Identifying Black Hole Attack Based On Energy Consumption and Packet delivery ratio in the Routing Protocol

Background and Objective: Random Black Hole (BH) attack significantly degrades MANET’s performance. For strategic applications, the performance parameters like Packet Delivery Ratio, Routing Overheads, etc. are important. The objectives are: (a) To model random BH attack, (b) To propose a routing strategy for the protocol to mitigate random BH attack, (c) To evaluate and compare the network performance of modified protocol with the standard protocol. Methods: The random BH attack is modelled probabilistically. The analysis is carried out by varying Black Hole Attack (BHA) time as Early, Median, Late occurrences and mix of these three categories. The blocking performance is also analysed by varying the percentages of malicious presence in the network. Normal Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol is used to simulate the MANET performance using a typical medium size network. The protocol has then been modified using Trust- Confidence aware routing strategy, named as TCAOLSR, with a view to combat the degradations due to the random BH attack. Results: The random behavior of Black Hole attack is analyzed with all the possible random parameters, like deployment of mobile nodes, number of malicious nodes and timing instances at which these nodes change their state. From the results of individual type- Early, Median and Late, it is observed that the TCAOLSR protocol gives stable performance for Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and Routing Overheads (RO), whereas for OLSR protocol PDR gradually reduces and RO increases. For individual and mix type, Average Energy Consumption (AEC) per node increases marginally for TCAOLSR protocol. For the mix type, PDR for TCAOLSR is 40-60% better whereas RO for TCAOLSR is very less compared to OLSR protocol. The efficacy of the TCAOLSR protocol remains stable for different categories of BH attack with various percentages of malicious nodes compared to OLSR with the same environment. Conclusion: Simulations reveal that the modified protocol TCAOLSR, effectively mitigates the network degradation for Packet Delivery Ratio and Routing Overheads considerably, at the cost of a slight increase in Average Energy Consumption per node of the network. Efficacy of the OLSR and TCAOLSR protocols has also been defined and compared to prove robustness of the TCAOLSR protocol.

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Multi-Token Based MAC-Cum-Routing Protocol for WSN: A Distributed Approach

Journal of Communications Software and Systems ◽

10.24138/jcomss.v15i3.709 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Subhasis Dash ◽

Saras Kumar ◽

Manas Ranjan Lenka ◽

Amulya Ratna Swain

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Routing Protocol ◽

Data Transmission ◽

Mac Protocol ◽

Reliable Data ◽

Packet Delivery Ratio ◽

Delivery Ratio ◽

Data Delivery ◽

Packet Delivery ◽

End To End

A wireless sensor network is a collection of batterypowered sensor nodes distributed in a geographical area. Inmany applications, such networks are left unattended for along period of time. These networks suffer from the problemslike high energy consumption, high latency time, and end- to-end low packet delivery ratio. To design a protocol that findsa trade-off between these problems is a challenging task. Inorder to mitigate energy consumption issue, different existingMedia Access Control (MAC) protocols such as S-MAC, RMAC,HEMAC, and Congestion-less Single Token MAC protocols havebeen proposed which ensure better packet delivery but fail toensure energy efficiency due to high end-to-end latency. Theproblem of high end-to-end latency is resolved with the existingrouting protocols such as Fault Tolerant Multilevel Routingprotocol (FMS)and Enhanced Tree Routing (ETR) protocol.AS2-MAC and Multi Token based MAC protocol are able toimprove the end-to-end packet delivery ratio. However, thehierarchical network structure used in these protocols increasestime and energy consumption during network reconstruction.This problem was further resolved in Distributed HierarchicalStructure Routing protocol by constructing the network structurein a distributed manner. In all these existing protocols, efficienttoken management and reliable data delivery ratio was notproperly addressed, which in turn consume more energy. So,it is clear that MAC and routing protocols both together cangive better results related to data transmission in WSN. Inorder to achieve the same, in this paper, we propose a reliabledata transmission algorithm that satisfies both routing and MACprotocol to improve the end-to-end data delivery. The proposedprotocol uses different control message exchange that ensures datapacket delivery in each individual levels and it ultimately uses oftokens to ensure reliable data transmission along with reducedtraffic congestion during end-to-end data delivery. The algorithmconsiderably improves the packet delivery ratio along with reduceenergy consumption of each sensor node. Simulation studies ofthe proposed approach have been carried out and its performancehas been compared with the Multi Token based MAC protocol,AS-MAC protocol and ETR routing protocol. The experimentalresults based on simulation confirms that the proposed approachhas a higher data packet delivery ratio.

