scholarly journals Standardisation of Holarrhena floribunda (G. Don) Durand & Schinz: pharmacognostic evaluation and HPLC profiling of some of its steroidal alkaloids as chemical markers

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL4) ◽  
pp. 2710-2725
Author(s):  
Amponsah Kingsley I ◽  
Ampofo Kwesi E ◽  
Oppong Bekoe S ◽  
Harley Kingsley B ◽  
Armah Ackah F ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Evaluation ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
World Health ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Chemical Markers ◽  
Abaxial Surface ◽  
Steroidal Alkaloids ◽  
Anomocytic Stomata ◽  
Health Organization

The World Health Organization has encouraged the development of medicinal plant monographs in various countries. The present study therefore aimed at developing pharmacognostic standards for the quality evaluation of Holarrhena floribunda (G. Don) Durand & Schinz, used as anti-infective in folklore medicine. The macromorphological and micromorphological features, physicochemical, phytochemical and thin layer chromatograms of the leaves and stem bark were evaluated using standard methods. An HPLC method was also developed and validated to profile some steroidal alkaloids of the stem bark. The plant has simple, glaborous leaves, broadly lanceolate to ovate in shape and opposite in arrangement. The leaves were hypostomatic with paracytic and anomocytic stomata on the abaxial surface. The flat stem bark is light brown on the inner surface. Three alkaloids were profiled as chemical markers for the quality control of the stem bark of H. floribunda, to aid its correct identification for research and industry.

Simultaneous Determination of First-Line 4-FDC Antituberculosis Drugs by UHPLC–UV and HPLC–UV: A Comparative Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 1008-1015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro H C Franco ◽  
Paula R Chellini ◽  
Marcone A L Oliveira ◽  
Gerson A Pianetti
Keyword(s):  
Simultaneous Determination ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Analysis Time ◽  
World Health ◽  
Fixed Dose ◽  
Acquisition Time ◽  
Step Method ◽  
First Choice ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Tuberculosis is the second most deadly infectious disease, surpassed only by HIV/AIDS, and has resulted in over 1 billion deaths in the last 200 years. The World Health Organization estimates that in 2014, 9.6 million people were infected by this disease and 1.5 million had died. First-choice treatment consists of fixed-dose combination tablets containing rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol hydrochloride (4-FDC). There are pharmacopeial protocols available to test 4-FDC, but they are prolonged, two-step methods. One single-step method in the literature performs the simultaneous determination by HPLC, but requires a long acquisition time. In this context, an ultra-HPLC (UHPLC) method was developed based on the HPLC method with the objective of reducing analysis time. A C18 column (1.9 µm particle size) was used with UV–diode-array detection at 238 and 282 nm. The method was found to be selective, linear, exact, precise, and robust. Samples from two batches were analyzed and the results compared with those obtained by the HPLC method, with no statistically significant differences observed (P > 0.05). This UHPLC method reduced the analysis time from 17 to 4 min, with a more than 90% reduction in sample and reagent consumption and a financial economy of almost 50-fold.

scholarly journals QUANTITATIVE ASSAY OF ASPIRIN AND (SALICYLIC ACID AND HEAVY METALS AS IMPURATIES) IN IRAQI’S MARKET ASPIRIN TABLETS USING DIFFERENT ANALYTICAL METHODS

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Mahdi Saeed ◽  
Mohammed Jassim Hamzah ◽  
Noor Qasim Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
World Health ◽  
Hplc Separation ◽  
Acceptable Range ◽  
Label Claim ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Good Agreement

Objective: Easy and precise methods were developed for estimation of aspirin (ASP), impurities from such as salicylic acid (SAL) and heavy metal ions (HMI) in ASP tablets that available in the Iraqi’s market using High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), UV–VIS spectrophotometry and atomic absorption spectrophotometric (AAS).Methods: HPLC separation was carried out using C18 as stationary phase and acetonitrile (ACN): water in the ratio of (10: 90 v/v) as a mobile phase for HPLC method and as a solvent for UV-VIS spectrophotometric for quantitative ASP and SAL at 254 nm for HPLC, 226 and 296 nm for UV measurements. AAS was used for HMI determination.Results: ASP and SAL gave absorbance maxima at 226 and 296 nm in ACN: H2O solvent. The Beer’s law was obeyed in the range of 0.05-20 for ASP and 0.02-8 µg/ml for SAL. Correlation coefficients (R2) were 0.9996 and 0.9992 for ASP and SAL respectively, for HPLC and LOD value was 0.006 for ASP and 0.004 μg/ml for SAL. The % recovery for the developed method was found to be in the range of (98.80 to 101.26%) and (98.67 to 103.33%) for ASP and SAL respectively, within the acceptable range, that approved by world health organization (WHO).Conclusion: The proposed method can help research studies, quality control and routine analysis with lesser resources available. The results of the assay of pharmaceutical formulation of the developed method are highly reliable and reproducible and is in good agreement with the label claim of the medicines.

