Enraged Shrines: Modern Mongolian Folk Narratives About the Destruction of Sacred Places Under Socialism

2020 ◽  
pp. 136-147
Author(s):  
Алевтина Андреевна Соловьева
Keyword(s):  
Communist Party ◽  
Party Member ◽  
Sacred Places ◽  
Folk Narratives ◽  
Basic Features ◽  
The Way

Данная статья посвящена мотиву разрушенной святыни, известному во многих традициях и в разные периоды, который по стечению исторических обстоятельств оказался крайне востребованным в контексте социалистического-постсоциалистического фольклора причастных к этому опыту ареалов. На примере одного из таких случаев, вошедших в легендарный репертуар современных локальных традиций, разобраны особенности реализации этого мотива в монгольском фольклоре. В статье рассмотрена специфика монгольской ландшафтной мифологии, некоторые базовые особенности представлений и верований, связанных с почитанием священных локусов, в частности природных, их разновидности, персонажи, мотивы и практики, через которые они представлены в традиции. В работе также уделено внимание эмическому концепту «гневного места», популярному в монгольских традициях, и формам демонических проявлений священного, карающего, насылающего проклятия и вред. Кроме того, в статье затрагивается вопрос о характере отражения в монгольской фольклорной повествовательной традиции конфликта двух различных идеологий - государственной и традиционной, - воплощенного в сюжете противостояния партийца/ атеиста и представителя сверхъестественного, священного или демонического. Исследование основано на полевых материалах, собранных во время ежегодных экспедиций в различные районы Монголии (2006-2019). This article looks at the motif of destroyed sacred places, which is known in many various traditions from different periods. By a coincidence of historical circumstances, this motif proved to be extremely popular in Socialist and Post-Socialist folklore in regions that witnessed such destruction. The article deals with the specifics of Mongolian landscape mythology and examines some basic features of representations and beliefs related to the veneration of sacred loci, in particular natural ones, their varieties, character, and motifs, as well as the way they are represented in the tradition. The article also examines the emic concept of the “enraged place,” popular in the Mongolian tradition, as well as forms of sacred punishment - demonic manifestations, putting curses on and bringing harm to offenders. In addition, the article touches on the conflict between state and traditional ideology and its reflection in Mongolian folk narratives. The encounter takes the form of a confrontation between a Communist Party member/atheist and a representative of supernatural forces, whether sacred or demonic. The article is based on field materials collected during annual expeditions to various parts of Mongolia (2006-2019).

scholarly journals From 'Politics in Command' to 'Economics in Command': A Discourse Analysis of China's Transformation

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 65-87
Author(s):  
Li Xing
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Chinese Communist Party ◽  
Discourse Theory ◽  
Political Arena ◽  
Chinese Revolution ◽  
Political Project ◽  
The Way

This article proposes a framework for understanding the way the Chinese Revolution emerged, developed and achieved power (1921-49), then further consolidated in the period of socialist 'uninterrupted revolution' (1949-77) and was finally abandoned by the post-Mao regime (1977 to the present). This analysis is based on a perspective of discourse theories framed in historically new forms of political, social and ideological relations. In other words, it attempts to conceptualize the transformation of China and the Chinese Communist Party by analysing the role of ideological discourses (arguments and interpretations) and the cognitive elements (beliefs, goals, desires, expertise, knowledge) as the driving-force behind societal transformations. The discourse theory applied here – logocentrism and econocentrism – also serves both as a political arena of struggle to confer legitimacy on a specific socio-political project and as a distinctive cog ni tive and evaluative framework for understanding societal transformations. The conceptualization of the paper is informed by the work of David Apter and Tony Saich on discourse theory.

The Communist Party and Peasant Mobilization, c.1932–48

2020 ◽  
pp. 140-155
Author(s):  
Neil Macmaster
Keyword(s):  
Communist Party ◽  
Trade Union ◽  
Union Leader ◽  
Class A ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Primary Base ◽  
French Communist Party ◽  
Guerrilla Movement ◽  
The Way

The Algerian Communist Party (PCA) played a particularly important role in the anti-colonial movement in the Chelif region, a prominence that explains why it was chosen as the primary base for the ‘Red Maquis’ guerrilla force in 1956. Chapter 7 looks at the way in which the PCA, dominated by the French Communist Party, initially opposed nationalism and followed the orthodox Marxist doctrine that the peasantry could not constitute a revolutionary class, a vanguard role that could only be assumed by an industrial or urban proletariat. In the Chelif region the veteran communist and trade union leader Mohamed Marouf reflected this position and focused propaganda work on the farm labourers of the plain while neglecting the mountain peasants that were seen as a form of seasonal, blackleg labour. However, from 1932 onwards a minority movement began to emerge in the PCA that was favourable to a peasant-based strategy, and in 1944 this led to the creation of the Syndicat des petits cultivateurs (SPC). The peasant-based movement that developed in the Aurès, Tlemçen, and Chelif mountains during the late 1940s and prepared the ground for a later guerrilla movement.

High Tide on the High Plateau

2020 ◽  
pp. 121-145
Author(s):  
Benno Weiner
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Chinese Communist Party ◽  
High Tide ◽  
Class Analysis ◽  
High Plateau ◽  
United Front ◽  
The Chinese Communist Party ◽  
Sudden Introduction ◽  
The Way

This chapter explores the period from summer 1955 to summer 1956, a year that saw the sudden introduction of class analysis and protocollectivization into Amdo's grasslands. Spurred by the nationwide “High Tide of Socialist Transformation,” which sought to collectivize agriculture at a sudden and startling pace, in fall of 1955, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) organized “intensive investigations” into Amdo's pastoral society, efforts meant to pave the way for the staged introduction of pastoral cooperatives. By early 1956, Qinghai's leadership had made cooperativization (hezuohua) the year's core task in pastoral areas. Under these circumstances, the underpinnings of the United Front came under pressure as socialism itself was declared the means to achieve nationality unity and economic development. With revolutionary impatience threatening to overwhelm United Front pragmatism, the rhetoric used to describe Tibetan elites began to shift as well. Rather than covictims of nationality exploitation, headmen and monastic leaders were increasingly transformed into representatives of the pastoral exploiting class.