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Host based Detection and Prevention of Black Hole attacks by AODV-ICCSO Algorithm for security in MANETs

10.21203/rs.3.rs-188928/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sathyaraj P ◽

Rukmani Devi D ◽

K Kannan

Keyword(s):

Black Hole ◽

Performance Measures ◽

Ad Hoc ◽

Packet Delivery Ratio ◽

Delivery Ratio ◽

Black Hole Attack ◽

Swarm Optimization ◽

Packet Delivery ◽

Node Routing ◽

Chicken Swarm Optimization

Abstract Background: Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (i.e.) MANETs are gaining rapid fame in recent days and are considered as very significant because of their easier implementation and growing property. Various types of attacks are prone to damage the networks due to the elastic property possessed by the network. And among different categories of attacks that can affect MANETs, black hole attack is considered as the commonly occurring one within a MANET. Chicken Swarm Optimization (CSO) algorithm is one among the technique used for the detection of black hole attacks occurring in the MANETs. But the CSO algorithm possesses some disadvantages and necessity rises for overcoming the weakness in the CSO algorithm. Objective: Therefore, in this research paper, to address the black hole attack in MANET, an Improved Crossover Chicken Swarm Optimization (ICCSO) algorithm and the concept of Enhanced Partially-Mapped Crossover operation proposed and the best fitness values obtained. Methods: In ICCSO algorithm, parameter initialization is carried out in step 1 of the algorithm, where the attacked nodes and non-attack nodes are created separately with the aid of parameters like PDR (i.e.) Packet Delivery Ratio and RSSI (i.e.) Received Signal Strength Indicator. Further, If the node is affected by any attack, then the nodes are discarded and the data is transmitted through the non-attacked node. Routing is carried by a protocol of AODV.Results: The effectiveness of the algorithm proposed in the work is evaluated using various performance measures like packet delivery ratio (PDR), end-to-end delay (EED) and throughput. The performance measures are compared with a different state of the art routing protocols and it can be inferred that the proposed methodology comes up with improved results.

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Effect on Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) & Throughput in Wireless Sensor Networks Due to Black Hole Attack

International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering - Special Issue ◽

10.35940/ijitee.l1107.10812s19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (12S) ◽

pp. 428-432

Keyword(s):

Wireless Sensor Networks ◽

Black Hole ◽

Sensor Networks ◽

Packet Delivery Ratio ◽

Wireless Sensor ◽

Delivery Ratio ◽

Network Simulator ◽

Sybil Attack ◽

Black Hole Attack ◽

Packet Delivery

Wireless Sensor Networks are in rapid advance occupying every field of our lives. They are in great demand and are widely used in transmission of data like temperature, pressure, humidity, speed etc. As these networks are wireless and are easily prone to intrusion by the attackers. Hence the basic concern is security of data. The nodes in the network will be sending information between the nodes, and in between the nodes intrusion takes place with attack like wormhole attack, black hole attack, sybil attack, hello flood attack etc. which corrupts data. These attacks effect the efficiency of the network and the parameters like packet delivery ratio and throughput of the network is affected. Black hole is a severe attack in network which alters most of the data before it is received at the sink, hence has to be detected and prevented. In this paper, Adhoc on demand distance vector (AODV) protocol is used to detect and prevent the black hole attack using Network Simulator (NS-2.3)

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RANDOM-AODV: Efficient Adhoc on Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol using Fuzzy Logic during Black Hole Attack

International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering - Special Issue ◽

10.35940/ijitee.b7472.129219 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 2730-2734

Keyword(s):

Black Hole ◽

Fuzzy Logic ◽

Packet Delivery Ratio ◽

Delivery Ratio ◽

Black Hole Attack ◽

Node Selection ◽

Packet Dropping ◽

Packet Delivery ◽

Random Node ◽

The Impact

However the black hole attack prevention has been proposed earlier but it is observed that the packet dropping increases constantly as the number of black hole attack are increased. The proposed work is making use of fuzzy logic. This mechanism allows the random node selection so it is supposed to maintain the packet delivery ratio. Results of this research show that the proposed mechanisms do not allow packet dropping on constant rate. Many studies are made that are simulating influence of attack made by .black .hole in the network based on .AODV. It has been observed that there is constant fall in the packet dropping ratio if number of malicious packet increases. This paper has represented the Black Hole attack over AODV routing when random node selection mechanism is applied. Proposed work is allowing selection of nodes on random basis. Such mechanism is supposed to improve the ratio of delivery of packet. Results of Simulation indicates the impact of black hole attack over packet delivery ratio , packet .loss .ratio, .Average .end to .end delivery, and .routing over head. Moreover the comparative analysis of .traditional and .proposed model is made considering packet delivery ratio.