scholarly journals Chemical Composition of Anthocleista vogelii and Anti-oxidant Effect of Its Methanolic and Acetone Extracts

2020 ◽  
pp. 7-18
Author(s):  
E. E. Ikpe ◽  
U. D. Archibong ◽  
C. U. Michael ◽  
E. G. Ukpong
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Acetone Extract ◽  
World Health ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Anti Oxidant ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Acetone Extracts ◽  
Oxidant Effect

This study entailed determination of chemical composition of Anthocleista vogelii and anti-oxidant effect of its methanolic and acetone extract. The phytochemical screening of Anthocleista vogelii showed quantitatively the presence of alkaloids, Tannins, Flavonoids, Saponins, Glycoside and phenols. The results from the proximate analysis indicated that the plant contained some important nutrient such as carbohydrate with percentage content of 16.07 – 34.67%, lipid 5.40 – 7.35%, and crude protein 2.23 – 2.41%. The mineral element analysis showed that potassium (K) was 32.6 – 41.1 mg/kg, sodium (Na) 5.41- 6.21 mg/kg, calcium 9.74 – 17.81 mg/kg, magnesium (mg) 5.71 – 32.0 mg/kg and Zn 0.32 – 0.68 mg/kg. The acetone and methanol leaves, stem bark and roots extracts of Anthocleista Vogelii exhibited reasonable scavenging activity in the DPPH (1, 1- diphenyl – 2- picrlhydrazyl) assay. The methnaolic extracts had a better inhibiting ability than acetone extract which could be attributed to higher content of tannin and Saponin in methanolic than acetone extract. The results were discussed with referenced to World Health Organization (WHO) standard of nutritional and medicinal values.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION IN THE MECHANISM OF HUMAN SPERM MOTILITY REGULATION

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudjarwo Sudjarwo ◽  
Aucky Hinting ◽  
Noor Cholies Zaini
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Phosphorylation ◽  
Sperm Motility ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Human Sperm ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
World Health ◽  
Enzymatic Reactions ◽  
Energy Synthesis ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Adenosine Triphosphate Production

Energy synthesis for sperm motility in the mitochondria with enzymatic reactions in nucleus and mitochondria is called Oxidative Phosphorylation (OXPHOS), in which the respiratory process is coordinated in nucleus and mitochondria. Enzymes in OXPHOS process are complex enzymes I, III, IV and V in the mitochondria and complex enzyme II in the nucleus. If there is OXPHOS dysfunction, the mutation of mitochondria DNA (mtDNA) will decrease energy (ATP, Adenosine Triphosphate) production and increase Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). The characteristics of ROS are oxidant for lipid, protein and DNA, and all these reactions lead to the dysfunction of OXPHOS and, in the spermatozoa, they will decrease motility. The detection of ROS, Malondialdehyde (MDA), 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG), and sperm motility can use Chemiluminicense method, Spectroflourometric method, High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method and Markler method, respectively, as World Health Organization (WHO) Procedures Laboratory. These results indicated there was significant indirect correlation between ROS with sperm motility and direct correlation between ROS with MDA, 8-OH-dG.

scholarly journals Development of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Fingerprints for Warburgia Ugandensis Herbal Materials

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-46
Author(s):  
Onyambu Meshack O ◽  
◽  
Gikonyo Nicholas K ◽  
Nyambaka Hudson N ◽  
Thoithi Grace N ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Method Development ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
World Health ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Voucher Specimen ◽  
Medicinal Value ◽  
Chemical Profiles ◽  
Health Organization

Warbugia ugandensis (W. ugandensis) is among the 10 most utilised medicinal plants in East Africa. Stem bark and leaves are used as remedies for malaria, stomachache, coughs and skin diseases. Consequently, the plant is endangered because of uncontrolled harvest and lack of domestication. There is therefore fear of poor quality commercialised products due to lack of evaluation mechanisms. This study explored the chemical profiles that could be used to confirm its authenticity and purity. W. ugandensis used as reference during method development was harvested from Kenyatta University Medicinal Plant Research Garden (KUMPRG). Six other samples were obtained from different geographical locations in Kenya. The samples were identified by a botanist and a voucher specimen (MO/002- 008/2013) deposited in the East African Herbarium, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi. Samples were harvested and processed by World Health Organization (WHO) recommended methods. Chromatographic profiles of the leaf and stem bark were established based on parameters arrived at iteratively. The study characterised over 100 compounds in the leaf and stem bark. Based on area percent and known medicinal value, 22 compounds from the leaf and 38 from the stem bark were selected as major chemical profiles. The compounds in the stem bark included gamma-sitosterol (1.0%–2.5%), squalene (0.2%–4.6%), isolongifolene (1.2%–2.8%), phenol 2-methoxy (0.8%–1.8%) and nerolidol (0.3%–1.5%). Those in the leaf included nerolidol 2 (0.3%–1.1%), phytol (0.6%–1.7%), 2-methoxy phenol (0.2%– 2.2%), gamma-tocopherol (0.2%–0.9%), vitamin E (0.4%–1.5%) and gamma-sitosterol (1.8%–4.9%). Most of these compounds were characterised in W. ugandensis for the first time. The profiles therefore can form fingerprints for use to evaluate its quality, purity and authenticity.

