scholarly journals Traditional Indian plants as the source of compounds to treat a respiratory viral infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 446-455
Author(s):  
Vidya Venkateswaran ◽  
Vinduja Vasudevan ◽  
Aradhana Karthikeyan ◽  
Vrithi Sundararaman ◽  
Ineya Madhavan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Alternative Therapy ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Retroviral Infections ◽  
And Control

Since December 2019 world news broadcasted stories of a deadly disease caused by SARS CoV-19, which is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus that replicates in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Coronaviruses (CoVs) and the associated severe acquired respiratory syndrome (SARS - CoV) are potential agents to infect the respiratory tract of humans and animals. Much scientific effort has been focused on the development of vaccine and medicines to protect future outbreaks. However, the chances to rapidly develop an effective vaccine are difficult now. Due to the sudden and explosive emergence of the disease, empirical strategies have been used to treat the patients. The increasing demand for natural products as an alternative therapy for pandemic viral diseases has encouraged research into the pharmacological importance of bioactive compounds from plants, especially Indian herbs. Ethnopharmacological studies have been extremely relevant to discover promising drugs for the treatment of viral diseases. This review is intended to focus on the traditionally practised Indian medicinal plants and bioactive compounds with anti-viral properties used for the treatment of respiratory associated viral infections and other retroviral infections. It may lead us to develop a broad spectrum of anti-viral for the prevention and control of these viral pathogens in the current situation.

Revisiting new tick-associated viruses: what comes next?

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-33
Author(s):  
Koray Ergünay
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Considerable Impact ◽  
And Control

Tick-borne viral infections continue to cause diseases with considerable impact on humans, livestock, companion animals and wildlife. Many lack specific therapeutics and vaccines are available for only a few. Tick-borne viruses will continue to emerge, facilitated by anthroponotic factors related to the modern lifestyle. We persistently identify and are obliged to cope with new examples of emerging tick-borne viral diseases and novel viruses today. Many new strains have been detected in vertebrates and arthropods, some causing severe diseases likely to challenge public and veterinary health. This manuscript aims to provide a narrative overview of recently-described tick-associated viruses, with perspectives on changing paradigms in identification, screening and control.

scholarly journals AN OVERVIEW OF RECOMBINANT VACCINE TECHNOLOGY, ADJUVANTS AND VACCINE DELIVERY METHODS

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuaibu Abdullahi Hudu ◽  
Saadatu Haruna Shinkafi ◽  
Shuaibu Umar
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Journal Article ◽  
Vaccine Delivery ◽  
Recombinant Vaccine ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Routes Of Administration ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
New Generation ◽  
And Control

Development of an effective vaccine is of paramount important in disease prevention and control. As such, recombinant technology can serve as a gateway for the development of safe and effective vaccines that can be delivered effectively with an appropriate adjuvant. Therefore, this paper aimed to review the role of recombinant vaccine technology, new adjuvants and the challenge of vaccine delivery. Related peer-reviewed journal article searches were conducted using a subscribed database at the Universiti Putra Malaysia library, involving areas of Health Sciences and Medicine via Medline, SCOPUS and Google Scholar. New generation vaccines include highly purified synthetic or recombinant antigens that stimulate effective cell-mediated immune and mucosal immunity. In order to enhance their efficacy, a number of adjuvants are used. Efforts have also been made to explore the usage of non-invasive routes of administration, devices and equipment for optimized antigen and immune-potentiator delivery of the immune system. Recombinant vaccine technology is rapid, compared to the traditional method of vaccine development and does not require the handling of live viruses. It is, therefore, a promising technology for developing a future vaccine to curb emerging and re-emerging viral infections that may be life-threatening or teratogenic.

scholarly journals A Study On The Construction Of Virus Infection Area Information System Using Iomt Environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 302-308
Author(s):  
Sungho Sim, Hanyong Choi
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Control System ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Service Industry ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Recent Emergence ◽  
Novel Virus ◽  
Virus Expression ◽  
And Control

With the recent emergence of novel virus, the importance has been empathized on the epidemiologic investigation of the infection route and control of infected patients. Control system on the viral infections is required since the new virus expression cycle becomes faster which was not previously identified with the spread to other regions and countries. Viral infections cause multiple types of problems such as public health, economic and social ones. In addition, viruses can be spread fast beyond the regions and countries all over the world according to the movements of population. Although national quarantine systems have been established to solve these problems by countries, earlier actions on the novel virus were not satisfactory. IoT environment-based healthcare industry and IT convergence medical service industry have been continuously growing. Healthcare IT, which is the area to deal with information on the personal health and medical cares, devices, systems, and platforms, provides with personal healthcare services. In this article, information system on the virus infected territories is proposed using Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) environment. The proposed study is to establish the information system on the virus infected territories by IoMT-based monitoring of infection symptoms for early reactions against the viral infections. The system can be reacted proactively by detecting the risk factors of community spread from early detections of infected patients under the fast spread situation of viral diseases. The information system on the virus infected territories using IoMT environment can react to the spread of infectious diseases actively upon providing the information of infectious disease symptoms using user information. The proposed system can establish the integrative control system of viral diseases by the prediction module of community outbreak and spread of viral diseases.

