scholarly journals Performance Evaluation of the M2M Communication in the 4G Network (LTE/LTE-A) With Real Background Traffics: تقييم أداء نظم الاتصال M2M ضمن شبكات الجيل الرابع LTE/LTE-A المتضمنة حمل الشبكة الفعلي

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hala Adnan Fadel, Yasser Emleh, Ali Diab
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Communications ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Work Place ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Average Delay ◽  
Machine To Machine ◽  
Self Driving Cars

The applications of the fifth generation in 5G communications depend on the Internet Of Things (IOT), meaning that every person and everything will be connected to the Internet, so any tool or device in the house or in the street or any work place will be connected to the internet, and this leads us to the term Smart cities, i.e. data is formed everywhere by any person or any machine and is analyzed in a short time to obtain useful information in a timely manner such as monitoring the health status of patients and the elderly, and monitoring devices and tools at home and determining whether there is a malfunction or a lack of a substance, As well as analyzing the traffic situation in the streets and assisting and warning drivers Non-visual risks, which pave the way towards self-driving cars. Here, machine-to-machine (M2M) mobile communications play a pivotal role in enabling the effective and safe transfer of this information from machine to machine without human intervention at full speed and with minimal delay. This poses more challenges for the future network that must accommodate mobile data and the huge number of devices and sensors deployed everywhere in order to be a large-scale network with high capacity and efficiency [16, RODRIGUEZ.J]. In this article, several scenarios have been tested to evaluate the performance of M2M technology within 4Generation LTE / LTE-A networks by adding an external simulated network load. The results showed that the amount of data sent by the MMS sensors is fully received by the remote host, so we get 100% productivity. As for other applications, the productivity is around 99% and the average delay is relatively small as long as the network operates within the available transfer rates. In addition, the process of exchanging packages takes place almost completely (a small amount of losses).

scholarly journals Design and model checking of timed automata oriented architecture for Internet of thing

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 155014772091100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guang Chen ◽  
Tonghai Jiang ◽  
Meng Wang ◽  
Xinyu Tang ◽  
Wenfei Ji
Keyword(s):  
Model Checking ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Reference Model ◽  
Fault Tolerant ◽  
Timed Automata ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Architecture Model ◽  
Time Automaton ◽  
Internet Of Thing

The architecture model of the Internet of thing system is the primary foundation for the design and implementation of the Internet of thing system. This article discusses the method and practice of time automaton modeling and model checking for the architecture of the Internet of thing system from the state and time dimensions. This article introduces the theory and method of modeling using time automata. And then, combined with the actual need of the elderly health cabin Internet of thing system, a dynamic and fault-tolerant time automaton model is established through a relatively complete architecture modeling. The model checking method verifies that the designed Internet of thing system has no deadlock system activity, service correctness, and timeliness correctness. The results of modeling experiments and model validation show that the reference model of time automata Internet of thing architecture established in this article can better reflect the nature of interaction with the physical world, heterogeneity and large-scale, dynamic, and incompleteness of the Internet of thing system.

Dark Optical Fiber Models for Broadband Networked Cities

2010 ◽  
pp. 157-166
Author(s):  
Ioannis Chochliouros ◽  
Anastasia S. Spiliopoulou ◽  
George K. Lalopoulos ◽  
Stergios P. Chochliouros
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Communications ◽  
Information Society ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Digital Information ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Dynamic Factors ◽  
Critical Issues

The world economy is currently moving in transition from the industrial age to a new set of rules, that of the so-called “Information Society,” which is rapidly taking shape in different multiple aspects of the everyday life. In fact, the exponential growth of the Internet, the penetration of mobile communications, the rapid emergence of electronic commerce, the restructuring of various forms of businesses in all sectors of the economic activity, the contribution of digital industries to growth and employment, and so forth, are among the current features of the new global reality, and they are all considered significant dynamic factors for further evolution and development (Commission of the European Communities, 2005). Changes are usually underpinned by technological progress and globalization, while the combination of worldwide competition and digital technologies is having a crucial sweeping effect. Digital technologies facilitate transmission and storing of information, while they offer multiple access facilities, in most cases without implying subsequent extra costs. As digital information may be easily transformed into economic and social value, this can offer huge opportunities for the development of new products-offerings, services, or applications. Thus, information becomes the “keyresource” and the prime “engine” of the new e-economy (Crandall, Jackson, & Singer, 2003). Companies in different sectors have already started to adapt to the new economic situation in order to become e-businesses (Commission of the European Communities, 2001c). In addition, the full competitiveness of the state in the current high-tech digitally converging environment is strongly related to the existence of modern digital infrastructures of high capacity and of high performance, rationally deployed and properly priced, capable of providing easy, cost-effective, secure, and uninterrupted access to the international “digital web” of knowledge and commerce without imposing any artificial barriers and/or restrictions (Wallsten, 2005). Broadband development is nowadays an essential strategic priority (Chochliouros & Spiliopoulou, 2005), not only for the European Union (EU) but for the global environment. More specifically, broadband can be considered an “absolutely necessary prerequisite” in order to materialize all potential benefits from information society facilities and so to improve living standards (Commission of the European Communities, 2001b). The availability, access, and ultimate use of broadband in both business and residential settings are critical issues. Both businesses and consumers can derive increased benefits from the availability of broadband connection to the Internet, as the technology speeds up some applications and creates entirely new possibilities (Hu & Prieger, 2007).

