scholarly journals Current treatment options for Parkinson’s disease and the existing status of nanotechnology

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 2410-2423
Author(s):  
Kannekanti Teja ◽  
Asha Spandana K M ◽  
Amit B Patil1 ◽  
Vishakante Gowda D ◽  
Narahari Rishitha
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Gene Therapy ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Nano Particles ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with dopaminergic neuron degeneration and/or loss of neuronal activity. Current idiopathic PD treatments focus primarily on the use of pharmacological agents to improve PD patients ' motor symptoms. PD remains to be an incurable disease so far. Therefore, the development of new therapeutic approaches for PD therapy is of utmost significance. Several molecular and gene therapy methods have been established over the past 20 years to counteract or retard the development of PD. Severe side effects are found in many native therapies. Therefore, novel therapeutic strategies remain in demand for development. Nanomedicine seems to be a significant medical application in nanotechnology that demonstrates promising future in drug delivery to the central nervous system. BBB stands throughout the central nervous system as a gateway to drug targeting. Drug delivery, based on nano-particles that always avoids Blood-Brain Barrier protection, Different potential therapies based on nanoparticles and nanosystems are explored various benefits. The scope of this review is to provide an overview of this field of PD-related therapies and significant breakthroughs. To do so, this review will begin by concentrating on PD characterization, pathophysiology, etiology and present therapy choices that subsequently cover molecular, gene therapy, and nanotechnology formulations that are currently being studied in animal PD models or lately tested in clinical trials.

Inflammatory Mechanisms in Parkinson’s Disease: From Pathogenesis to Targeted Therapies

2021 ◽  
pp. 107385842199226
Author(s):  
Stellina Y. H. Lee ◽  
Nathanael J. Yates ◽  
Susannah J. Tye
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Neurodegenerative Process ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Novel Target

Inflammation is a critical factor contributing to the progressive neurodegenerative process observed in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Microglia, the immune cells of the central nervous system, are activated early in PD pathogenesis and can both trigger and propagate early disease processes via innate and adaptive immune mechanisms such as upregulated immune cells and antibody-mediated inflammation. Downstream cytokines and gene regulators such as microRNA (miRNA) coordinate later disease course and mediate disease progression. Biomarkers signifying the inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes at play within the central nervous system are of increasing interest to clinical teams. To be effective, such biomarkers must achieve the highest sensitivity and specificity for predicting PD risk, confirming diagnosis, or monitoring disease severity. The aim of this review was to summarize the current preclinical and clinical evidence that suggests that inflammatory processes contribute to the initiation and progression of neurodegenerative processes in PD. In this article, we further summarize the data about main inflammatory biomarkers described in PD to date and their potential for regulation as a novel target for disease-modifying pharmacological strategies.

scholarly journals Fiber-Modified Adenovirus for Central Nervous System Parkinson’s Disease Gene Therapy

Viruses ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 3293-3310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Travis Lewis ◽  
Joel Glasgow ◽  
Ashley Harms ◽  
David Standaert ◽  
David Curiel
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Gene Therapy ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Disease Gene

Bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease and cocontraction activity in dystonia are unlikely to be due to adaptive changes in the CNS

1996 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-69
Author(s):  
A. Berardelli ◽  
R. Agostino ◽  
A. Currà ◽  
M. Manfredi
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Motor Impairment ◽  
Spatial Accuracy ◽  
Adaptive Changes ◽  
Postural Reactions ◽  
The Central Nervous System

AbstractLatash & Anson's explanation of bradykinesia in patients with Parkinson's disease and cocontraction in dystonic patients is intriguing. However, the proposed adaptive changes in the central nervous system do not fit well with both clinical and experimental evidence of motor impairment in these patients. In particular, we question the explanation of: (1) the role of postural reactions and spatial accuracy in bradykinesia, (2) certain abnormalities during the execution of sequential and simultaneous movements, (3) the sudden changes in mobility (ON and OFF) of Parkinsonian patients, and (4) the meaning of reflex circuitry changes in dystonia.

scholarly journals The behavior of migraine in patients with Parkinson's disease

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Celmir De Oliveira Vilaça ◽  
Marco Antonio Araujo Leite ◽  
Jano Alves De Souza ◽  
Marco Orsini ◽  
João Santos Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dopaminergic Systems ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Dopaminergic Pathways ◽  
Over 40 Years

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic systems in the central nervous system. In migraine it is supposed to occur hyperactivation of central dopaminergic pathways. We verified the hypothesis of improved migraine in patients who manifest PD. We evaluated 109 patients with PD over 40 years (57 men and 52 women) about the presence throughout the life of migraine, as well as the possibility of improvement in migraine after the onset of motor symptoms of PD. This group was compared to a control group of 152 people (41 men and 152 women) without PD regarding the presence of migraine and its improvement. Twenty-one patients manifested migraine in the group with PD (16 women and 5 men) in which 13 reported improvement in migraine after the onset of symptoms of PD. Among the controls, 37 interviewed had migraine history (32 women and 5 men) among which 20 showed improvement. There was no significant difference when comparing the two groups (χ21:0,05=0.337; P<0.382). We were unable to relate the improvement of migraine with the emergence of PD motor signs, despite the degeneration of dopaminergic pathways of the central nervous system.

Adenovirus-Mediated Gene Transfer to the Central Nervous System for Parkinson's Disease

1997 ◽  
Vol 144 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Horellou ◽  
Olivier Sabaté ◽  
Marie-Hélène Buc-Caron ◽  
Jacques Mallet
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Gene Transfer ◽  
The Central Nervous System

A Biomechanical Approach to Diagnosis and Monitoring of Parkinson’s Disease

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vrutangkumar V. Shah ◽  
Sachin Goyal ◽  
Harish Palanthandalam-Madapusi
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Control Loop ◽  
Parkinsonian Tremor ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Degenerative Disorder ◽  
Biomechanical Approach ◽  
Exact Origin

Parkinson’s disease is an idiopathic and degenerative disorder of the central nervous system. Among the symptoms, the tremor at rest is one of the prominent symptoms. The challenge however is that there are no definitive diagnostic test that can confirm the presence or severity of Parkinson’s disease. This is a serious handicap especially since the drugs usually prescribed to control these symptoms have serious side effects and their dosages have to be tuned extensively. Also, the exact origin of tremor is unknown. There have been recent efforts [19] to understand the mechanism behind the Parkinsonian tremor, from a control-system perspectives. From these efforts, it appears that increased sensorimotor loop delay may be a cause for Parkinsonian tremor and thus serve as a key distinguishing feature. In the current work, we adopted this hypothesis and with the help of a relatively straightforward analysis of the motor control loop along with the help of some simulation and experimental examples, we first attempt to explain several qualitative observations relating to Parkinson’s Disease. Further, we explore the possibilities of for progress tracking, diagnosis, and early diagnosis before onset of tremor using biomechanical means.

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