scholarly journals Quality assurance for the diagnostics of viral diseases to enhance the emergency preparedness in Europe

2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1-2 ◽  
Author(s):  
O Donoso-Mantke ◽  
H Schmitz ◽  
H Zeller ◽  
P Heyman ◽  
A Papa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assurance ◽  
Emergency Preparedness ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Lassa Virus ◽  
Early Detection Of Disease ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Orthopox Virus ◽  
And Control

The threat posed by emerging and re-emerging communicable diseases and, more recently, by the intentional release of infectious agents in a susceptible population, has been receiving considerable attention at the national and international levels. Public health efforts to strengthen disease detection, surveillance and control have been intensified. However, clinicians and clinical microbiology laboratories play an important role in the early detection of disease, the identification of the putative agent, and notification of the appropriate authorities. To be effective in this role, laboratories must be specially prepared to handle viral agents safely, and need, among other things, the appropriate rapid and sensitive diagnostic tests. In 1998 the European Network for Diagnostics of “Imported” Viral Diseases (ENIVD) was established. ENIVD presently comprises, as permanent members, 44 expert laboratories in 21 European Union (EU) member states and 4 non-EU countries and is one of the networks on infectious diseases funded by the European Commission. ENIVD fulfils many of the important tasks required for the surveillance and control of imported, rare and emerging viral infections such as the exchange of expertise and the organisation of external quality assurance (EQA) programmes, both of which are needed to improve diagnostics. Here, we summarise the data generated by recent EQA activities focussed on the diagnostics of infections with hantavirus, dengue virus, filovirus, Lassa virus, orthopox virus and the SARS-coronavirus (SARS-CoV). These were carried out between 1999 and 2004 and involved 93 laboratories from 41 countries, including laboratories from additional countries outside of Europe. Particularly the EU-candidate countries and Eastern neighbouring countries will be invited to join the network in the near future. A public website is available at http://www.enivd.de.

scholarly journals Zika virus, the way forward: Nigeria as case study

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 96
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Modo ◽  
Favour Okoro ◽  
Blessing Orji ◽  
Rex-Clovis Njoku
Keyword(s):  
Host Cell ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
African Region ◽  
Virus Family ◽  
Virion Structure ◽  
And Control

Zika Virus is a flavivirus that is responsible for an unprecedented current epidemic. It is an emerging mosquito borne virus that is a (+) sense single-stranded RNA virus from the Flaviviridae virus family, Flavivirus genre and the Zika virus specie. Zika virus bears a complex genome and virion structure. Its reproductive cycle in host cell involves virion endocytosis that allows entrance into host cell. Zika virus infection gives symptoms that are usually mild and last for few days and infection can be easily transferred from infected mosquitoes, from a pregnant woman to her fetus, sexual intercourse, blood transfusion, and laboratory exposure. Several methods are made available for the diagnosis of this infection and several ways to prevent this infection such as elimination and control of mosquito, prevention of mosquito bites and public awareness about Zika and mosquitoes. No vaccines are available for treatment yet but common medications are advised for symptoms. The virus has been associated with fetal microcephaly in humans. Information is provided for the epidemiology of Zika virus to evaluate the level of risk for people who may be planning to travel to or are recently returning from areas with possible local transmission. In the African region this is done considering a number of factors and cases in the past. The rapid development of a safe and effective vaccine, genetically modified mosquitoes, use of bacteria, and other innovations are currently worked on to curb the spread of Zika virus.

scholarly journals Implications of bovine viral diseases for udder health

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. e140200
Author(s):  
Aline De Jesus da Silva ◽  
Fernando Nogueira de Souza ◽  
Maiara Garcia Blagitz ◽  
Camila Freitas Batista ◽  
Jéssyca Beraldi Bellinazzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Udder Health ◽  
Vesicular Stomatitis ◽  
And Control ◽  
And Storage