scholarly journals Enhancing the Reliability of Cellular Internet of Things through Agreement

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (21) ◽  
pp. 7699
Author(s):  
Shin-Hung Pan ◽  
Shu-Ching Wang
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fault Tolerant ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Smart Devices ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Smart Transportation ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Smart Healthcare ◽  
Wide Range

Because the Internet of Things (IoT) can provide a global service network through various smart devices, the IoT has been widely used in smart transportation, smart cities, smart healthcare, and factory automation through the Internet connection. With the large-scale establishment and 5G (fifth generation) wireless networks, the cellular Internet of Things (CIoT) will continue to be developed and applied to a wide range of applications. In order to provide a reliable application of CIoT, a safe and reliable network topology MECIoT is proposed in this study. To improve the reliability and fault-tolerant capability of the network proposed, the problem of reaching agreement should be revisited. Therefore, the applications in the system can still be performed correctly even if some processing units (PUs) in the system have failed. In this study, a new protocol is proposed to allow all normal PUs in MECIoT to reach an agreement with the minimum amount of data exchanges required and the maximum number of failed PUs allowed in MECIoT. In the end, the optimality of the protocol has been proven by mathematical method.

scholarly journals A Blockchain-based Edge Computing Architecture for the Internet of Things

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Tošić ◽  
Jernej Vičič ◽  
Michael David Burnard ◽  
Michael Mrissa
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Edge Computing ◽  
Consensus Algorithm ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Decentralized Architecture ◽  
The Internet Of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) is experiencing widespread adoption across industry sectors ranging from supply chain management to smart cities, buildings, and health monitoring. However, most software architectures for IoT deployment rely on centralized cloud computing infrastructures to provide storage and computing power, as cloud providers have high economic incentives to organize their infrastructure into clusters. Despite these incentives, there has been a recent shift from centralized to decentralized architecture that harnesses the potential of edge devices, reduces network latency, and lowers infrastructure cost to support IoT applications. This shift has resulted in new edge computing architectures, but many still rely on centralized solutions for managing applications. A truly decentralized approach would offer interesting properties required for IoT use cases. To address these concerns, we introduce a decentralized architecture tailored for large scale deployments of peer-to-peer IoT sensor networks and capable of run-time application migration. The solution combines a blockchain consensus algorithm and verifiable random functions to ensure scalability, fault tolerance, transparency, and no single point of failure. We build on our previously presented theoretical simulations with many protocol improvements and an implementation tested in a use case related to monitoring a Slovenian cultural heritage building located in Bled, Slovenia.

scholarly journals 'How will the 'internet of things' impact delivery and training of surgery? Are we heading for a global surgical reticulum?’

Res Medica ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-105
Author(s):  
Halimat Afolabi
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Self Driving Cars ◽  
The Internet Of Things ◽  
And Training

From self-driving cars to smart cities, the internet of things (IOT) promises to revolutionise every aspect of our lives. IOT refers to any device that is able to collect and transmit data via the internet. The excitement surrounding the field is spurred by the marriage of IOT and artificial intelligence (AI), which will lead to ‘smarter’ and more personalised devices. IOT technology has already begun to infiltrate several industries and healthcare is no exception. In this essay I will outline existing and potential impacts of IOT technology in the delivery and training of surgery.

Dark Optical Fiber Models for Broadband Networked Cities

2009 ◽  
pp. 324-331
Author(s):  
Ioannis Chochliouros ◽  
Anastasia S. Spiliopoulou ◽  
George K. Lalopoulos ◽  
Stergios P. Chochliouros
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Communications ◽  
Information Society ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Digital Information ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Dynamic Factors ◽  
Critical Issues

The world economy is currently moving in transition from the industrial age to a new set of rules, that of the so-called “Information Society,” which is rapidly taking shape in different multiple aspects of the everyday life. In fact, the exponential growth of the Internet, the penetration of mobile communications, the rapid emergence of electronic commerce, the restructuring of various forms of businesses in all sectors of the economic activity, the contribution of digital industries to growth and employment, and so forth, are among the current features of the new global reality, and they are all considered significant dynamic factors for further evolution and development (Commission of the European Communities, 2005). Changes are usually underpinned by technological progress and globalization, while the combination of worldwide competition and digital technologies is having a crucial sweeping effect. Digital technologies facilitate transmission and storing of information, while they offer multiple access facilities, in most cases without implying subsequent extra costs. As digital information may be easily transformed into economic and social value, this can offer huge opportunities for the development of new products-offerings, services, or applications. Thus, information becomes the “keyresource” and the prime “engine” of the new e-economy (Crandall, Jackson, & Singer, 2003). Companies in different sectors have already started to adapt to the new economic situation in order to become e-businesses (Commission of the European Communities, 2001c). In addition, the full competitiveness of the state in the current high-tech digitally converging environment is strongly related to the existence of modern digital infrastructures of high capacity and of high performance, rationally deployed and properly priced, capable of providing easy, cost-effective, secure, and uninterrupted access to the international “digital web” of knowledge and commerce without imposing any artificial barriers and/or restrictions (Wallsten, 2005). Broadband development is nowadays an essential strategic priority (Chochliouros & Spiliopoulou, 2005), not only for the European Union (EU) but for the global environment. More specifically, broadband can be considered an “absolutely necessary prerequisite” in order to materialize all potential benefits from information society facilities and so to improve living standards (Commission of the European Communities, 2001b). The availability, access, and ultimate use of broadband in both business and residential settings are critical issues. Both businesses and consumers can derive increased benefits from the availability of broadband connection to the Internet, as the technology speeds up some applications and creates entirely new possibilities (Hu & Prieger, 2007).