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LECAR: Location Estimation-Based Congestion-Aware Routing Protocol for Sparsely Deployed Energy-Efficient UAVs

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21217192 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (21) ◽

pp. 7192

Author(s):

Imtiaz Mahmud ◽

You-Ze Cho

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Routing Protocol ◽

Routing Protocols ◽

Energy Efficient ◽

Packet Delivery Ratio ◽

Location Estimation ◽

Delay Tolerant Network ◽

Delivery Ratio ◽

Packet Delivery ◽

Congestion Aware

Energy-efficient routing has become a critical issue for advanced energy-hungry unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Routing in a flying ad hoc network is always challenging and becomes even more critical when a small number of UAVs must cover a large area. The routing protocols based on the delay-tolerant network (DTN) are best suited for such scenarios. However, traditional DTN-based routing protocols depend on data dissemination to offer a better packet delivery ratio, leading to congestion and excess transmissions, causing heavy and unnecessary energy consumption. We propose a location estimation-based congestion-aware routing protocol (LECAR) to balance these two issues. Considering outdated location information, LECAR takes advantage of the mobility model to estimate the current location of the destination. In addition, LECAR routes a packet by considering both the distance to destination and buffer occupancy of the neighboring UAVs. Simulation results show that LECAR could ensure both a high packet delivery ratio and low energy consumption. Moreover, LECAR could provide a minimal number of transmissions, while minimizing the number of copies per packet at a time.

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Catechize Global Optimization through Leading Edge Firefly Based Zone Routing Protocol

Recent Advances in Computer Science and Communications ◽

10.2174/2213275912666181128121811 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 147-157 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Neha Sharma ◽

Sherin Zafar ◽

Usha Batra

Keyword(s):

Global Optimization ◽

Routing Protocol ◽

Firefly Algorithm ◽

Leading Edge ◽

Packet Delivery Ratio ◽

Delivery Ratio ◽

Packet Delivery ◽

Zone Routing Protocol ◽

End To End Delay ◽

End To End

Background: Zone Routing Protocol is evolving as an efficient hybrid routing protocol with an extremely high potentiality owing to the integration of two radically different schemes, proactive and reactive in such a way that a balance between control overhead and latency is achieved. Its performance is impacted by various network conditions such as zone radius, network size, mobility, etc. Objective: The research work described in this paper focuses on improving the performance of zone routing protocol by reducing the amount of reactive traffic which is primarily responsible for degraded network performance in case of large networks. The usage of route aggregation approach helps in reducing the routing overhead and also help achieve performance optimization. Methods: The performance of proposed protocol is assessed under varying node size and mobility. Further applied is the firefly algorithm which aims to achieve global optimization that is quite difficult to achieve due to non-linearity of functions and multimodality of algorithms. For performance evaluation a set of benchmark functions are being adopted like, packet delivery ratio and end-to-end delay to validate the proposed approach. Results: Simulation results depict better performance of leading edge firefly algorithm when compared to zone routing protocol and route aggregation based zone routing protocol. The proposed leading edge FRA-ZRP approach shows major improvement between ZRP and FRA-ZRP in Packet Delivery Ratio. FRA-ZRP outperforms traditional ZRP and RA-ZRP even in terms of End to End Delay by reducing the delay and gaining a substantial QOS improvement. Conclusion: The achievement of proposed approach can be credited to the formation on zone head and attainment of route from the head hence reduced queuing of data packets due to control packets, by adopting FRA-ZRP approach. The routing optimized zone routing protocol using Route aggregation approach and FRA augments the QoS, which is the most crucial parameter for routing performance enhancement of MANET.

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Void Avoidance Opportunistic Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21061942 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (6) ◽

pp. 1942

Author(s):

Rogaia Mhemed ◽

Frank Comeau ◽

William Phillips ◽

Nauman Aslam

Keyword(s):

Sensor Networks ◽

Routing Protocol ◽

Opportunistic Routing ◽

Packet Delivery Ratio ◽

Delivery Ratio ◽

Underwater Sensor Networks ◽

Network Resources ◽

Hop Count ◽

Intermediate Node ◽

Packet Delivery

Much attention has been focused lately on the Opportunistic Routing technique (OR) that can overcome the restrictions of the harsh underwater environment and the unique structures of the Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSNs). OR enhances the performance of the UWSNs in both packet delivery ratio and energy saving. In our work; we propose a new routing protocol; called Energy Efficient Depth-based Opportunistic Routing with Void Avoidance for UWSNs (EEDOR-VA), to address the void area problem. EEDOR-VA is a reactive OR protocol that uses a hop count discovery procedure to update the hop count of the intermediate nodes between the source and the destination to form forwarding sets. EEDOR-VA forwarding sets can be selected with less or greater depth than the packet holder (i.e., source or intermediate node). It efficiently prevents all void/trapped nodes from being part of the forwarding sets and data transmission procedure; thereby saving network resources and delivering data packets at the lowest possible cost. The results of our extensive simulation study indicate that the EEDOR-VA protocol outperforms other protocols in terms of packet delivery ratio and energy consumption