scholarly journals Pharmacognostic, Physicochemical and Phytochemical Investigation of Root Bark of Caesalpinia bonducella

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ganesh H. Wadkar ◽  
Fahim J. Sayyad
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
World Health ◽  
Parameter Study ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Root Bark ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Crude Drug ◽  
Caesalpinia Bonducella ◽  
Ethanol Extracts ◽  
Health Organization

Objective: To evaluate pharmacognostic, physicochemical and preliminary phytochemical of investigation of root bark of Caesalpinia bonducella. Methods: The present work embodies the investigations of pharmacognostic standards including macroscopic study, powder analysis and histochemical test along with physico chemical parameter study, fluorescence analysis, qualitative and quantitative chemical assay carried out as per methods recommended by the World Health Organization and standard laboratory procedures. The study will provide referential information for the correct identification of the crude-drug. Result: The detailed microscopy revealed the presence of cork, cortex, stone cell medullary ray’s calcium oxalate crystal, starch grains, presence of tannins and alkaloids. Preliminary phytochemical screening of these plant materials revealed that presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, phytosterols and carbohydrates in aqueous and ethanol extracts. Conclusion: Thus, it was thought worthwhile to explore this plant on the basis of its standardization parameters. The study will provide referential information for the correct Identification of the crude-drug.

Obstacles to Claiming Permanence and Injury-Relatedness for “Posttraumatic” Headache

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-6
Author(s):  
Robert J. Barth
Keyword(s):  
Complete Recovery ◽  
World Health ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Posttraumatic Headache ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
Causative Relationship ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The One ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Subjective Reports

Abstract “Posttraumatic” headaches claims are controversial because they are subjective reports often provided in the complex of litigation, and the underlying pathogenesis is not defined. This article reviews principles and scientific considerations in the AMAGuides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides) that should be noted by evaluators who examine such cases. Some examples in the AMA Guides, Sixth Edition, may seem to imply that mild head trauma can cause permanent impairment due to headache. The author examines scientific findings that present obstacles to claiming that concussion or mild traumatic brain injury is a cause of permanent headache. The World Health Organization, for example, found a favorable prognosis for posttraumatic headache, and complete recovery over a short period of time was the norm. Other studies have highlighted the lack of a dose-response correlation between trauma and prolonged headache complaints, both in terms of the frequency and the severity of trauma. On the one hand, scientific studies have failed to support the hypothesis of a causative relationship between trauma and permanent or prolonged headaches; on the other hand, non–trauma-related factors are strongly associated with complaints of prolonged headache.

Sixth Edition: the New Standard

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Christopher R. Brigham ◽  
Robert D. Rondinelli ◽  
Elizabeth Genovese ◽  
Craig Uejo ◽  
Marjorie Eskay-Auerbach
Keyword(s):  
Review Process ◽  
Peer Review Process ◽  
World Health ◽  
International Classification Of Functioning ◽  
Revision Process ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
Impairment Ratings ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Impairment Severity

Abstract The AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), Sixth Edition, was published in December 2007 and is the result of efforts to enhance the relevance of impairment ratings, improve internal consistency, promote precision, and simplify the rating process. The revision process was designed to address shortcomings and issues in previous editions and featured an open, well-defined, and tiered peer review process. The principles underlying the AMA Guides have not changed, but the sixth edition uses a modified conceptual framework based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF), a comprehensive model of disablement developed by the World Health Organization. The ICF classifies domains that describe body functions and structures, activities, and participation; because an individual's functioning and disability occur in a context, the ICF includes a list of environmental factors to consider. The ICF classification uses five impairment classes that, in the sixth edition, were developed into diagnosis-based grids for each organ system. The grids use commonly accepted consensus-based criteria to classify most diagnoses into five classes of impairment severity (normal to very severe). A figure presents the structure of a typical diagnosis-based grid, which includes ranges of impairment ratings and greater clarity about choosing a discreet numerical value that reflects the impairment.

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