scholarly journals Strategy in smart cities and social inclusion of the elderly

Paakat ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (20) ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Édgar Alejandro López López ◽  
◽  
Érick Leobardo Álvarez-Aros
Keyword(s):  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Design And Implementation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Inclusive Society ◽  
The Internet Of Things ◽  
Over Time

Smart cities are increasingly necessary in today's society, however the social inclusion of the elderly within these seems a forgotten issue that needs to be considered for the construction of an inclusive society. The objective of this research is to explore the social inclusion of the elderly in smart cities, as well as their evolution, scientometric characteristics and trends by means of a bibliometric analysis. The work analyzes bibliometric metadata 244 Scopus documents, published from 2010 to 2020 using Software R, Bibliometrix and Biblioshiny. The conclusions indicate that a growing interest is maintained over time, and this is perceived mainly in conferences; in addition, thematic trends reveal elements such as the internet of things, design and implementation, and e-commerce among others. Likewise, the emergence of the term inclusive smart city was evidenced, which considers the integration into society of vulnerable groups. It is expected that this work will serve as a reference for an inclusive design of smart cities.

Predictability of fouling-potential of raw water for ultrafiltration membranes

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-489
Author(s):  
S. Krause ◽  
A. Obermayer
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Ultrafiltration Membranes ◽  
Small Water ◽  
Lab Experiments ◽  
Flux Decline ◽  
Public Drinking Water

The public drinking water supply of southern Germany is characterized by a rather decentralized network. Due to the hydrogeological setting in these parts of Germany many of the small water works with an average capacity of 50 m3/h have to treat raw water extracted from karstic or cliffy aquifers. These raw waters tend to be contaminated with particles and pathogens acquired during snowmelt or after strong rainfalls. In the last decade ultrafiltration has become the technology of choice for the removal of the aforementioned contaminants. Flux decline caused by unanticipated membrane fouling is the main limitation for the application of ultrafiltration membranes. This paper describes how membrane fouling phenomena can be predicted by using a statistical approach based on data from large scale filtration systems in combination with field and lab experiments on raw water quality and membrane performance. The data defines water quality and respective fouling phenomena both in technical scale filtration plants and in lab experiments of eleven different raw waters. The method described here is more economically feasible for small water works when compared to typical pilot experiments that are used for high capacity water works.

scholarly journals Cross-Sectional Association between Hypercholesterolemia and Knee Pain in the Elderly with Radiographic Knee Osteoarthritis: Data from the Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 933
Author(s):  
Byung Woo Cho ◽  
Du Seong Kim ◽  
Hyuck Min Kwon ◽  
Ick Hwan Yang ◽  
Woo-Suk Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Knee Pain ◽  
Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
National Health ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Ordinal Logistic Regression Analysis

Few studies have reported the relationship between knee pain and hypercholesterolemia in the elderly population with osteoarthritis (OA), independent of other variables. The aim of this study was to reveal the association between knee pain and metabolic diseases including hypercholesterolemia using a large-scale cohort. A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the Korea National Health and the Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES-V, VI-1; 2010–2013). Among the subjects aged ≥60 years, 7438 subjects (weighted number estimate = 35,524,307) who replied knee pain item and performed the simple radiographs of knee were enrolled. Using multivariable ordinal logistic regression analysis, variables affecting knee pain were identified, and the odds ratio (OR) was calculated. Of the 35,524,307 subjects, 10,630,836 (29.9%) subjects experienced knee pain. Overall, 20,290,421 subjects (56.3%) had radiographic OA, and 8,119,372 (40.0%) of them complained of knee pain. Multivariable ordinal logistic regression analysis showed that among the metabolic diseases, only hypercholesterolemia was positively correlated with knee pain in the OA group (OR 1.24; 95% Confidence Interval 1.02–1.52, p = 0.033). There were no metabolic diseases correlated with knee pain in the non-OA group. This large-scale study revealed that in the elderly, hypercholesterolemia was positively associated with knee pain independent of body mass index and other metabolic diseases in the OA group, but not in the non-OA group. These results will help in understanding the nature of arthritic pain, and may support the need for exploring the longitudinal associations.

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