Gramsci undisabled

Modern Italy ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 345-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Forgacs
Keyword(s):  
Short Stature ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Political Identity ◽  
Spinal Tuberculosis ◽  
Striking Difference ◽  
Antonio Gramsci ◽  
Communist Movement ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Way

Most books by or about Antonio Gramsci reproduce on their covers the same studio photograph dating from the early 1920s. It is a head and shoulders portrait showing Gramsci with longish hair, dark coat buttoned at the neck, unsmiling and looking into the camera through wire-rimmed glasses. This was also the image of him most commonly displayed in Communist Party branches all over Italy from the late 1940s to 1991. Yet if we compare it with other extant photographs of Gramsci, as well as with those of other revolutionary leaders adopted as iconic in the communist movement, we can see it differs from the former and resembles the latter in several ways. The most striking difference is the erasure of any sign of Gramsci’s bodily impairment: the curvature of the spine and short stature resulting from the spinal tuberculosis he had as a child. The article examines the history of this photograph and the way it became adopted as the approved image of Gramsci and considers what was at stake in removing from official memory a condition of disability that was central to his own personal and political identity.

The Communist Party of Cyprus, the Comintern and the uprising of 1931: thoughts on the 'apologia' of Charalambos Vatyliotis (Vatis)

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (16) ◽  
pp. 103-124
Author(s):  
Manolis Choumerianos ◽  
Spyros Sakellaropoulos
Keyword(s):  
Communist Party ◽  
British Colonialism ◽  
Primary Material ◽  
The Way

Drawing on primary material from the Soviet archives, this article considers the attitude of the Communist Party of Cyprus (CPC) to the failed revolt of 1931 against British colonialism. The CPC's contradictions and shortcomings are exposed through outlining the course of the revolt, along with a presentation of the Comintern's position on these events. The argument put forward is that there were a number of more general problems facing the Comintern at this time that paved the way for the CPC's pursuit of this specific contradictory line. Among these general problems were the failure to achieve a further revolutionary breakthrough in Europe, the rise of fascism and the characteristics of the anti-colonial struggles of that time.

scholarly journals The Way to Understand the Nature and Extent of Judicial Independence in China

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (01) ◽  
pp. 131-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanrong ZHAO
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Chinese Communist Party ◽  
Judicial Independence ◽  
Strategic Interaction ◽  
Judicial Discretion ◽  
Contested Meanings ◽  
The Chinese Communist Party ◽  
Interaction Approach ◽  
The Way

AbstractIn order to portray the true extent of judicial independence in China’s judicial practices, this article first clarifies the contested meanings of “judicial independence” within Chinese judicial circles and provides a detailed literature review of the main school of thoughts on the extent of judicial independence in China. In contrast to the existing literature—most of which sees judicial independence in China as stagnant—this thesis suggests employing the strategic interaction approach to study the development of impartial adjudication in China and argues that the extent of adjudicative independence is evolving with the amount of judicial discretion afforded by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to judges.

scholarly journals Metaphoric Recurrences of Dreamlike Imagery in M. Khvylovy’s “My Self (Romantica)” and N. Gogol’s “Diary of a Madman”

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daria Polianska
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Time Change ◽  
States Of Mind ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Imperial Russia ◽  
Societal Norms ◽  
Political Struggles ◽  
Party Ideology ◽  
The Way

Delusional states such as madness and hallucination are traditionally viewed as mental disorders characterized by a chaotic activity or as an experience in which something is perceived as true but is not real. In a literary discourse, madness and hallucination can be viewed as analogous to metaphoric perception of reality. Primarily, due to the fact that the way protagonists think and see things shifts from accepted societal norms to unaccountable patterns of behavior.In this article I approach madness and hallucination as dreamlike states of mind and follow George Lakoff’s belief that everyday abstract concepts like time, change, causation, and purpose appear to be metaphorical (1). From this point, I explore the narrative of madness and hallucination through the metaphoric recurrences of dreamlike imagery in Nikolai Gogol’s “Diary of a Madman” and Mykola Khvylovy’s “My Self (Romantica).”I suggest that both stories present situations of crisis, in which the characters appear on the edge of mental breakdown and thus experience the dreamlike states. Symbolically, the recurrent images that appear in the stories are connected to the idea of nationhood and social pressures within imperial Russia (1835) in “Diary of a Madman” and to the Communist Party ideology during its early rule in Ukraine (approximately 1920s-1930s) in “Myself (Romantica).” Therefore, by depicting the progression of their protagonists’ mental disorders, the writers reveal the truth about social and political struggles of their times

Contracting Out of Rent Control

1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 557-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Lewis ◽  
R. Andrew Muller
Keyword(s):  
Rent Control ◽  
Contracting Out ◽  
Basic Features ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Way

AbstractContracting out of rent control is possible if the tenant's right to a controlled tenancy is made legally transferable, thereby allowing the landlord to decontrol the property by purchasing the right to a controlled tenancy. This article outlines the basic features of contracting out and compares three forms of contracting out with vacancy decontrol. It argues that one form of contracting out may be much more politically feasible than other methods of decontrol because of the way it distributes the benefits of decontrol between landlords and sitting tenants.

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