethobenzamide can be prepared from a common intermediate 4- (dimethylaminoethoxy) benzyl amine. The intermediate is prepared from one pot synthesis using Phyrdroxybenzaldehye and zinc dust and further reaction of the intermediate with substituted methoxy benzoic acid along with boric acid and PEG gives itopride and trimethobenzamide. Results: The intermediate 4-(dimethylaminoethoxy) benzylamine is prepared by treating p-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 2-dimethylaminoethyl chloride. The aldehyde formed is treated with hydroxylamine hydrochloride. The intermediate is confirmed by NMR and the purity is analysed by HPLC. Conclusion: Both itopride and trimethobenzamide were successfully synthesized by this method. The developed method is environmental friendly, economical for large-scale production with good yield and purity.

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