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Analisis Kinerja GPSR dan AODV pada VANET dengan Skema Pengimbangan Beban Trafik

ELKOMIKA Jurnal Teknik Energi Elektrik Teknik Telekomunikasi & Teknik Elektronika ◽

10.26760/elkomika.v6i2.207 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 207

Author(s):

RENDI DIAN PRASETIA ◽

DOAN PERDANA ◽

RIDHA MULDINA NEGARA

Keyword(s):

Load Balancing ◽

Routing Protocol ◽

Mean Value ◽

Packet Delivery Ratio ◽

Traffic Load ◽

Delivery Ratio ◽

Vehicle Traffic ◽

Packet Delivery ◽

End To End Delay ◽

End To End

ABSTRAKSalah satu permasalahan di kota-kota besar adalah kemacetan lalu lintas yang disebabkan karena tidak mencukupinya ruas jalan, volume kendaraan yang begitu besar, persebaran kendaraan yang tidak merata dan lain-lain. Salah satu solusinya adalah para pengendara dapat menggunakan aplikasi peta digital pada smartphone-nya. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan pengimbangan beban trafik kendaraan. Pada penelitian ini akan dibahas mengenai kinerja VANET yang menggunakan protokol routing GPSR dan AODV dengan skema pengimbangan beban trafik kendaraan dengan pengaruh kepadatan node. Perancangan sistem simulasi terbagi menjadi dua subsistem yaitu subsistem mobilitas dan jaringan. Kemudian dilakukan pengimbangan beban trafik kendaraan, dan kinerja VANET akan diamati. Performansi dievaluasi dengan average end to end delay, throughput, dan packet delivery ratio. Nilai rata-rata throughput, PDR, delay untuk GPSR adalah 142.21 Kbps, 87.47 %, dan 82.83 ms. Sedangkan AODV adalah 119.81 Kbps, 86.67 %, dan 103.21 ms. Dari hasil penelitian nilai QoS performansi dari routing protocol GPSR lebih baik dari pada AODV pada VANET.Kata kunci: Vanet, Pengimbangan Beban, GPSR, AODV.ABSTRACTOne of the problems in big cities is congestion. The congestion is caused byinsufficient road segment, large volume of vehicles, unbalanced spread ofvehicles and others. One solution is that riders can use digital map applications on their smartphones. Therefore it is necessary to balancing the traffic load of vehicles. In this research will be discussed about VANET performance using GPSR and AODV routing protocol with vehicle traffic load balancing scheme with node density influence. The design of the simulation system is divided into two subsystems namely mobility and network subsystem. Then balancing the vehicle traffic load, and VANET performance will be observed. Performance is evaluated with the average end to end delay, throughput, and packet delivery ratio. The mean value of throughput, PDR, delay for GPSR respectively 142.21 Kbps, 87.47%, and 82.83 ms. While AODV is 119.81 Kbps, 86.67%, and 103.21 ms. From the simulation results can be concluded that the performance of GPSR is better than AODV on VANET. Keywords: Vanet, Load Balancing, GPSR, AODV.

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EVALUATION OF THE ROUTING METIRC W-METRIC USED WITH RPL PRTOCOL IN LLNS

IIUM Engineering Journal ◽

10.31436/iiumej.v19i2.840 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 80-89

Author(s):

Rosminazuin Ab. Rahim ◽

Abdallah Awad ◽

Aisha Hassan Abdalla Hashim ◽

ALIZA AINI MD RALIB

Keyword(s):