Several factors can affect bovine mammary gland health and although bacterial mastitis is the most studied and reported cause, viral infections may also have negative effects on bovine udder health. Viral infections can indirectly damage the papillary duct of the teat, and induce or exacerbate signs of bovine mastitis due to viral-induced immunosuppressive effects that may lead to a greater susceptibility to bacterial mastitis and even intensify the severity of established bacterial infections. Some viruses (Bovine alphaherpesvirus 2, cowpox, pseudocowpox, foot-and-mouth disease, vesicular stomatitis and papillomavirus) affect the integrity of the udder skin, leading to teat lesions, favoring the entry of mastitis-causing pathogens. It is therefore possible that the association between mastitis and viruses is underestimated and may, for example, be associated with negative bacterial culture results. Few milk samples are tested for the presence of viruses, mainly because of the more laborious and expensive procedures required. Furthermore, samples for virus testing would require specific procedures in terms of collection, handling and storage. Thus, there is a knowledge gap in regard to the actual impact of viruses on bovine udder health. Despite the fact that serum anti-virus antibodies can be detected, there is not enough evidence to confirm or exclude the effect of viruses on udder health. However, any expectation of milk production from healthy animals should consider the possible impact of viral infections in mastitis development and not underestimate the importance of actions to diagnose and control the disease. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to describe the association of diagnosis and control of viral diseases and their effect on bovine udder health.

Electron Microscopy of a Herpesvirus Isolated from Marek's Disease in Duck and Chicken Embryo Fibroblast Cultures

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 222-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyvan Nazerian
Keyword(s):  
Inclusion Bodies ◽  
Chicken Embryo Fibroblast ◽  
Marek's Disease ◽  
Marek’S Disease ◽  
Duck Embryo Fibroblast ◽  
Multinucleated Cells ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
And Control ◽  
Do So

A herpes-like virus has been isolated from duck embryo fibroblast (DEF) cultures inoculated with blood from Marek's disease (MD) infected birds. Cultures which contained this virus produced MD in susceptible chickens while virus negative cultures and control cultures failed to do so. This and other circumstantial evidence including similarities in properties of the virus and the MD agent implicate this virus in the etiology of MD.Histochemical studies demonstrated the presence of DNA-staining intranuclear inclusion bodies in polykarocytes in infected cultures. Distinct nucleo-plasmic aggregates were also seen in sections of similar multinucleated cells examined with the electron microscope. These aggregates are probably the same as the inclusion bodies seen with the light microscope. Naked viral particles were observed in the nucleus of infected cells within or on the edges of the nucleoplasmic aggregates. These particles measured 95-100mμ, in diameter and rarely escaped into the cytoplasm or nuclear vesicles by budding through the nuclear membrane (Fig. 1). The enveloped particles (Fig. 2) formed in this manner measured 150-170mμ in diameter and always had a densely stained nucleoid. The virus in supernatant fluids consisted of naked capsids with 162 hollow, cylindrical capsomeres (Fig. 3). Enveloped particles were not seen in such preparations.

Role of Rasayana in Prevention of COVID-19 - A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 716-722
Author(s):  
Sneha Dhakite ◽  
Sadhana Misar Wajpeyi
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Body ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
Vital Functions ◽  
Healthy Life Style ◽  
And Control

The “Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19)” is caused by “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)”, a newly discovered member of the Coronaviridae family of viruses which is a highly communicable. There is no effective medical treatment till date for Coronavirus disease hence prevention is the best way to keep disease away. Rasayana proved to be highly efficacious and cost effective for the Prevention and Control of viral infections when vaccines and standard therapies are lacking. Rasayana Chikitsa is one of the eight branches of Ashtanga Ayurveda which helps to maintain healthy life style. Rasayana improves immunity and performs many vital functions of human body. Vyadhikshamatva that is immune mechanism of the body is involved in Prevention of the occurrence of a new disease and it also decreases the virulence and progression of an existing disease. In COVID-19 the Respiratory system mainly get affected which is evident from its symptoms like cold, cough and breathlessness. Here the drugs help in enhancing immune system and strengthening functions of Respiratory system can be useful. For this purpose, the Rasayana like Chyavanprasha, Agastya Haritaki, Pippali Rasayana, Guduchi, Yashtimadhu, Haridra, Ashwagandha, Tulsi are used. Rasayana working on Respiratory system are best for Prevention of Coronavirus and boosting immune system. Rasayana Chikitsa can be effective in the Prevention as well as reducing symptoms of COVID-19.

Antibody Therapy for the Control of Viral Diseases: An Update

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (13) ◽  
pp. 1108-1121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Dibo ◽  
Eduardo C. Battocchio ◽  
Lucas M. dos Santos Souza ◽  
Matheus D. Veloso da Silva ◽  
Bruna K. Banin-Hirata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Viral Antigen ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antibody Therapy ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
The Status ◽  
Epidemiological Impact

The epidemiological impact of viral diseases, combined with the emergence and reemergence of some viruses, and the difficulties in identifying effective therapies, have encouraged several studies to develop new therapeutic strategies for viral infections. In this context, the use of immunotherapy for the treatment of viral diseases is increasing. One of the strategies of immunotherapy is the use of antibodies, particularly the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and multi-specific antibodies, which bind directly to the viral antigen and bring about activation of the immune system. With current advancements in science and technology, several such antibodies are being tested, and some are already approved and are undergoing clinical trials. The present work aims to review the status of mAb development for the treatment of viral diseases.

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