Load Balancing ◽

Low Power ◽

Routing Protocol ◽

Queue Length ◽

Packet Delivery Ratio ◽

Delivery Ratio ◽

Performance Parameters ◽

Lossy Networks ◽

Promising Alternative ◽

Packet Delivery

ABSTRACT: The current de-facto routing protocol over Low Power and Lossy Networks (LLN) developed by the IETF Working Group (6LOWPAN), is named as Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy networks (RPL). RPL in the network layer faces throughput challenges due to the potential large networks, number of nodes, and that multiple coexisting applications will be running in the same physical layer. In this study, a node metric for RPL protocol based on the nodeâ€™s Queue Backlogs is introduced, which leads to a better throughput performance while maintaining the delay and the ability to use with different network applications. This metric depends on the length of Packet Queue of the nodes with the consideration of other link and node metrics, like ETX or energy usage, leading to better load balancing in the network. To implement and evaluate the proposed metric compared to other RPL metrics, ContikiOS and COOJA simulator are used. Extensive simulations have been carried out in a systematic way resulting in a detailed analysis of the introduced metric namely W-metric, expected transmission count (ETX) and objective function zero (OF0) that uses hop-count as a routing metric. The analysis and comparison are based on five performance parameters, which are throughput, packet delivery ratio (PDR), latency, average queue length, and power consumption. Simulation results show that the introduced W-metric has a good performance compared to other RPL metrics with regards to performance parameters mentioned above. At the same time, the results show that its latency performance is comparable with other RPL routing metrics. In a sample simulation of 500 seconds with 25 nodes and with nodes sending packets periodically to the network root at a rate of 1 packet per 4 seconds, W-metric showed a very efficient throughput of 5.16 kbps, an increase of 8.2% compared to ETX. Results showed that it has a packet delivery ratio of 93.3%, which is higher compared to 83.3% for ETX and 74.2% for OF0. Average queue length of 0.48 packet shows improvement of 15.8% better than ETX. In addition, it exhibits an energy consumption of 5.16 mW which is 2.1% less than ETX. Overall, W-metric appears to be a promising alternative to ETX and OF0 as it selects routes that are more efficient by working on load balancing of the network and by considering the link characteristics. ABSTRAK: Protokol penghalaan de-facto semasa ke atas Rangkaian Kekuatan Rendah dan Lossy yang dibangunkan oleh Kumpulan Kerja IETF (6LOWPAN), dinamakan Protokol Penghalaan untuk Kekuatan Rendah dan Rugi (RPL). RPL dalam lapisan rangkaian menghadapi cabaran throughput berikutan jangkaan rangkaian besar, bilangan nod dan aplikasi berganda bersama akan diproses dalam lapisan fizikal yang sama. Dalam kajian ini, satu metrik nod untuk protokol RPL berdasarkan pada Backend Queue node diperkenalkan, yang membawa kepada prestasi yang lebih baik sambil mengekalkan kelewatan dan keupayaan untuk digunakan dengan aplikasi rangkaian yang berbeza. Metrik ini bergantung pada panjang Packet Queue dari node dengan pertimbangan metrik lain dan nodus lain, seperti ETX atau penggunaan tenaga, yang mengarah kepada keseimbangan beban yang lebih baik dalam rangkaian. Untuk melaksanakan dan menilai metrik yang dicadangkan berbanding metrik RPL lain, ContikiOS dan COOJA simulator telah digunakan. Simulasi meluas telah dijalankan dengan cara yang sistematik yang menghasilkan analisis terperinci mengenai metrik yang diperkenalkan iaitu W-metrik, kiraan penghantaran dijangkakan (ETX) dan fungsi objektif sifar (OF0) yang menggunakan kiraan hop sebagai metrik penghalaan. Analisis dan perbandingan adalah berdasarkan lima parameter prestasi, iaitu throughput, nisbah penghantaran paket (PDR), latency, panjang panjang antrian, dan penggunaan kuasa. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahawa W-metrik yang diperkenalkan mempunyai prestasi yang lebih baik berbanding dengan metrik RPL lain berkaitan dengan parameter prestasi yang dinyatakan di atas. Pada masa yang sama, hasil menunjukkan bahawa prestasi latency W-metrik adalah setanding dengan metrik penghalaan RPL yang lain. Dalam simulasi sampel 500 saat dengan 25 nod dan dengan nod yang menghantar paket secara berkala ke akar rangkaian pada kadar 1 paket setiap 4 saat, W-metrik menunjukkan keluaran yang sangat efisien iaitu 5.16 kbps, peningkatan sebanyak 8.2% berbanding ETX. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa ia mempunyai nisbah penghantaran paket 93.3%, yang lebih tinggi berbanding 83.3% untuk ETX dan 74.2% untuk OF0. Purata panjang giliran 0.48 packet menunjukkan peningkatan 15.8% lebih baik daripada ETX. Di samping itu, ia mempamerkan penggunaan tenaga sebanyak 5.16 mW iaitu 2.1% kurang daripada ETX. Secara keseluruhan, W-metrik nampaknya menjadi alternatif yang berpotensi menggantikan ETX dan OF0 kerana ia memilih laluan yang lebih cekap dengan bekerja pada keseimbangan beban rangkaian dan dengan mempertimbangkan ciri-ciri pautan.

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